scholarly journals The reflection effect in memory-based decisions

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Regina Agnes Weilbächer ◽  
Peter Maximilian Kraemer ◽  
Sebastian Gluth
Keyword(s):  
Episodic Memory ◽  
Behavioral Pattern ◽  
Memory Bias ◽  
Uncertainty Aversion ◽  
Reflection Effect ◽  
Aversive Stimuli ◽  
Decisions Under Risk ◽  
Subjective Value ◽  
Uncertain Outcomes

Previous research has shown that episodic memory influences decisions, with peopleexhibiting too strong preferences for remembered over forgotten options. However, thecognitive mechanisms underlying this memory bias remain elusive. Here, we propose thatchoosing forgotten (or poorly remembered) options is conceptually similar to choosingoptions with uncertain outcomes. Following this rationale, we predicted that the memorybias is reduced when options have negative subjective value – analogous to the reflectioneffect, according to which uncertainty aversion is stronger in gains than in losses. In twopreregistered experiments, participants made memory-based decisions between sets ofappetitive or aversive stimuli. As predicted, people preferred remembered over forgottenoptions in the gain domain, but this behavioral pattern reversed in the loss domain. Ourresults contribute to an increasing understanding of the role of memory in decision makingand connect this emerging field to the well-established research on decisions under risk anduncertainty.

scholarly journals The Reflection Effect in Memory-Based Decisions

2020 ◽  
Vol 31 (11) ◽  
pp. 1439-1451
Author(s):  
Regina A. Weilbächer ◽  
Peter M. Kraemer ◽  
Sebastian Gluth
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Behavioral Pattern ◽  
Memory Bias ◽  
Risk Attitudes ◽  
Uncertainty Aversion ◽  
Cognitive Mechanisms ◽  
Reflection Effect ◽  
Aversive Stimuli ◽  
Subjective Value ◽  
Uncertain Outcomes

Previous research has indicated a bias in memory-based decision-making, with people preferring options that they remember better. However, the cognitive mechanisms underlying this memory bias remain elusive. Here, we propose that choosing poorly remembered options is conceptually similar to choosing options with uncertain outcomes. We predicted that the memory bias would be reduced when options had negative subjective value, analogous to the reflection effect, according to which uncertainty aversion is stronger in gains than in losses. In two preregistered experiments ( N = 36 each), participants made memory-based decisions between appetitive and aversive stimuli. People preferred better-remembered options in the gain domain, but this behavioral pattern reversed in the loss domain. This effect was not related to participants’ ambiguity or risk attitudes, as measured in a separate task. Our results increase the understanding of memory-based decision-making and connect this emerging field to well-established research on decisions under uncertainty.

scholarly journals From Value to Saliency: Neural Computations of Subjective Value under Uncertainty in PTSD

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruonan Jia ◽  
Lital Ruderman ◽  
Charles Gordon ◽  
Daniel Ehrlich ◽  
Mark Horvath ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ptsd Symptom ◽  
Traumatic Experiences ◽  
Ptsd Symptoms ◽  
Neural Encoding ◽  
Subjective Value ◽  
Neural Computations ◽  
Ptsd Symptom Severity ◽  
Neural Underpinnings ◽  
Uncertain Outcomes

AbstractMilitary personnel engaged in combat are vulnerable to Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), following traumatic experiences in the battlefield. Prior research has mostly employed fear-related paradigms to unravel neural underpinnings of fear dysregulation in individuals with PTSD. The ability to acquire and update fear responses depends critically on the individual’s ability to cope with uncertainty, yet the role of individual uncertainty attitudes in the development of trauma-related psychopathology has hardly been examined. Here, we investigated the association between PTSD-related alterations and the subjective valuation of uncertain outcomes during decision-making. We used a monetary gambling paradigm inspired by behavioral economics in conjunction with fMRI and explored neural markers of both vulnerability and resilience to PTSD in a group of combat veterans. Behaviorally, PTSD symptom severity was associated with increased aversion to uncertainty. Neurally, activity in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) during valuation of uncertain options was associated with PTSD symptoms, an effect which was specifically driven by numbing symptoms. Moreover, the neural encoding of the subjective value of those uncertain options was markedly different in the brains of veterans diagnosed with PTSD, compared to veterans who experienced trauma but did not develop PTSD. Most notably, veterans with PTSD exhibited enhanced representations of the saliency of rewards and punishments in the neural valuation system, especially in ventral striatum, compared with trauma-exposed controls. Our results point to a link between the function of the valuation system under uncertainty and the development and maintenance of PTSD symptoms, and stress the significance of studying reward processes in PTSD.

