scholarly journals Belief-Based Evaluations of Helping in Infancy

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brandon Matthew Woo ◽  
Elizabeth Spelke
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
False Beliefs ◽  
Social Evaluation ◽  
Object Locations ◽  
Verbal Tasks ◽  
Second Year ◽  
New Location

Two experiments investigated whether infants’ social evaluations privilege the objective consequences of others’ acts of helping or the beliefs on which helping is based, even when others’ beliefs are false and their actions produce no beneficial outcomes. Fifteen-month-old infants (N = 94) viewed videotaped puppet shows in which a protagonist sought to obtain one of two objects, each inside a different box, and two helpers alternately opened the box containing that object. Then the two objects switched boxes, either in the helpers’ presence or absence, and infants saw one helper open the new box, affording access to the desired object, and the other helper open the original box, affording access to the forsaken object. When both helpers had witnessed the change in object locations, infants preferentially reached for and looked at the former helper, who acted to make the desired object available in its new location. In contrast, when neither helper had witnessed the change in object locations, infants preferentially reached for and looked at the helper who opened the original box where the two helpers had last seen the desired object. The latter effect provides evidence that infants inferred the beliefs of the helpers from the events they did or did not witness, and infants evaluated the helpers in accord with their inferred beliefs. Belief-based social evaluation thus occurs early in the second year, well before children begin to talk about beliefs or connect false beliefs to actions in a wide array of explicit, verbal tasks.

scholarly journals Sustainable Consumer Behavior in Purchasing, Using and Disposing of Clothes

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (15) ◽  
pp. 8333
Author(s):  
Mirella Soyer ◽  
Koen Dittrich
Keyword(s):  
Consumer Behavior ◽  
The Netherlands ◽  
Multiple Regression ◽  
Significant Role ◽  
Social Motivation ◽  
The Other ◽  
Social Evaluation ◽  
Sustainable Practices ◽  
Usage Phase ◽  
The Core

In this study we investigate how consumers in The Netherlands can be persuaded to adopt sustainable practices when purchasing, using and disposing of clothes. This study investigates the attitude-behavior gap for the sustainable choices for purchase, use and disposing of clothes. For each consumption phase we ran a two-step multiple regression. The findings showed that the importance of the factors vary in the three consumption phases. For purchasing and disposal decisions, the core motivator social motivation predicts sustainable practices best, while it has no role in the usage phase. The factor ability appeared to have a significant role in the disposal phase, but not in the other phases. Finally, the trigger appears to lower the consumers’ ability in the purchasing phase, while it enhances the core motivator social evaluation in the disposal phase.

Folding and Fracturing of Rocks: the birth of modern structural geology

2018 ◽  
Vol 487 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan H. Treagus ◽  
Peter J. Hudleston
Keyword(s):  
Structural Geology ◽  
Imperial College ◽  
The Other ◽  
Postgraduate Student ◽  
Teaching And Research ◽  
The World ◽  
Second Year

AbstractIn 1967, the publication of John Ramsay's book, Folding and Fracturing of Rocks, was a landmark event that affected both of us, inspiring us into careers in structural geology. At that time, one of us was a postgraduate student at Imperial College, London, the other a second-year undergraduate at Manchester University. It is hard to convey, 50 years on, how precious this book was then. The true and lasting value is how this book has changed individuals, and influenced the teaching and research in structural geology, in Britain and around the world. In our view, Folding and Fracturing of Rocks marks the birth of modern structural geology.

scholarly journals From projects to problems

2006 ◽  
pp. 81-83
Author(s):  
Derek Raine
Keyword(s):  
Group Work ◽  
Problem Based Learning ◽  
Theoretical Work ◽  
The Other ◽  
Project Work ◽  
Work Skills ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Group Projects ◽  
Second Year ◽  
Teaching Physics

Projects are a familiar feature of physics curricula and many courses include one or more group projects as a way of developing group work skills, if not for teaching physics. Problem-based learning on the other hand, which is designed primarily to teach physics while enhancing group work skills, is not so familiar. In this article we shall show how project work can be developed rather simply into problem-based learning by contextualising the project in terms of a problem and a viewpoint. The examples given will be based on developments of first and second year courses at Leicester to integrate practical, computational and theoretical work within the programme of specialist options. The benefits to staff and students will be discussed.

