scholarly journals Opioid Misuse and Neural Responses to Social Rejection

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Chester ◽  
Sarah Beth Bell ◽  
Olivia Vanegas ◽  
William W. Stoops ◽  
C. Nathan DeWall
Keyword(s):  
Social Acceptance ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Public Health Issue ◽  
Opioid Misuse ◽  
Neural Responses ◽  
Physical Pain ◽  
Social Pain ◽  
Subcortical Regions ◽  
Neural Reactivity ◽  
Subjective Reports

Opioid misuse is a costly public health issue that often develops in response to physical pain. However, the roles of social pain in opioid misuse and the neural mechanisms that convey its potential effects are largely uninvestigated. Twenty eight participants who reported recreational opioid misuse in the past 30 days completed a study in which they were socially accepted and then rejected while undergoing functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Participants who misused opioids displayed a typical pattern of neural reactivity to rejection across broad swaths of cortical and subcortical regions, though subjective reports of rejection-related threat were encoded in brain regions with dense concentrations of opioid receptors. Greater post-rejection cravings for opioids were linked to a deficit in ventromedial prefrontal cortex (VMPFC) activity during social acceptance. Compared to healthy controls, participants who misused opioids exhibited greater VMPFC activity during rejection. These findings suggest that people who misuse opioids have intact neural processing of rejection events and that the distress of these events may be contributed to by dysfunction in the opioid system. Further, opioid cravings may arise when these individuals do not adequately pair social acceptance with a neural ‘safety signal’.

Acetaminophen Reduces Social Pain

2010 ◽  
Vol 21 (7) ◽  
pp. 931-937 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Nathan DeWall ◽  
Geoff MacDonald ◽  
Gregory D. Webster ◽  
Carrie L. Masten ◽  
Roy F. Baumeister ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Brain Activity ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Daily Basis ◽  
Social Rejection ◽  
Neural Mechanisms ◽  
Anterior Cingulate ◽  
Neural Responses ◽  
Physical Pain ◽  
Social Pain ◽  
Dorsal Anterior Cingulate Cortex

Pain, whether caused by physical injury or social rejection, is an inevitable part of life. These two types of pain—physical and social—may rely on some of the same behavioral and neural mechanisms that register pain-related affect. To the extent that these pain processes overlap, acetaminophen, a physical pain suppressant that acts through central (rather than peripheral) neural mechanisms, may also reduce behavioral and neural responses to social rejection. In two experiments, participants took acetaminophen or placebo daily for 3 weeks. Doses of acetaminophen reduced reports of social pain on a daily basis (Experiment 1). We used functional magnetic resonance imaging to measure participants’ brain activity (Experiment 2), and found that acetaminophen reduced neural responses to social rejection in brain regions previously associated with distress caused by social pain and the affective component of physical pain (dorsal anterior cingulate cortex, anterior insula). Thus, acetaminophen reduces behavioral and neural responses associated with the pain of social rejection, demonstrating substantial overlap between social and physical pain.

scholarly journals Children’s Neural Reactivity to Maternal Praise and Criticism: Associations with Early Depressive Symptoms and Maternal Depression

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew Richard John Vandermeer ◽  
Pan Liu ◽  
Ola Mohamed Ali ◽  
Andrew Daoust ◽  
Marc F Joanisse ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Depressive Symptoms ◽  
Brain Activity ◽  
Inferior Frontal Gyrus ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Reward Processing ◽  
Neural Responses ◽  
History Of ◽  
Positive And Negative Feedback ◽  
Neural Reactivity ◽  
History Of Depression