scholarly journals The Protective Effects of Perceived Control During Repeated Exposure to Aversive Stimuli

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kainan S. Wang ◽  
Mauricio R. Delgado
Keyword(s):  
Protective Effect ◽  
Perceived Control ◽  
Repeated Exposure ◽  
Protective Effects ◽  
Avoidance Motivation ◽  
Aversive Stimuli ◽  
Prefrontal Cortical ◽  
Subjective Value ◽  
Human Participants

The ability to perceive and exercise control is a major contributor to our mental and physical wellbeing. When faced with uncontrollable aversive stimuli, organisms develop heightened anxiety and become unwilling to exert effort to avoid the stimuli. In contrast, when faced with controllable aversive stimuli, organisms demonstrate behavioral vigor via avoidance attempts toward trying to seek and exercise control over the environment. As such, controllability confers protective effects against reduced avoidance motivation trigged by aversive environments. These observations beg the question of whether controllability can be potent enough to reverse passivity following repeated exposure to uncontrollable aversive stimuli and how this protective effect is encoded neurally. Human participants performed a Control in Aversive Domain (CAD) task where they were first subjected to a series of repeated uncontrollable aversive stimuli (i.e., aversive tones) across several contexts that were followed by a series of controllable aversive stimuli in a novel context. Faced with persistent uncontrollability, participants significantly reduced their avoidance attempts over time and biased toward giving up. However, the subsequent presence of controllability rescued participants’ avoidance behavior. Strikingly, participants who responded more strongly to the protective effects of control also had greater ventromedial prefrontal cortical (vmPFC) activation—a region previously observed to be associated with encoding the subjective value of control. Taken together, these findings highlighted the protective effect conferred by perceived control against passivity and offered insights into the potential role of the vmPFC in controllable environments, with implications for understanding the beneficial influence of perceived control on adaptive behavior.

You Are the One I Want to Communicate With!

2013 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
pp. 16-25 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sabrina Pierucci ◽  
Olivier Klein ◽  
Andrea Carnaghi
Keyword(s):  
Memory Bias ◽  
Shared Reality ◽  
Communication Partner ◽  
Shared Reality Theory ◽  
The One ◽  
Study Participants

This article investigates the role of relational motives in the saying-is-believing effect ( Higgins & Rholes, 1978 ). Building on shared reality theory, we expected this effect to be most likely when communicators were motivated to “get along” with the audience. In the current study, participants were asked to describe an ambiguous target to an audience who either liked or disliked the target. The audience had been previously evaluated as a desirable vs. undesirable communication partner. Only participants who communicated with a desirable audience tuned their messages to suit their audience’s attitude toward the target. In line with predictions, they also displayed an audience-congruent memory bias in later recall.

The Role of Attention in Episodic Memory Impairment During Nicotine Withdrawal

2007 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul S. Merritt ◽  
Adam Cobb ◽  
Luke Moissinac ◽  
Corpus Christi ◽  
Elliot Hirshman
Keyword(s):  
Episodic Memory ◽  
Memory Impairment ◽  
Nicotine Withdrawal

Role of Yoga in Lifestyle Disorders w.s.r. to Diabetes Mellitus Type-2

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (03) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tushar K. Pardeshi ◽  
Sachinkumar Patil
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Diabetes Mellitus Type 2 ◽  
Healthy Lifestyle ◽  
Working Hours ◽  
Behavioral Pattern ◽  
Current Trends ◽  
Diet Pattern ◽  
Speed And Accuracy

21st century is full of stress requiring more speed and accuracy. In today’s world of competition, diet pattern, lifestyle and behavioral pattern of people has changed. Late working hours, deadlines of work and stress have become a parcel of daily life. Due to this people have won’t have time for exercise and Yoga and end up in various lifestyle disorder, like Diabetes mellitus, Dyslipidemia, Obesity, Cardiovascular diseases etc. Diabetes mellitus is one of most leading disorder in all of them. The worldwide prevalence of D.M. has raised dramatically over past two decades, from an estimated 30 million cases in 1985 to 177 million in 2000. Based on current trends, > 360 million individuals will have diabetes by the year 2030. Diabetes mellitus is mentioned in our Samhitas as disorder of lethargic and exercise less lifestyle disorder and termed it as Madhumeha. Caused by mainly Apathyaahara and Viharsevana. Chikitsa of Madhumeha focused on Pathyaaahara and Vihar (lifestyle) in management of Madhumeha. This article is deal with healthy lifestyle including Yoga mentioned in Ayurveda Samhita for management of prevention and treatment of Lifestyle disorders.