CROP RESPONSE TO LIME AND FERTILIZER SUPERIMPOSED ON DIFFERENT TILLAGE TREATMENTS FOR A VIRGIN GREY WOODED SOIL

1963 ◽  
Vol 43 (2) ◽  
pp. 298-308
Author(s):  
Herman A. Hamilton ◽  
J. R. Lessard
Keyword(s):  
Surface Soil ◽  
The Other ◽  
First Year ◽  
Crop Response ◽  
Nitrogen And Phosphorus ◽  
Residual Phosphorus ◽  
Second Year ◽  
Tillage Treatment ◽  
Nitrogen Phosphorus ◽  
Forage Yields

A virgin Grey Wooded soil was subjected to different tillage treatments receiving various rates of nitrogen, phosphorus and lime. In a 5-year rotation of oats followed by 4 years of hay, oat forage yields with 24-inch plowing appeared to be less than those obtained with shallower tillage treatments, but the subsequent first- and second-year hay yields were substantially higher. Nitrogen and phosphorus significantly increased oat forage yields irrespective of tillage treatment. Increases in first-year hay yields due to residual phosphorus were highly significant with 12-inch and 24-inch plowing. Second-year hay yields were significantly increased by residual phosphorus on all tillage treatments with increases being in the order 12-inch plowing and disking greater than 6-inch and 24-inch plowing. Irrespective of tillage treatment, lowest hay yields were obtained in the first year of harvest. Despite the greater saturation of the sub-surface soil with bases, lime significantly increased hay yields on plots plowed to 24 inches. Whereas the legume component of the hay mixture was initially high on plots plowed to 24 inches, in the succeeding years the percentage decreased considerably. On the other hand, legume percentage, which was initially low, increased for plots that were disked or plowed to 6 inches. Plowing to a depth of 12 inches appeared to be the most satisfactory procedure in maintaining the best hay yields with a high percentage of legumes.

EFFECTS OF PLANT SPACING ON PERFORMANCE OF THE STRAWBERRY CULTIVAR BOUNTY

1975 ◽  
Vol 55 (4) ◽  
pp. 1013-1016
Author(s):  
D. L. CRAIG
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Weight ◽  
The Other ◽  
Plant Spacing ◽  
Strawberry Cultivar ◽  
Plant Stand ◽  
Second Year

Strawberry cv. Bounty was grown for 2 yr in matted rows with plant spacings of two, four and six plants per 0.093 m2, and noncontrolled spacing. In the 1st fruiting yr, yields were lowest from two plants per 0.093 m2 and yields of other spacings did not differ significantly. Second-year yields from the same plots were lowest from the noncontrolled spacing and did not differ significantly for other spacings. The percentage of the marketable crop weighing 7 g or more per fruit ranged from 84.3% from the noncontrolled stand to 93% for two plants per 0.093 m2. Seasonal mean fruit weight was not affected by treatments in 1973. In 1974, fruit from the noncontrolled spacing was significantly smaller than fruit from the other spacings. The data show that optimum marketable yields of 46,629 kg/ha and a seasonal mean weight per fruit of 12 g can be produced by cv. Bounty from a plant stand of six plants per 0.093 m2.

Localization of Spontaneous Respiratory Neuronal Activities in the Medulla Oblongata of the Cat: A New Location of the Expiratory Center

1957 ◽  
Vol 190 (2) ◽  
pp. 350-355 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edgar Haber ◽  
Kurt W. Kohn ◽  
S. H. Ngai ◽  
D. A. Holaday ◽  
S. C. Wang
Keyword(s):  
Vagus Nerve ◽  
Reticular Formation ◽  
Medulla Oblongata ◽  
Electric Stimulation ◽  
The Other ◽  
Drug Induced ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Twin Beam ◽  
New Location ◽  
Stimulation Of

Medulla oblongata of 80 vagotomized cats was explored with microelectrodes. Spontaneous respiratory neuronal activities and chest movements were recorded simultaneously with a twin beam cathode ray oscilloscope. It was found that inspiratory discharges are concentrated in the reticular formation between 3 mm rostral and 1 mm caudal to the level of the obex, which corresponds approximately to the inspiratory region of Pitts, Magoun and Ranson. On the other hand, expiratory discharges are not obtained in Pitts' expiratory area, but are found in a circumscribed region in the reticular formation from the level of the obex to 3 mm caudally. Electric stimulation of this region has been found recently by Ngai and Wang to yield marked expiratory spasm. It is concluded that the expiratory center is located caudally to the inspiratory center in the cat. The spontaneous respiratory neuronal discharges continue with no alterations of pattern of firing during drug-induced respiratory paralysis, and are increased both in number and in frequency during CO2 inhalation. Stimulation of the vagus nerve with 50 shocks/sec. reduces inspiratory discharges and prolongs the duration of expiratory discharges.

