Deese hypothesis corrected

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eugen Tarnow
Keyword(s):  
Free Recall ◽  
Learning Curve ◽  
Experimental Psychology ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Study Association ◽  
Proportionality Relationship ◽  
Item Item

In 1959 Deese published work on two hypotheses. The first one, that the probability of free recall intrusions is proportional to the mean association strengths of these intrusions to the presented lists, was found to be true and published in Journal of Experimental Psychology. The second one, attempted to extend this relationship to correct recalls but he believed it to have failed and published this failure in the little read Psychological Reports.Here I hypothesize that the Deese proportionality relationship between the probability of free recall intrusions and their item-item association strengths may actually be correct if we use the post-study association strengths. I test this “Deese-Tarnow” relation indirectly by inferring the increase in studied item-item association strengths in Deese’s experiment and if I use the same constant of proportionality as for the intrusions, I find a reasonable learning curve: increases are largest for word lists with the smallest pre-study and vice versa.If this corrected hypothesis turns out to be true, it would imply that there is no difference in short term memory between correct and incorrect free recall other than the inter-item association strengths: short term memory “truth” would seem to not exist.Experimental predictions are given.

scholarly journals Evaluating the Evidence for a Dissociation Between Speech and Emotion Effects in Short-Term Memory

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefan Wiens
Keyword(s):  
Serial Recall ◽  
Experimental Psychology ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Hypothesis Tests ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Emotional Words ◽  
Missing Item

Marsh et al. (2018, Journal of Experimental Psychology-Learning Memory and Cognition, 44, 882-897) reported finding a dissociation between the effects of serial recall tasks and those of a missing-item task on the disruptive effects of speech and of emotional words, as predicted by the duplex-mechanism account. Critically, the reported analyses did not test specifically for this dissociation. To address this issue, I re-analyzed the Marsh et al. data and added Bayesian hypothesis tests to measure the strength of the evidence for a dissociation. This commentary is submitted to Meta-Psychology.

Production Forecasting with the Interwell Interference by Integrating Graph Convolutional and Long Short-Term Memory Neural Network

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-17
Author(s):  
Enda Du ◽  
Yuetian Liu ◽  
Ziyan Cheng ◽  
Liang Xue ◽  
Jing Ma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Neural Network ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Production Forecasting ◽  
Temporal Correlations ◽  
Proposed Model ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Long Short Term Memory ◽  
The Impact

Summary Accurate production forecasting is an essential task and accompanies the entire process of reservoir development. With the limitation of prediction principles and processes, the traditional approaches are difficult to make rapid predictions. With the development of artificial intelligence, the data-driven model provides an alternative approach for production forecasting. To fully take the impact of interwell interference on production into account, this paper proposes a deep learning-based hybrid model (GCN-LSTM), where graph convolutional network (GCN) is used to capture complicated spatial patterns between each well, and long short-term memory (LSTM) neural network is adopted to extract intricate temporal correlations from historical production data. To implement the proposed model more efficiently, two data preprocessing procedures are performed: Outliers in the data set are removed by using a box plot visualization, and measurement noise is reduced by a wavelet transform. The robustness and applicability of the proposed model are evaluated in two scenarios of different data types with the root mean square error (RMSE), the mean absolute error (MAE), and the mean absolute percentage error (MAPE). The results show that the proposed model can effectively capture spatial and temporal correlations to make a rapid and accurate oil production forecast.

Effects of Temporal Grouping on Multi-Trial Free Recall

1976 ◽  
Vol 39 (3) ◽  
pp. 827-833 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fred Frankel ◽  
Steven G. Ames
Keyword(s):  
Free Recall ◽  
Memory Consolidation ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Constant Rate ◽  
Temporal Grouping ◽  
Word Lists ◽  
Presentation Time

In two experiments, subjects were given 4 presentations of a list divided temporally into 5 groups of 3 items each (grouped) or received the same word lists at a constant rate of presentation (ungrouped) and matched for over-all presentation time. Grouped presentation enhanced recall only in the later serial positions while decreasing recall in the middle serial positions. Results of Exp. I also showed differences in order of recall. The results of Exp. II demonstrated that order of recall was not related to the differences in recall produced by grouping. Implications for short-term memory and memory consolidation were discussed.