scholarly journals Coping Capacity and Episodic Memory in Older Adults With SMCs: The Mediating Role of Healthy Lifestyle

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 278-279
Author(s):  
Feilong Wang ◽  
Shijie Li ◽  
Kaifa Wang ◽  
Yanni Yang
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Episodic Memory ◽  
Healthy Lifestyle ◽  
Community Dwelling ◽  
Mediating Effect ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Coping Capacity ◽  
Memory Decline ◽  
Mediating Role

Abstract Older adults with subjective memory complaints (SMCs) are at increased risk for episodic memory decline. Episodic memory decline is an important predictor of objective memory impairment (one of the earliest symptoms of Alzheimer’s disease) and an often-suggested criterion of successful memory aging. Therefore, it is important to explore the determinant factors that influence episodic memory in older adults with SMCs. Roy adaptation model and preliminary evidence suggest that older adults with SMCs undergo a coping and adaptation process, a process influenced by many health-related risks and protective factors. This study aimed to explore the relationship between coping capacity and episodic memory, and the mediating role of healthy lifestyle between coping capacity and episodic memory in a sample of 309 community-dwelling older adults with SMCs. Results from the structural equation modeling showed that coping capacity directly affects episodic memory (r=0.629, p＜0.001), and there is a partial mediating effect (60.5%) of healthy lifestyle among this sample of older adults with SMCs. This study demonstrates that coping capacity and adaptation positively correlate with episodic memory in older adults with SMCs, and that these correlations are mediated by healthy lifestyle. The results suggest that older adults with poor coping capacity should be assessed and monitored regularly, and clear lifestyle-related interventions initiated by healthcare providers that promote healthy lifestyles may effectively improve coping capacity and episodic memory in this population group. Note: First author: Feilong Wang, Co-first author: Shijie li, Corresponding author: Yanni Yang

scholarly journals Self-referential false associations: A self-enhanced constructive effect for verbal but not pictorial stimuli

2021 ◽  
pp. 174702182110097
Author(s):  
Jianqin Wang ◽  
Henry Otgaar ◽  
Mark L Howe ◽  
Sen Cheng
Keyword(s):  
Episodic Memory ◽  
The Self ◽  
The Other ◽  
Reference Condition ◽  
Spreading Activation ◽  
Critical Lure ◽  
Picture Stimuli ◽  
Own Name ◽  
Self Reference

Memory is considered to be a flexible and reconstructive system. However, there is little experimental evidence demonstrating how associations are falsely constructed in memory, and even less is known about the role of the self in memory construction. We investigated whether false associations involving non-presented stimuli can be constructed in episodic memory and whether the self plays a role in such memory construction. In two experiments, we paired participants’ own names (i.e., self-reference) or the name “Adele” (i.e., other-reference) with words and pictures from Deese/Roediger–McDermott (DRM) lists. We found that (1) participants not only falsely remembered the non-presented lure words and pictures as having been presented, but also misremembered that they were paired with their own name or “Adele,” depending on the referenced person of related DRM lists; and (2) there were more critical lure–self associations constructed in the self-reference condition than critical lure–other associations in the other-reference condition for word but not for picture stimuli. These results suggest a self-enhanced constructive effect that might be driven by both relational and item-specific processing. Our results support the spreading-activation account for constructive episodic memory.

scholarly journals Corticostriatal Circuits Encode the Subjective Value of Perceived Control

2019 ◽  
Vol 29 (12) ◽  
pp. 5049-5060 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kainan S Wang ◽  
Mauricio R Delgado
Keyword(s):  
Perceived Control ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Control Option ◽  
Subjective Value ◽  
Binary Choices ◽  
Mere Presence ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Neural Underpinnings ◽  
Evoked Activity

AbstractThe ability to perceive and exercise control over an outcome is both desirable and beneficial to our well-being. It has been shown that animals and humans alike exhibit behavioral bias towards seeking control and that such bias recruits the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) and striatum. Yet, this bias remains to be quantitatively captured and studied neurally. Here, we employed a behavioral task to measure the preference for control and characterize its neural underpinnings. Participants made a series of binary choices between having control and no-control over a game for monetary reward. The mere presence of the control option evoked activity in the ventral striatum. Importantly, we manipulated the expected value (EV) of each choice pair to extract the pairing where participants were equally likely to choose either option. The difference in EV between the options at this point of equivalence was inferred as the subjective value of control. Strikingly, perceiving control inflated the reward value of the associated option by 30% and this value inflation was tracked by the vmPFC. Altogether, these results capture the subjective value of perceived control inherent in decision making and highlight the role of corticostriatal circuitry in the perception of control.

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