scholarly journals Confidence in masked orientation discrimination decisions is informed by both evidence and visibility

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manuel Rausch ◽  
Sebastian Hellmann ◽  
Michael Zehetleitner
Keyword(s):  
Visual Discrimination ◽  
Model Fitting ◽  
Stimulus Onset ◽  
Decision Time ◽  
Orientation Discrimination ◽  
Stimulus Quality ◽  
Decision Confidence ◽  
Well Model ◽  
Onset Asynchrony

How do human observers determine their degree of belief of being correct in a visual discrimination decision, i.e. their confidence? According to prominent theories of confidence, the quality of stimulation should be positively related to confidence in correct decisions and negatively to confidence in incorrect decisions. However, in a backwards-masked orientation discrimination task with varying stimulus-onset asynchrony (SOA), we observed that confidence in incorrect decisions increased with stimulus quality as well. Model fitting to decision and confidence data revealed that the best explanation for the present data was the new weighted evidence and visibility model, according to which confidence is determined by evidence about the orientation as well as the general visibility of the stimulus. Signal detection models, post-decisional accumulation models, two channel models, and decision-time based models were all unable to explain the pattern of confidence as a function of SOA and decision correctness. We suggest that the metacognitive system combines several cues to being correct in visual discrimination decisions to calculate decision confidence.

Varieties of Object Constancy

1989 ◽  
Vol 41 (4) ◽  
pp. 775-796 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Ellis ◽  
D. A. Allport ◽  
G. W. Humphreys ◽  
J. Collis
Keyword(s):  
Stimulus Onset Asynchrony ◽  
Response Latency ◽  
Stimulus Onset ◽  
Decision Time ◽  
The Other ◽  
Performance Decrement ◽  
Single Object ◽  
Significant Performance ◽  
Angle Of View ◽  
Onset Asynchrony

Three experiments are described in which two pictures of isolated man-made objects were presented in succession. The subjects’ task was to decide, as rapidly as possible, whether the two pictured objects had the same name. With a stimulus-onset asynchrony (SOA) of above 200 msec two types of facilitation were observed: (1) the response latency was reduced if the pictures showed the same object, even though seen from different viewpoints (object benefit); (2) decision time was reduced further if the pictures showed the same object from the same angle of view (viewpoint benefit). These facilitation effects were not affected by projecting the pictures to different retinal locations. Significant benefits of both types were also obtained when the projected images differed in size. However, in these circumstances there was a small but significant performance decrement in matching two similar views of a single object, but not if the views were different. Conversely, the object benefit, but not the viewpoint benefit, was reduced when the SOA was only 100 msec. The data suggest the existence of (at least) two different visual codes, one non-retinotopic but viewer-centred, the other object-centred.

scholarly journals Cognitive modelling reveals distinct electrophysiological markers of decision confidence and error monitoring

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manuel Rausch ◽  
Michael Zehetleitner ◽  
Marco Steinhauser ◽  
Martin E. Maier
Keyword(s):  
Stimulus Onset Asynchrony ◽  
Neural Correlates ◽  
Stimulus Onset ◽  
Cognitive Modelling ◽  
Error Awareness ◽  
Decision Confidence ◽  
Metacognitive Processes ◽  
Statistical Pattern ◽  
Statistical Regularities ◽  
Onset Asynchrony

AbstractIs confidence in perceptual decisions generated by the same brain processes as decision itself, or does confidence require metacognitive processes following up on the decision? In a masked orientation task with varying stimulus-onset-asynchrony, we used EEG and cognitive modelling to trace the timing of the neural correlates of confidence. Confidence as reported by observers increased with stimulus-onset-asynchrony in correct and to a lesser degree in incorrect trials, a pattern incompatible with established models of confidence. Electrophysiological activity in two different time periods was associated with confidence, namely, 350 – 500 ms after stimulus onset and 250 – 350 ms after the response. Cognitive modelling revealed that only the activity following on the stimulus exhibited the same statistical regularities as confidence, while the statistical pattern of the activity following the response was not compatible with confidence. It is argued that electrophysiological markers of decision confidence and error awareness are at least in parts distinct.

scholarly journals Effect of Prime and Target Repetition on Lexical Decision Time

1992 ◽  
Vol 74 (2) ◽  
pp. 403-411 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alfonso Pitarque ◽  
Salvador Algarabel ◽  
Maria José Soler
Keyword(s):  
Lexical Decision ◽  
Repetition Effect ◽  
Stimulus Onset ◽  
Decision Time ◽  
Decision Task ◽  
Lexical Decision Time ◽  
Target Repetition ◽  
Automatic Activation ◽  
Onset Asynchrony ◽  
Prime Target

On a prime-target lexical decision task we manipulated the relatedness between prime and target (semantically related or unrelated), the number of repetitions (from 1 to 5), the type of the repeated stimulus (only the prime, only the target, or both), and the stimulus onset asynchrony (within a range of automatic activation from 60 to 400 msec.) to find whether semantic and repetition priming are additive (or interact), and whether there is episodic priming in an automatic, nonconscious way. Analysis showed repetition and semantic priming were additive rather than interactive. No episodic automatic priming was found. Results are discussed in terms of the predictions made from the main theoretical positions about the repetition effect.

