scholarly journals Using speed and accuracy and the Simon effect to explore the output form of inhibition of return

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ralph S. Redden ◽  
Matthew Hilchey ◽  
Sinan Aslam ◽  
Jason Ivanoff ◽  
Raymond M Klein
Keyword(s):  
Simon Effect ◽  
Inhibition Of Return ◽  
Discrimination Performance ◽  
Oculomotor System ◽  
Drift Diffusion ◽  
Two Parameters ◽  
Processing Continuum ◽  
Speed Accuracy ◽  
Speed And Accuracy ◽  
Accuracy Tradeoff

Inhibition of return (IOR) refers to slower responses to targets presented at previously cued locations. Contrasting target discrimination performance over various eye movement conditions has shown the level of activation of the reflexive oculomotor system determines the nature of the effect. Notably, an effect nearer to the input end of the processing continuum is observed when the reflexive oculomotor system is actively suppressed, and an effect nearer the output end of the processing continuum is observed when the reflexive oculomotor system is actively engaged. Furthermore, these two forms of IOR interact differently with the Simon effect. Drift diffusion modelling has suggested that two parameters can theoretically account for the speed- accuracy tradeoff rendered by the output-based form of IOR: increased threshold and decreased trial noise. In Experiment 1, we demonstrate that the threshold parameter best accounts for the output-based form of IOR by measuring it with intermixed discrimination and localization targets. Experiment 2 employed the response-signal methodology and showed that the output- based form has no effect on the acquisition of information.

scholarly journals Two “Inhibitions of Return” Bias Orienting Differently

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raymond M Klein ◽  
Ralph S. Redden
Keyword(s):  
Visual Processing ◽  
Inhibition Of Return ◽  
Oculomotor System ◽  
Peripheral Stimulus ◽  
Novelty Seeking ◽  
Visual Orienting ◽  
Input Form ◽  
Speed Accuracy ◽  
Accuracy Tradeoff ◽  
Central Arrow

Inhibition of return (IOR) is usually viewed as an inhibitory aftermath of visual orienting typically seen in the form of slower responses to targets presented in a previously attended location or object (Posner & Cohen, 1984; Posner et al., 1985). Using the diagnostic patterns obtained when peripheral onset or central arrow targets are used, we have seen that there are two forms of inhibitory aftereffect: one caused by a peripheral stimulus whereby the effect is to decrease the efficiency of subsequent visual processing in the proximity of this stimulus (input effect); the second caused by oculomotor activation whereby the effect is a motor bias (output effect). These are distinguished clearly by whether the effect can only be measured by peripheral targets (input form when the reflexive oculomotor system is suppressed) or by whether there are roughly equivalent delays in response whether the targets are central or peripheral (output form when the reflexive oculomotor system is not suppressed). When performance is represented in speed-accuracy space the input form is manifest as a shift from one speed-accuracy tradeoff function to a less efficient one representing degraded or delayed processing of cued targets while the output form entails no shift in the function, but instead a movement along it (a response bias). Both forms bias orienting and hence can perform the novelty seeking function attributed to the inhibitions in the seminal papers: the input form does so by biasing perception, whereas the output form does so by biasing action.

scholarly journals Confidence predicts speed-accuracy tradeoff for subsequent decisions

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kobe Desender ◽  
Annika Boldt ◽  
Tom Verguts ◽  
Tobias H. Donner
Keyword(s):  
Decision Model ◽  
Previous Trial ◽  
Decision Confidence ◽  
Decision Outcomes ◽  
Decision Policies ◽  
Choice Tasks ◽  
Speed Accuracy ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Speed And Accuracy ◽  
Accuracy Tradeoff

AbstractWhen external feedback about decision outcomes is lacking, agents need to adapt their decision policies based on an internal estimate of the correctness of their choices (i.e., decision confidence). We hypothesized that agents use confidence to continuously update the tradeoff between the speed and accuracy of their decisions: When confidence is low in one decision, the agent needs more evidence before committing to a choice in the next decision, leading to slower but more accurate decisions. We tested this hypothesis by fitting a bounded accumulation decision model to behavioral data from three different perceptual choice tasks. Decision bounds indeed depended on the reported confidence on the previous trial, independent of objective accuracy. This increase in decision bound was predicted by a centro-parietal EEG component sensitive to confidence. We conclude that the brain uses internally computed confidence signals for the ongoing adjustment of decision policies.