Maladaptive responses to early caregiving are implicated in depression; however, children’s neural reactivity to positive and negative feedback from mothers is poorly understood. We used fMRI to characterize 81 never-depressed children’s (Mage = 11.12 years, SDage = .63) neural responses to hearing their mothers’ praise and criticism. Maternal history of depression was unrelated to children’s brain activity during both the praise and criticism conditions; however, ROI analyses showed that children’s self-reported depressive symptoms were negatively associated with functional activity in the left anterior insula and right putamen while hearing maternal criticism. Whole-brain analyses showed that children’s depressive symptoms were positively associated with left inferior frontal gyrus activity while listening to maternal praise. These findings complement past work implicating these brain regions in emotional salience, reward processing, and internal speech, respectively. Findings further suggest that maladaptive neural processing of maternal feedback may contribute to children’s early emerging depressive symptoms.

scholarly journals Oxytocin modulates neural reactivity in women to emotional stimuli of children depending on childhood emotional neglect

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Isabell M. Meier ◽  
Estrella Montoya ◽  
Hannah Spencer ◽  
Sofia A. Orellana ◽  
Mariet van Buuren ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Childhood Adversity ◽  
Anterior Cingulate ◽  
Emotional Neglect ◽  
Neural Responses ◽  
Specific Effects ◽  
Fmri Study ◽  
Healthy Female ◽  
Distress Cues ◽  
Neural Reactivity ◽  
Subjective Reports

Sensitivity for rewarding cues and distress signals from children are fundamental to human caregiving, and modulated by the neuropeptide oxytocin. In a functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study we investigated whether oxytocin regulates neural responses to reward or distress cues form children. In a placebo controlled within-subject design we measured neural responses to positive, negative and neutral cues from children in 22 healthy female subjects who received oxytocin (24 IU) vs. placebo. Further, based on current literature, we hypothesized that oxytocin effects are modulated by experiences of childhood trauma. The task elicited valence specific effects, positive images activated the ventromedial prefrontal cortex, left anterior cingulate cortex and right putamen, and images of children in distress the bilateral amygdala, hippocampus and right medial superior frontal cortex. The effects of oxytocin depended on subjective reports of childhood emotional neglect. Self-reported neglect interacted with oxytocin administration in the amygdala, hippocampus and prefrontal areas. In individuals with higher scores of emotional neglect, oxytocin increased neural reactivity of limbic structures to positive and neutral images. Our findings need replication in larger samples but are in line with the recent literature on the modulating effect of childhood adversity on the sensitivity to OXT administration.

The Physiology of Social Pain

2020 ◽  
pp. 47-68
Author(s):  
Anita L. Vangelisti ◽  
Nicholas Brody
Keyword(s):  
Physiological Responses ◽  
Cognitive Behavioral ◽  
Neural Processing ◽  
Physical Pain ◽  
Social Pain ◽  
Physiological Basis ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Social Basis ◽  
The Social

Social pain and physical pain have historically been conceptualized as distinct phenomena. Recent research, however, has noted several similarities between the two. The present chapter establishes the physiological basis of social pain. Further, the chapter explores the relational precedents and correlates of social pain. By synthesizing research that explores definitional elements of social pain, the reviewed literature explores the social basis of hurt. The chapter also reviews the extant research that posits similarities in the neural processing of social and physical pain. These similarities are further explained by examining findings that have emphasized parallels between cognitive, behavioral, and physiological responses to both social and physical pain. Shortcomings in the current research are reviewed, and several future directions are offered for researchers interested in the physiology of social pain.

scholarly journals HIV Infection Is Associated with Attenuated Frontostriatal Intrinsic Connectivity: A Preliminary Study

2015 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 203-213 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan C. Ipser ◽  
Gregory G. Brown ◽  
Amanda Bischoff-Grethe ◽  
Colm G. Connolly ◽  
Ronald J. Ellis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Group Differences ◽  
Hiv Rna ◽  
Functional Connections ◽  
Intrinsic Connectivity ◽  
Dorsolateral Prefrontal ◽  
Independent Replication ◽  
Subcortical Regions ◽  
The Brain