Effect of Recall Condition, Presentation Rate and Retention Interval on Short-Term Memory

1965 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 877-883 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicholas L. Rohrman ◽  
John C. Jahnke
Keyword(s):  
Free Recall ◽  
Retention Interval ◽  
University Students ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Presentation Rate ◽  
Recall Condition ◽  
Significant Variable ◽  
Order Information ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Term Memory

A total of 300 university students were presented a brief list of non-alphanumeric items and instructed to recall immediately either the items (free recall, FR), the order in which the items were presented (order recall, OR), or both (serial recall, SR). Presentation rate and retention interval were additional experimental variables in Exp. I and II, respectively. In both experiments significant differences in recall were found between FR conditions and the remaining two, which did not differ from each other. More items were recalled at the slow than fas: rate. Retention interval was not a significant variable. Results suggest that retention will improve when order information is eliminated from recall (Brown, 1958), that the recall of item and order information involve at least partially independent memory processes, and that, while the recall of items may proceed independently of the recall of their order, the converse is not true.

scholarly journals Predicting machine’s performance data using the stacked long short-term memory (LSTM) neural networks

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jianrong Dai
Keyword(s):  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Performance Data ◽  
Coefficient Of Determination ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Machine Performance ◽  
Machine Failure ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Long Short Term Memory

Abstract Purpose Machine Performance Check (MPC) is a daily quality assurance (QA) tool for Varian machines. The daily QA data based on MPC tests show machine performance patterns and potentially provide warning messages for preventive actions. This study developed a neural network model that could predict the trend of data variations quantitively. Methods and materials: MPC data used were collected daily for 3 years. The stacked long short-term memory (LSTM)model was used to develop the neural work model. To compare the stacked LSTM, the autoregressive integrated moving average model (ARIMA) was developed on the same data set. Cubic interpolation was used to double the amount of data to enhance prediction accuracy. After then, the data were divided into 3 groups: 70% for training, 15% for validation, and 15% for testing. The training set and the validation set were used to train the stacked LSTM with different hyperparameters to find the optimal hyperparameter. Furthermore, a greedy coordinate descent method was employed to combinate different hyperparameter sets. The testing set was used to assess the performance of the model with the optimal hyperparameter combination. The accuracy of the model was quantified by the mean absolute error (MAE), root-mean-square error (RMSE), and coefficient of determination (R2). Results A total of 867 data were collected to predict the data for the next 5 days. The mean MAE, RMSE, and \({\text{R}}^{2}\) with all MPC tests was 0.013, 0.020, and 0.853 in LSTM, while 0.021, 0.030, and 0.618 in ARIMA, respectively. The results show that the LSTM outperforms the ARIMA. Conclusions In this study, the stacked LSTM model can accurately predict the daily QA data based on MPC tests. Predicting future performance data based on MPC tests will foresee possible machine failure, allowing early machine maintenance and reducing unscheduled machine downtime.

Short-term Temporal Changes in Free Recall

1965 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 132-138 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leo Postman ◽  
Laura W. Phillips
Keyword(s):  
Free Recall ◽  
Retention Interval ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Proactive Inhibition ◽  
Initial Part ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Absolute Level ◽  
Large Measure ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Counting Task