Speed-Accuracy Tradeoff Models of Target-Based and Trajectory-Based Movements

2013 ◽  
pp. 355-368
Author(s):  
Xiaolei Zhou ◽  
Xiangshi Ren
Keyword(s):  
Basic Research ◽  
Critical Survey ◽  
Common Phenomenon ◽  
Human Computer Interactions ◽  
Motor Tasks ◽  
Performance Models ◽  
Human Motor ◽  
Speed Accuracy ◽  
Speed And Accuracy ◽  
Accuracy Tradeoff

A tradeoff between speed and accuracy is a very common phenomenon in many types of human motor tasks. In general, the accuracy of a movement tends to decrease when its speed increases and the speed of a movement tends to decrease with an increase in its accuracy. This phenomenon has been studied for more than a century, during which several alternative performance models that account for the tradeoff between speed and accuracy have been presented. In this chapter, the authors present a critical survey of the scientific literature that discusses speed-accuracy tradeoff models of target-based and trajectory-based movement; these two types of movement are the major popular task paradigms in studies of human-computer interactions. Some of the models emerged from basic research in experimental psychology and motor control theory, whereas others emerged from a specific need to model the interaction between users and physical devices, such as mice, keyboards, and styluses in the field of Human-Computer Interaction (HCI). This chapter summarizes these models from the perspectives of spatial constraints and temporal constraints for both target-based and trajectory-based movements.

scholarly journals Hierarchical drift diffusion modeling uncovers multisensory benefit in numerosity discrimination tasks

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
EDWIN CHAU ◽  
Carolyn A. Murray ◽  
ladan shams
Keyword(s):  
Parameter Estimation ◽  
Reaction Time ◽  
Diffusion Models ◽  
Large Sample Size ◽  
Drift Diffusion ◽  
Numerosity Discrimination ◽  
Large Sample ◽  
Reliable Parameter ◽  
Speed Accuracy ◽  
Accuracy Tradeoff

Studies of accuracy and reaction time in decision making often observe a speed-accuracy tradeoff, where either accuracy or reaction time is sacrificed for the other. While this effect may mask certain multisensory benefits in performance when accuracy and reaction time are separately measured, drift diffusion models (DDMs) are able to consider both simultaneously. However, drift diffusion models are often limited by large sample size requirements for reliable parameter estimation. One solution to this restriction is the use of hierarchical Bayesian estimation for DDM parameters. Here, we utilize hierarchical drift diffusion models (HDDMs) to reveal a multisensory advantage in auditory-visual numerosity discrimination tasks. By fitting this model with a modestly sized dataset, we also demonstrate that large sample sizes are not necessary for reliable parameter estimation.

scholarly journals Dynamic influences on static measures of metacognition

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kobe Desender ◽  
Luc Vermeylen ◽  
Tom Verguts
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Neural Correlates ◽  
Independent Dataset ◽  
Evidence Accumulation ◽  
Domain Generality ◽  
Sources Of Variation ◽  
Human Participants ◽  
Speed Accuracy ◽  
Speed And Accuracy ◽  
Accuracy Tradeoff

AbstractHumans differ in their capability to judge the accuracy of their own choices via confidence judgments. Signal detection theory has been used to quantify the extent to which confidence tracks accuracy via M-ratio, often referred to as metacognitive efficiency. This measure, however, is static in that it does not consider the dynamics of decision making. This could be problematic because humans may shift their level of response caution to alter the tradeoff between speed and accuracy. Such shifts could induce unaccounted-for sources of variation in the assessment of metacognition. Instead, evidence accumulation frameworks consider decision making, including the computation of confidence, as a dynamic process unfolding over time. We draw on evidence accumulation frameworks to examine the influence of response caution on metacognition. Simulation results demonstrate that response caution has an influence on M-ratio. We then tested and confirmed that this was also the case in human participants who were explicitly instructed to either focus on speed or accuracy. We next demonstrated that this association between M-ratio and response caution was also present in an experiment without any reference towards speed. The latter finding was replicated in an independent dataset. In contrast, when data were analyzed with a novel dynamic measure of metacognition, which we refer to as v-ratio, in all of the three studies there was no effect of speed-accuracy tradeoff. These findings have important implications for research on metacognition, such as the question about domain-generality, individual differences in metacognition and its neural correlates.

scholarly journals Speed-accuracy tradeoff by a control signal with balanced excitation and inhibition

2015 ◽  
Vol 114 (1) ◽  
pp. 650-661 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chung-Chuan Lo ◽  
Cheng-Te Wang ◽  
Xiao-Jing Wang
Keyword(s):  
Decision Time ◽  
Control Signal ◽  
Decision Threshold ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Baseline Activity ◽  
Reduced Rate ◽  
Behaving Monkeys ◽  
Speed Accuracy ◽  
Speed And Accuracy ◽  
Accuracy Tradeoff

A hallmark of flexible behavior is the brain's ability to dynamically adjust speed and accuracy in decision-making. Recent studies suggested that such adjustments modulate not only the decision threshold, but also the rate of evidence accumulation. However, the underlying neuronal-level mechanism of the rate change remains unclear. In this work, using a spiking neural network model of perceptual decision, we demonstrate that speed and accuracy of a decision process can be effectively adjusted by manipulating a top-down control signal with balanced excitation and inhibition [balanced synaptic input (BSI)]. Our model predicts that emphasizing accuracy over speed leads to reduced rate of ramping activity and reduced baseline activity of decision neurons, which have been observed recently at the level of single neurons recorded from behaving monkeys in speed-accuracy tradeoff tasks. Moreover, we found that an increased inhibitory component of BSI skews the decision time distribution and produces a pronounced exponential tail, which is commonly observed in human studies. Our findings suggest that BSI can serve as a top-down control mechanism to rapidly and parametrically trade between speed and accuracy, and such a cognitive control signal presents both when the subjects emphasize accuracy or speed in perceptual decisions.