AbstractHIV-associated cognitive impairments are prevalent, and are consistent with injury to both frontal cortical and subcortical regions of the brain. The current study aimed to assess the association of HIV infection with functional connections within the frontostriatal network, circuitry hypothesized to be highly vulnerable to HIV infection. Fifteen HIV-positive and 15 demographically matched control participants underwent 6 min of resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (RS-fMRI). Multivariate group comparisons of age-adjusted estimates of connectivity within the frontostriatal network were derived from BOLD data for dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), dorsal caudate and mediodorsal thalamic regions of interest. Whole-brain comparisons of group differences in frontostriatal connectivity were conducted, as were pairwise tests of connectivity associations with measures of global cognitive functioning and clinical and immunological characteristics (nadir and current CD4 count, duration of HIV infection, plasma HIV RNA). HIV – associated reductions in connectivity were observed between the DLPFC and the dorsal caudate, particularly in younger participants (<50 years, N=9). Seropositive participants also demonstrated reductions in dorsal caudate connectivity to frontal and parietal brain regions previously demonstrated to be functionally connected to the DLPFC. Cognitive impairment, but none of the assessed clinical/immunological variables, was also associated with reduced frontostriatal connectivity. In conclusion, our data indicate that HIV is associated with attenuated intrinsic frontostriatal connectivity. Intrinsic connectivity of this network may therefore serve as a marker of the deleterious effects of HIV infection on the brain, possibly via HIV-associated dopaminergic abnormalities. These findings warrant independent replication in larger studies. (JINS, 2015, 21, 1–11)

scholarly journals Pain Detection and the Privacy of Subjective Experience

2007 ◽  
Vol 33 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 433-456 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adam J. Kolber
Keyword(s):  
Subjective Experience ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Physical Pain ◽  
Medical Evidence ◽  
Functional Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Positron Emission ◽  
Pain Symptoms ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Neuroimaging Techniques

A neurologist with abdominal pain goes to see a gastroenterologist for treatment. The gastroenterologist asks the neurologist where it hurts. The neurologist replies, “In my head, of course.” Indeed, while we can feel pain throughout much of our bodies, pain signals undergo most of their processing in the brain. Using neuroimaging techniques like functional magnetic resonance imaging (“fMRI”) and positron emission tomography (“PET”), researchers have more precisely identified brain regions that enable us to experience physical pain. Certain regions of the brain's cortex, for example, increase in activation when subjects are exposed to painful stimuli. Furthermore, the amount of activation increases with the intensity of the painful stimulus. These findings suggest that we may be able to gain insight into the amount of pain a particular person is experiencing by non-invasively imaging his brain.Such insight could be particularly valuable in the courtroom where we often have no definitive medical evidence to prove or disprove claims about the existence and extent of pain symptoms.

Imagined future social pain hurts more now than imagined future physical pain

2012 ◽  
Vol 42 (3) ◽  
pp. 314-317 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhansheng Chen ◽  
Kipling D. Williams
Keyword(s):  
Physical Pain ◽  
Social Pain

scholarly journals Relationship of chronic rhinosinusitis with dental malocclusion: a prospective study

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (6) ◽  
pp. 1145
Author(s):  
Jayant K. Sonone ◽  
Gaurav S. Tikar ◽  
Pallavi G. Thakare ◽  
Sushil N. Meshram
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Rhinosinusitis ◽  
Social Acceptance ◽  
Facial Asymmetry ◽  
Public Health Issue ◽  
Dental Occlusion ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Anterior Crowding ◽  
A Prospective Study ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
Dental Malocclusion

