scholarly journals Motivational Concerns in Childhood and Adolescence

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Federica Pinelli ◽  
Maya Rossignac-Milon ◽  
Nim Tottenham ◽  
E. Tory Higgins
Keyword(s):  
Regulatory Focus ◽  
Developmental Model ◽  
Developmental Changes ◽  
Childhood And Adolescence ◽  
Cognitive Changes ◽  
Shared Reality ◽  
Regulatory Mode

This brief report explores developmental changes in motivation by adapting, for a sample of children spanning the ages of 4 to 17, measures of well-established motivational concerns, such as regulatory mode and regulatory focus concerns. The paper leverages a recently proposed developmental model of shared reality to interpret our results (Higgins, 2016). We established that assessment concerns increase throughout childhood until age 13, which is theorized to be the end of childhood according to the theory of shared reality development. Furthermore, we found that children after age 13, but not before that pivotal age, are similar to adults in how they differentiate between regulatory mode and regulatory focus concerns. Adopting the theory of shared reality development allowed us to highlight the importance of motivational concerns in development beyond the cognitive changes that are often utilized.

scholarly journals Developmental changes in the structure of the social brain in late childhood and adolescence

2012 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 123-131 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kathryn L. Mills ◽  
François Lalonde ◽  
Liv S. Clasen ◽  
Jay N. Giedd ◽  
Sarah-Jayne Blakemore
Keyword(s):  
Developmental Changes ◽  
Late Childhood ◽  
Childhood And Adolescence ◽  
Social Brain ◽  
The Social

scholarly journals Developmental changes within the genetic architecture of social communication behaviour: A multivariate study of genetic variance in unrelated individuals

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Beate St Pourcain ◽  
Lindon J Eaves ◽  
Susan M Ring ◽  
Simon E Fisher ◽  
Sarah Medland ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Social Communication ◽  
Genetic Architecture ◽  
Structural Equation Models ◽  
Cholesky Decomposition ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Developmental Changes ◽  
Relationship Matrix ◽  
Childhood And Adolescence ◽  
Communication Difficulties ◽  
Latent Factor Models

AbstractBackgroundRecent analyses of trait-disorder overlap suggest that psychiatric dimensions may relate to distinct sets of genes that exert their maximum influence during different periods of development. This includes analyses of social-communciation difficulties that share, depending on their developmental stage, stronger genetic links with either Autism Spectrum Disorder or schizophrenia. Here we developed a multivariate analysis framework in unrelated individuals to model directly the developmental profile of genetic influences contributing to complex traits, such as social-communication difficulties, during a ∼10-year period spanning childhood and adolescence.MethodsLongitudinally assessed quantitative social-communication problems (N≤ 5,551) were studied in participants from a UK birth cohort (ALSPAC, 8 to 17 years). Using standardised measures, genetic architectures were investigated with novel multivariate genetic-relationship-matrix structural equation models (GSEM) incorporating whole-genome genotyping information. Analogous to twin research, GSEM included Cholesky decomposition, common pathway and independent pathway models.ResultsA 2-factor Cholesky decomposition model described the data best. One genetic factor was common to SCDC measures across development, the other accounted for independent variation at 11 years and later, consistent with distinct developmental profiles in trait-disorder overlap. Importantly, genetic factors operating at 8 years explained only ∼50% of the genetic variation at 17 years.ConclusionUsing latent factor models, we identified developmental changes in the genetic architecture of social-communication difficulties that enhance the understanding of ASD and schizophrenia-related dimensions. More generally, GSEM present a framework for modelling shared genetic aetiologies between phenotypes and can provide prior information with respect to patterns and continuity of trait-disorder overlap.

scholarly journals Time-lagged associations between cognitive and cortical development from childhood to early adulthood

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eduardo Estrada ◽  
ROBERTO COLOM
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Ability ◽  
Developmental Psychology ◽  
Brain Plasticity ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Integration Theory ◽  
Childhood And Adolescence ◽  
Cognitive Changes ◽  
Cortical Structure ◽  
Age Related

[Paper in press. Accepted for publication in Developmental Psychology. Copyright by APA] Throughout childhood and adolescence, humans experience marked changes in cortical structure and cognitive ability. Cortical thickness and surface area, in particular, have been associated with cognitive ability. Here we ask the question: What are the time-related associations between cognitive changes and cortical structure maturation. Identifying a developmental sequence requires multiple measurements of these variables from the same individuals across time. This allows capturing relations among the variables and, thus, finding whether: (a) developmental cognitive changes follow cortical structure maturation, (b) cortical structure maturation follows cognitive changes, or (c) both processes influence each other over time. 430 children and adolescents (age range = 6.01 – 22.28 years) completed the WASI battery and were MRI scanned at three time points separated by ≈ 2 years (mean age t1 = 10.60, SD = 3.58, mean age t2=12.63, SD=3.62, mean age t3=14.49, SD=3.55). Latent Change Score (LCS) models were applied to quantify age-related relationships among the variables of interest. Our results indicate that cortical and cognitive changes related to each other reciprocally. Specifically, the magnitude or rate of the change in each variable at any occasion –and not the previous level– was predictive of later changes. These results were replicated for brain regions selected according to the coordinates identified in the Basten et al.’s (2015) meta-analysis, to the Parieto-Frontal Integration Theory (P-FIT, Jung & Haier, 2007) and to the whole cortex. Potential implications regarding brain plasticity and cognitive enhancement are discussed.