scholarly journals TNF controls a speed-accuracy tradeoff in the cell death decision to restrict viral spread

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer Oyler-Yaniv ◽  
Alon Oyler-Yaniv ◽  
Evan Maltz ◽  
Roy Wollman
Keyword(s):  
Cell Death ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Immune Regulation ◽  
Decision Strategy ◽  
Limited Evidence ◽  
Viral Spread ◽  
Infected Cells ◽  
Speed Accuracy ◽  
Speed And Accuracy ◽  
Accuracy Tradeoff

AbstractRapid death of infected cells is an important antiviral strategy. However, fast decisions that are based on limited evidence can be erroneous and cause unnecessary cell death and subsequent tissue damage. How cells optimize their death decision making strategy to maximize both speed and accuracy is unclear. Here, we show that exposure to TNF, which is secreted by macrophages during viral infection, causes cells to change their decision strategy from “slow and accurate” to “fast and error-prone”. Mathematical modeling combined with experiments in cell culture and whole organ culture show that the regulation of the cell death decision strategy is critical to prevent HSV-1 spread. These findings demonstrate that immune regulation of cellular cognitive processes dynamically changes a tissues’ tolerance for self-damage, which is required to protect against viral spread.

scholarly journals Confidence predicts speed-accuracy tradeoff for subsequent decisions

eLife ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kobe Desender ◽  
Annika Boldt ◽  
Tom Verguts ◽  
Tobias H Donner
Keyword(s):  
Decision Model ◽  
Previous Trial ◽  
Neural Signals ◽  
Decision Confidence ◽  
Decision Outcomes ◽  
Decision Policies ◽  
Choice Tasks ◽  
Speed Accuracy ◽  
Speed And Accuracy ◽  
Accuracy Tradeoff

When external feedback about decision outcomes is lacking, agents need to adapt their decision policies based on an internal estimate of the correctness of their choices (i.e., decision confidence). We hypothesized that agents use confidence to continuously update the tradeoff between the speed and accuracy of their decisions: When confidence is low in one decision, the agent needs more evidence before committing to a choice in the next decision, leading to slower but more accurate decisions. We tested this hypothesis by fitting a bounded accumulation decision model to behavioral data from three different perceptual choice tasks. Decision bounds indeed depended on the reported confidence on the previous trial, independent of objective accuracy. This increase in decision bound was predicted by a centro-parietal EEG component sensitive to confidence. We conclude that internally computed neural signals of confidence predict the ongoing adjustment of decision policies.

Complex Task Performance under Speed-Accuracy Tradeoff: Single Task versus Dual Task

1987 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 161-165
Author(s):  
Nuray Aykin ◽  
Turgut Aykin
Keyword(s):  
Task Performance ◽  
Dual Task ◽  
Interstimulus Interval ◽  
Stimulus Complexity ◽  
Complex Task ◽  
Single Task ◽  
Speed Accuracy ◽  
Speed And Accuracy ◽  
Accuracy Tradeoff ◽  
Double Stimulation

The effects of speed and accuracy conditions on single and double stimulation task performance were investigated and compared along with the effects of the stimulus complexity and interstimulus interval. The proportion of error responses increased when the complexity of the stimuli increased under speed and accuracy conditions in both single and double stimulation tasks. There was, however, no trend in the proportion of error responses as a function of ISI under speed and accuracy emphases.

scholarly journals TNF controls a speed-accuracy tradeoff in the apoptotic decision to restrict viral spread

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer Oyler-Yaniv ◽  
Alon Oyler-Yaniv ◽  
Evan Maltz ◽  
Roy Wollman
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Modeling ◽  
Cell Culture ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Immune Regulation ◽  
Decision Strategy ◽  
Limited Evidence ◽  
Viral Spread ◽  
Speed Accuracy ◽  
Speed And Accuracy ◽  
Accuracy Tradeoff

AbstractEarly commitment to apoptosis is an important antiviral strategy. However, fast decisions that are based on limited evidence can be erroneous and cause unnecessary cell death and tissue damage. How cells optimize their decision making strategy to account for both speed and accuracy is unclear. Here we show that exposure to TNF, which is secreted by macrophages during viral infection, causes cells to change their decision strategy from “slow and accurate” to “fast and error-prone”. Mathematical modeling combined with experiments in cell culture and mouse corneas show that the regulation of the apoptotic decision strategy is critical to prevent HSV-1 spread. These findings demonstrate that immune regulation of cellular cognitive processes dynamically changes a tissues’ tolerance for self-damage, which is required to protect against viral spread.

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