POST-WEANING PERFORMANCE OF SPF PIGS REARED IN ISOLATION VS. LITTER MATES REARED WITH NON-SPF PIGS

1967 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
H. T. Fredeen ◽  
A. Reddon
Keyword(s):  
Test Data ◽  
Performance Testing ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Health Problems ◽  
The Other ◽  
New Location

Thirty litters, comprising four pigs each, representing seven SPF herds were raised from weaning to 90 kg live weight at two locations, one a new piggery where the SPF pigs were isolated from other pigs and the other an old piggery shared with litters from non-SPF herds. Each SPF litter was represented at each location. At the conclusion of this test, data were obtained for 53 non-SPF litters tested at the two locations.The SPF pigs reared in isolation grew more rapidly and exhibited fewer health problems than those reared with non-SPF pigs. However, the differences between herds and among litters within herds were very large and in some cases the performance of pigs tested in isolation was inferior to that of their litter mates tested with non-SPF pigs. Further, the performance of non-SPF litters tested in the new location exceeded that of contemporaries tested in the old piggery by approximately the same margin as was observed in the SPF test. It was concluded that isolation from pigs of non-SPF origin was not a requisite for performance-testing of pigs from SPF herds.

Response of Young Unirrigated Clonal Tea to Nitrogen Fertilizer

1996 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-66
Author(s):  
N. E. A. Malenga
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Fertilizer ◽  
Early Years ◽  
The Other ◽  
Virgin Soil ◽  
The Third ◽  
Second Year ◽  
Additional Nitrogen

SUMMARYThe response to nitrogen of four high yielding good quality clones of tea was investigated on fertile virgin soil. The yields of all the clones examined were maintained without additional nitrogen during the first two years after planting but Clone PC 81 responded to nitrogen in the second year after planting. This was the earliest recorded stage at which seedling or clonal tea had responded to nitrogen in Malawi. The other clones examined all responded to nitrogen in the third year after planting, and the yields of all the clones were substantially increased by the higher rates of nitrogen applied in the early years after planting, though the responses to nitrogen differed between seasons.

Effects of automatic item eliminations based on item test analysis

2007 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 247-252
Author(s):  
Jaap H. J. Muntinga ◽  
Henk A. Schuil
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Cohort Effects ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Test Analysis ◽  
Course Content ◽  
Elimination Procedure ◽  
Item Statistics ◽  
Second Year ◽  
Automatic Elimination

Item test analysis is an aid to identify items that need to be eliminated from an assessment. An automatic elimination procedure based on item statistics, therefore, could help to increase the quality of a test in an objective manner. This was investigated by studying the effect of a standardized elimination procedure on the test results of a second-year course over a period of 6 successive years in 1,624 candidates. Cohort effects on the item elimination were examined by determining the number of additional items that had to be eliminated from three different tests in 3 successive academic years in two cohorts. The items that were part of more than one test and had to be eliminated according to the procedure in at least one of the tests appeared to have to be retained according to the same procedure in most of the other tests. The procedure harmed the high scoring students relatively more often than the other students, and the number of eliminated items appeared to be cohort dependent. As a consequence, automatic elimination procedures obscure the transparency of the grading process unacceptably and transform valid tests into inadequate samples of the course content.

The Homing of Salmon in Apple River, N.S.

1936 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 391-400 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. C. White
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
First Year ◽  
The West ◽  
Tidal Water ◽  
Spawning Time ◽  
Second Year ◽  
Tidal Pools

Salmon from the East branch marked as smolts in 1934 returned as grilse in the fall of 1935, entering only the East branch up to spawning time. After October 22 more entered the West than the East branch. Female salmon tagged as adults gave evidence of remaining each in a particular "home" pool. After spawning some females dropped down to tidal pools in early November and later reascended the stream. Male salmon tagged as adults left their "home" pools, roaming up and down and even going through tidal water to the other branch; yet males came back the second year to the same pool in which they were taken (in one case repeatedly) in the first year.

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