Developmental and Prosocial Dimensions of Hypo-egoic Phenomena

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan Harter
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Prosocial Behavior ◽  
Children And Adolescents ◽  
Perspective Taking ◽  
Cognitive Skills ◽  
Developmental Changes ◽  
Childhood And Adolescence ◽  
True Self ◽  
Developmental Transitions

This chapter provides a developmental perspective on phenomena that involve a hypo-egoic perspective—such as perspective taking, prosocial behavior, empathy, true-self behavior, and self-coherence—with a focus on whether hypo-egoic processes that have been described in adult populations also exist in childhood and adolescence. The chapter examines the extent to which children and adolescents have the cognitive skills to engage in various hypo-egoic behaviors and explores the motives that might underlie hypo-egoic phenomena at different developmental levels. Along the way, the development of skills and motives that promote self-absorbed and self-aggrandizing tendencies, such as egocentrism and narcissism, are also discussed. The role of cognitive-developmental changes, socially driven developmental transitions, developmentally salient needs, and individual differences in parenting and socialization practices on hypo-egoic perspectives and behaviors are also examined.

scholarly journals Developmental Changes in Dynamic Functional Connectivity From Childhood Into Adolescence

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mónica López-Vicente ◽  
Oktay Agcaoglu ◽  
Laura Pérez-Crespo ◽  
Fernando Estévez-López ◽  
José María Heredia-Genestar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Functional Connectivity ◽  
Resting State ◽  
Network Connectivity ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Repeated Measurements ◽  
Developmental Changes ◽  
Childhood And Adolescence ◽  
Dynamic Functional Connectivity ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Dynamic States

The longitudinal study of typical neurodevelopment is key for understanding deviations due to specific factors, such as psychopathology. However, research utilizing repeated measurements remains scarce. Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies have traditionally examined connectivity as ‘static’ during the measurement period. In contrast, dynamic approaches offer a more comprehensive representation of functional connectivity by allowing for different connectivity configurations (time varying connectivity) throughout the scanning session. Our objective was to characterize the longitudinal developmental changes in dynamic functional connectivity in a population-based pediatric sample. Resting-state MRI data were acquired at the ages of 10 (range 8-to-12, n = 3,327) and 14 (range 13-to-15, n = 2,404) years old using a single, study-dedicated 3 Tesla scanner. A fully-automated spatially constrained group-independent component analysis (ICA) was applied to decompose multi-subject resting-state data into functionally homogeneous regions. Dynamic functional network connectivity (FNC) between all ICA time courses were computed using a tapered sliding window approach. We used a k-means algorithm to cluster the resulting dynamic FNC windows from each scan session into five dynamic states. We examined age and sex associations using linear mixed-effects models. First, independent from the dynamic states, we found a general increase in the temporal variability of the connections between intrinsic connectivity networks with increasing age. Second, when examining the clusters of dynamic FNC windows, we observed that the time spent in less modularized states, with low intra- and inter-network connectivity, decreased with age. Third, the number of transitions between states also decreased with age. Finally, compared to boys, girls showed a more mature pattern of dynamic brain connectivity, indicated by more time spent in a highly modularized state, less time spent in specific states that are frequently observed at a younger age, and a lower number of transitions between states. This longitudinal population-based study demonstrates age-related maturation in dynamic intrinsic neural activity from childhood into adolescence and offers a meaningful baseline for comparison with deviations from typical development. Given that several behavioral and cognitive processes also show marked changes through childhood and adolescence, dynamic functional connectivity should also be explored as a potential neurobiological determinant of such changes.

The role of self-regulatory mode on acquisition–retention ambidexterity

2019 ◽  
Vol 34 (8) ◽  
pp. 1813-1826 ◽  
Author(s):  
Valter Afonso Vieira ◽  
Valter da Silva Faia ◽  
James Boles ◽  
Bruno Rafael Marioti ◽  
Rita Cassia Pereira
Keyword(s):  
Regulatory Focus ◽  
Mediating Effect ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Use Of Time ◽  
Regulatory Mode ◽  
Household Products ◽  
Selling Strategies ◽  
Sales Encounter ◽  
The Relationship

Purpose The purpose of this study is to develop a theoretical model that posits locomotion-assessment ambidextrous orientation as predictor of salesperson acquisition–retention ambidexterity, which as a consequence increases sales. The authors drawing on regulatory focus theory and self-regulatory for this propose. Design/methodology/approach Salespeople involved in the study represent different firms selling a wide variety of food and household products to a wholesaler, which resells them to supermarket chains. The authors collected data from 231 industrial salespeople. Findings First, salesperson assessment focus amplified locomotion’s effect on acquisition–retention ambidexterity. Second, salespeople increased their performance by implementing an acquisition–retention ambidextrous orientation that balances prospecting for new customers and growing existing customers. Third, findings revealed a mediating effect of ambidextrous orientation on the relationship between regulatory mode and sales performance. Finally, outcomes supported the conditional moderated-mediated effect of regulatory mode in explaining performance through ambidextrous orientation. Practical implications Results suggest that salespeople need to equalize their dual orientations in a complementary way to elaborate their selling strategies according to each customer. For example, in an unbalanced orientation, putting high levels of assessment into a sales encounter can reduce the effective and efficient use of time in interacting with customers. Originality/value The authors further illustrate the importance of using both locomotion and assessment in attaining sales goals (Pierro et al. 2013). This synergistic effect is known as the complementary hypothesis (Pierro et al., 2006a, 2006b). Each dimension complements the other and has a moderated-mediated effect on performance through acquisition–retention ambidexterity.

Developmental Changes in the Priority of Perceived Status in Childhood and Adolescence

2010 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 130-147 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kathryn M. LaFontana ◽  
Antonius H. N. Cillessen
Keyword(s):  
Developmental Changes ◽  
Childhood And Adolescence
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