Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction Promotes Positivity in the Face of Emotional Ambiguity
Reducing negative impacts of stress benefits physical and psychological well-being. Mindfulness training is one well-known method for reducing stress responses and is associated with reductions in self-reported negative affect, but essentially no research has targeted behavioral outcomes of emotional processes throughout long-term mindfulness trainings. For example, responses to emotionally ambiguous signals (e.g., surprised expressions), which might be interpreted as either positive or negative, offer unique leverage for assessing the effects of mindfulness on emotional bias. Here, we directly compared the effects of short- and long-term training via Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction on ratings of faces with a relatively clear (angry, happy) and ambiguous (surprised) valence. Ratings became more positive for surprised faces from the start (Week 1) to end of training (Week 8; p < .001), but there were no short-term (from a single class session) effects. Notably, this shift towards positivity continued through an additional eight-week follow-up (Week 16; p< .001). Finally, post-training valence bias (Week 8) was uniquely predicted by non-reactivity rather than any other mindfulness facet (p = .01). Thus, mindfulness appears to promote a relatively long-lasting shift toward positivity in the face of emotional ambiguity, which is uniquely supported by reduced emotional reactivity.