An experimental study of short-term memory for lists of familiar English words is reported. Lists of 10, 20, and 30 unrelated words were presented at a 1-sec. rate. Retention was measured by free recall after intervals of 0, 15 and 30 sec. A counting task was used to prevent rehearsal during the retention interval. The absolute level of recall increased with length of list whereas the percentages retained showed the reverse trend. The recall scores decreased steadily as a function of retention interval, with the rates of forgetting comparable for the three lengths of list. The decline in the amount recalled was due in large measure to the loss of the terminal items in the list. Consequently, the pronounced recency effect present on the immediate test of recall was progressively reduced as a function of time. By contrast retention of the initial part of the list was relatively stable. These variations in rate of forgetting are attributed to differences among serial positions in susceptibility to proactive inhibition.

scholarly journals Free Recall of Bound Information Held in Short-Term Memory is Unimpaired by Age and Education

2019 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 165-175 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mônica Sanches Yassuda ◽  
Maria Teresa Carthery-Goulart ◽  
Mario Amore Cecchini ◽  
Luciana Cassimiro ◽  
Katarina Duarte Fernandes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Free Recall ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Brain Aging ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Or Education ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Binding Condition ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Recall Paradigm

Abstract Objectives It has been challenging to identify cognitive markers to differentiate healthy brain aging from neurodegeneration due to Alzheimer’s disease (AD) that are not affected by age and education. The Short-Term Memory Binding (STMB) showed not to be affected by age or education when using the change detection paradigm. However, no previous study has tested the effect of age and education using the free recall paradigm of the STMB. Therefore, the objective of this study was to investigate age and education effects on the free recall version of the STMB test under different memory loads. Methods 126 healthy volunteers completed the free recall STMB test. The sample was divided into five age bands and into five education bands for comparisons. The STMB test assessed free recall of two (or three) common objects and two (or three) primary colors presented as individual features (unbound) or integrated into unified objects (bound). Results The binding condition and the larger set size generated lower free recall scores. Performance was lower in older and less educated participants. Critically, neither age nor education modified these effects when compared across experimental conditions (unbound v. bound features). Conclusions Binding in short-term memory carries a cost in performance. Age and education do not affect such a binding cost within a memory recall paradigm. These findings suggest that this paradigm is a suitable cognitive marker to differentiate healthy brain aging from age-related disease such as AD.

scholarly journals Investigation of the Influence of Phonological Awareness Intervention and Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation on the Enhancement of Rapid Automatized Naming and Verbal Short Term Memory in Developmental Dyslexia: A Randomized Controlled Trial

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Seyyedeh Samaneh Mirahadi ◽  
Reyhane Mohamadi ◽  
Bahar Arshi ◽  
Jamile Abolghasemi
Keyword(s):  
Phonological Awareness ◽  
Outcome Measures ◽  
Direct Current ◽  
Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Rapid Automatized Naming ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Direct Current Stimulation ◽  
The Mean

Abstract Phonological deficits include phonological awareness (PA), rapid automatized naming (RAN) and verbal short term memory (VSTM). PA is defined as a conscious manipulation of the word subunits in word structure. Recently, transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) has been used as a complementary treatment with PA intervention in the dyslexia treatment. In this trial we had both a PA intervention group and a PA + tDCS group in which the tDCS is applied over the left parieto-temporal area. It was hypothesized that the PA + tDCS treatment can improve RAN and VSTM. A randomized, double-blind, sham-controlled clinical trial was conducted to evaluate the influence of PA + tDCS intervention in improving RAN and VSTM. Twenty-eight participants were randomly allocated to the active (PA + anodal tDCS) or sham (PA + sham tDCS) groups. Each dyslexic student participated in 15 intervention sessions. RAN and VSTM sub-tests were assessed at the baseline, at the end of the fifth, tenth, and final treatment sessions and finally 6 weeks after the treatment. In both groups, mean scores of RAN sub-tests significantly decreased and the mean scores of the VSTM sub-tests significantly increased during, immediately and also 6 weeks after intervention. There was no significant difference between the two groups in the mean scores of the outcome measures. PA intervention leads to improvement in RAN and VSTM abilities in dyslexic students for a longer period of time. Combined intervention (PA + tDCS) had no further effect on outcome measures than PA intervention alone.

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