Orienting and Focusing in Voluntary and Involuntary Visuospatial Attention Conditions

2010 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 198-209 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yan Wang ◽  
Jianhui Wu ◽  
Shimin Fu ◽  
Yuejia Luo
Keyword(s):  
Gain Control ◽  
Event Related Potentials ◽  
Stimulus Onset ◽  
Orientation Discrimination ◽  
Involuntary Attention ◽  
Attention Condition ◽  
Voluntary Attention ◽  
Visual Spatial ◽  
Related Potentials ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms

In the present study, we used event-related potentials (ERPs) and behavioral measurements in a peripherally cued line-orientation discrimination task to investigate the underlying mechanisms of orienting and focusing in voluntary and involuntary attention conditions. Informative peripheral cue (75% valid) with long stimulus onset asynchrony (SOA) was used in the voluntary attention condition; uninformative peripheral cue (50% valid) with short SOA was used in the involuntary attention condition. Both orienting and focusing were affected by attention type. Results for attention orienting in the voluntary attention condition confirmed the “sensory gain control theory,” as attention enhanced the amplitude of the early ERP components, P1 and N1, without latency changes. In the involuntary attention condition, compared with invalid trials, targets in the valid trials elicited larger and later contralateral P1 components, and smaller and later contralateral N1 components. Furthermore, but only in the voluntary attention condition, targets in the valid trials elicited larger N2 and P3 components than in the invalid trials. Attention focusing in the involuntary attention condition resulted in larger P1 components elicited by targets in small-cue trials compared to large-cue trials, whereas in the voluntary attention condition, larger P1 components were elicited by targets in large-cue trials than in small-cue trials. There was no interaction between orienting and focusing. These results suggest that orienting and focusing of visual-spatial attention are deployed independently regardless of attention type. In addition, the present results provide evidence of dissociation between voluntary and involuntary attention during the same task.

Anchor Effects and Figural Aftereffects: A Comparative Psychophysical Investigation

1975 ◽  
Vol 41 (3) ◽  
pp. 791-796 ◽  
Author(s):  
Johannes Abresch ◽  
Viktor Sarris
Keyword(s):  
Stimulus Onset Asynchrony ◽  
Contrast Effect ◽  
Rating Scale ◽  
Stimulus Onset ◽  
Figural Aftereffect ◽  
Anchor Effect ◽  
Substantial Influence ◽  
Perceptual Contrast ◽  
Points Of View ◽  
Onset Asynchrony

Perceptual contrast effect was studied from two points of view, as a special anchor effect and as a special figural aftereffect. Two experiments were conducted to investigate the influence of stimulus onset asynchrony on contrast and assimilation effects, induced and measured by different psychophysical methods. Stimuli were circular beams of light projected on screens (Delboef type of illusion). When anchor and series stimuli were shown and the latter were judged by means of a rating scale, stimulus onset asychrony had no substantial influence on the contrast effect (Exp. I). When the constant method was applied, however, the asynchrony altered the shape of the contrast effect considerably (Exp. II).

Primed-lexical decision: The effect of varying the stimulus-onset asynchrony of prime and target

1986 ◽  
Vol 61 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-36 ◽  
Author(s):  
Annette M.B. de Groot ◽  
Arnold J.W.M. Thomassen ◽  
Patrick T.W. Hudson
Keyword(s):  
Lexical Decision ◽  
Stimulus Onset Asynchrony ◽  
Stimulus Onset ◽  
Onset Asynchrony

Sequential Stereotype Priming: A Meta-Analysis

2017 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 199-227 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ciara K. Kidder ◽  
Katherine R. White ◽  
Michelle R. Hinojos ◽  
Mayra Sandoval ◽  
Stephen L. Crites
Keyword(s):  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Stimulus Onset ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Implicit Measures ◽  
Methodological Rigor ◽  
Priming Paradigm ◽  
Type Data ◽  
Onset Asynchrony ◽  
Stereotype Priming ◽  
Explicit Measures