<p class="abstract"><strong>Background:</strong> The purpose of this study was to find the effect of chronic rhinosinusitis on dental malocclusion.  A malocclusion is defined as an irregularity of the teeth or a mal relationship of the dental arches beyond the range of what is accepted as normal. Malocclusion may not be life-threatening, but it is an important public health issue as it compromises the health of oral tissues and also can lead to psychological and social problems. There are numerous studies in the literature about prevalence of the dental malocclusion but there is no study regarding association of CRS and malocclusion. Several factors related to malocclusion, such as anterior crowding, midline malalignment, and facial asymmetry, have strong effects on the perception of facial aesthetics, which influence the psychological development and in turn, influence social acceptance and self‑perception.</p><p class="abstract"><strong>Methods:</strong> This was a prospective cross-sectional observational study was conducted from September 2015 to August 2017 and 57 patients with diagnosis of having chronic sinusitis, were evaluated for dental occlusion. Malocclusion is then classified by angle’s classification.  </p><p class="abstract"><strong>Results:</strong> Most patients of chronic rhinosinusitis had dental malocclusion in grade II, followed by grade I, then     grade III.</p><p class="abstract"><strong>Conclusions:</strong> While treating the patients of CRS one must keep in mind that he may have class II malocclusion which may cause gum disease, poor oral hygiene, impaired speech, mastication and aesthetics of face and need orthodontics management as well.</p>

scholarly journals Going beyond rote auditory learning: Neural patterns of generalized auditory learning

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shannon L.M. Heald ◽  
Stephen C. Van Hedger ◽  
John Veillette ◽  
Katherine Reis ◽  
Joel S. Snyder ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Speech Perception ◽  
Sensory Processing ◽  
Auditory Processing ◽  
Auditory Evoked Potentials ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Auditory Evoked Potential ◽  
Cortical Processing ◽  
Rote Learning ◽  
Neural Responses ◽  
Auditory Learning

AbstractThe ability to generalize rapidly across specific experiences is vital for robust recognition of new patterns, especially in speech perception considering acoustic-phonetic pattern variability. Behavioral research has demonstrated that listeners are rapidly able to generalize their experience with a talker’s speech and quickly improve understanding of a difficult-to-understand talker without prolonged practice, e.g., even after a single training session. Here, we examine the differences in neural responses to generalized versus rote learning in auditory cortical processing by training listeners to understand a novel synthetic talker using a Pretest-Posttest design with electroencephalography (EEG). Participants were trained using either (1) a large inventory of words where no words repeated across the experiment (generalized learning) or (2) a small inventory of words where words repeated (rote learning). Analysis of long-latency auditory evoked potentials at Pretest and Posttest revealed that while rote and generalized learning both produce rapid changes in auditory processing, the nature of these changes differed. In the context of adapting to a talker, generalized learning is marked by an amplitude reduction in the N1-P2 complex and by the presence of a late-negative (LN) wave in the auditory evoked potential following training. Rote learning, however, is marked only by temporally later source configuration changes. The early N1-P2 change, found only for generalized learning, suggests that generalized learning relies on the attentional system to reorganize the way acoustic features are selectively processed. This change in relatively early sensory processing (i.e. during the first 250ms) is consistent with an active processing account of speech perception, which proposes that the ability to rapidly adjust to the specific vocal characteristics of a new talker (for which rote learning is rare) relies on attentional mechanisms to adaptively tune early auditory processing sensitivity.Statement of SignificancePrevious research on perceptual learning has typically examined neural responses during rote learning: training and testing is carried out with the same stimuli. As a result, it is not clear that findings from these studies can explain learning that generalizes to novel patterns, which is critical in speech perception. Are neural responses to generalized learning in auditory processing different from neural responses to rote learning? Results indicate rote learning of a particular talker’s speech involves brain regions focused on the memory encoding and retrieving of specific learned patterns, whereas generalized learning involves brain regions involved in reorganizing attention during early sensory processing. In learning speech from a novel talker, only generalized learning is marked by changes in the N1-P2 complex (reflective of secondary auditory cortical processing). The results are consistent with the view that robust speech perception relies on the fast adjustment of attention mechanisms to adaptively tune auditory sensitivity to cope with acoustic variability.

Brain regions underlying neural responses to food-associated stimuli

Appetite ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 101 ◽  
pp. 226
Author(s):  
T. Ridley-Siegert ◽  
H. Critchley ◽  
H. Crombag ◽  
M.R. Yeomans
Keyword(s):  
Brain Regions ◽  
Neural Responses
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