Psychological interest in stereotype measurement has spanned nearly a century, with researchers adopting implicit measures in the 1980s to complement explicit measures. One of the most frequently used implicit measures of stereotypes is the sequential priming paradigm. The current meta-analysis examines stereotype priming, focusing specifically on this paradigm. To contribute to ongoing discussions regarding methodological rigor in social psychology, one primary goal was to identify methodological moderators of the stereotype priming effect—whether priming is due to a relation between the prime and target stimuli, the prime and target response, participant task, stereotype dimension, stimulus onset asynchrony (SOA), and stimuli type. Data from 39 studies yielded 87 individual effect sizes from 5,497 participants. Analyses revealed that stereotype priming is significantly moderated by the presence of prime–response relations, participant task, stereotype dimension, target stimulus type, SOA, and prime repetition. These results carry both practical and theoretical implications for future research on stereotype priming.

scholarly journals Contextual processing in unpredictable auditory environments: the limited resource model of auditory refractoriness in the rhesus

2016 ◽  
Vol 116 (5) ◽  
pp. 2125-2139 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tobias Teichert ◽  
Kate Gurnsey ◽  
Dean Salisbury ◽  
Robert A. Sweet
Keyword(s):  
Limited Resource ◽  
Stimulus Onset ◽  
Physiological Mechanisms ◽  
Contextual Processing ◽  
Targeted Interventions ◽  
Pharmacological Mechanism ◽  
Long Latency ◽  
Onset Asynchrony ◽  
Limited Resource Model ◽  
Gradual Decay

Auditory refractoriness refers to the finding of smaller electroencephalographic (EEG) responses to tones preceded by shorter periods of silence. To date, its physiological mechanisms remain unclear, limiting the insights gained from findings of abnormal refractoriness in individuals with schizophrenia. To resolve this roadblock, we studied auditory refractoriness in the rhesus, one of the most important animal models of auditory function, using grids of up to 32 chronically implanted cranial EEG electrodes. Four macaques passively listened to sounds whose identity and timing was random, thus preventing animals from forming valid predictions about upcoming sounds. Stimulus onset asynchrony ranged between 0.2 and 12.8 s, thus encompassing the clinically relevant timescale of refractoriness. Our results show refractoriness in all 8 previously identified middle- and long-latency components that peaked between 14 and 170 ms after tone onset. Refractoriness may reflect the formation and gradual decay of a basic sensory memory trace that may be mirrored by the expenditure and gradual recovery of a limited physiological resource that determines generator excitability. For all 8 components, results were consistent with the assumption that processing of each tone expends ∼65% of the available resource. Differences between components are caused by how quickly the resource recovers. Recovery time constants of different components ranged between 0.5 and 2 s. This work provides a solid conceptual, methodological, and computational foundation to dissect the physiological mechanisms of auditory refractoriness in the rhesus. Such knowledge may, in turn, help develop novel pharmacological, mechanism-targeted interventions.

scholarly journals A question of (perfect) timing: A preceding head turn increases the head-fake effect in basketball

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (5) ◽  
pp. e0251117
Author(s):  
Andrea Polzien ◽  
Iris Güldenpenning ◽  
Matthias Weigelt
Keyword(s):  
Stimulus Onset Asynchrony ◽  
Opposite Direction ◽  
Underlying Mechanism ◽  
Stimulus Onset ◽  
Basketball Player ◽  
Head Turn ◽  
Onset Asynchrony ◽  
Practical Implications ◽  
Head Fake

In many kinds of sports, deceptive actions are frequently used to hamper the anticipation of an opponent. The head fake in basketball is often applied to deceive an observer regarding the direction of a pass. To perform a head fake, a basketball player turns the head in one direction, but passes the ball to the opposite direction. Several studies showed that reactions to passes with head fakes are slower and more error-prone than to passes without head fakes (head-fake effect). The aim of a basketball player is to produce a head-fake effect for as large as possible in the opponent. The question if the timing of the deceptive action influences the size of the head-fake effect has not yet been examined systematically. The present study investigated if the head-fake effect depends on the temporal lag between the head turn and the passing movement. To this end, the stimulus onset asynchrony between head turn, and pass was varied between 0 and 800 ms. The results showed the largest effect when the head turn precedes the pass by 300 ms. This result can be explained better by facilitating the processing of passes without head fake than by making it more difficult to process passes with a head fake. This result is discussed regarding practical implications and conclusions about the underlying mechanism of the head–fake effect in basketball are drawn.

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