scholarly journals Human brain responses associated with subjective evaluation of error significance are sensitive to error inevitability

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Magdalena Senderecka ◽  
Jakub M. Szewczyk
Keyword(s):  
Performance Monitoring ◽  
Subjective Evaluation ◽  
Stop Signal ◽  
Stop Signal Task ◽  
Error Related Negativity ◽  
Brain Responses ◽  
Behavioural Adjustment ◽  
Early Performance ◽  
Elementary Basis ◽  
The Brain

This study examined whether error-related brain responses are sensitive to the degree of error inevitability, a factor which seriously affects the attribution of moral responsibility for an error. We were especially interested in error-related negativity (ERN), which is an electrophysiological marker of subjective evaluation of error significance and its motivational value. In addition, we focused on post-error slowing, which is a post-error behavioural adjustment. We hypothesized that the more avoidable the error, and consequently the greater its significance and motivational value, the larger the ERN amplitude, the shorter the ERN latency, and the greater the post-error slowing should be. To elicit errors whose inevitability varies, we used the stop-signal task. The inevitability of errors in this task depends on whether the stop signal is presented before or after a point beyond which the completion of the movement cannot be cancelled. Consistent with our hypotheses, we found that the higher motivational value of avoidable errors was indeed reflected in larger and earlier ERNs. Moreover, avoidable errors led to greater adjustments in subsequent behaviour aimed at preventing similar failures in the future. These findings show that early performance monitoring, as reflected by ERN, involves an evaluation of error inevitability. In a broader perspective, these results indicate that the elementary basis for distinguishing between culpable (avoidable) and non-culpable (unavoidable) errors may occur in the brain several dozen milliseconds after error commission.

scholarly journals Design issues and solutions for stop-signal data from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development [ABCD] study

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick G. Bissett ◽  
McKenzie P. Hagen ◽  
Russell A. Poldrack
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Development ◽  
Stop Signal ◽  
Stop Signal Task ◽  
Design Issues ◽  
Variable Stimulus ◽  
The Core ◽  
Basic Assumptions ◽  
Future Data ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Existing Data

AbstractThe Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) study is an unprecedented longitudinal neuroimaging sample that tracks the brain development of over 10,000 9-10 year olds through adolescence. At the core of this study are the three tasks that are completed repeatedly within the fMRI scanner, one of which is the stop-signal task. In analyzing the available stopping experimental code and data, we identified a set of design issues that we believe significantly limit its value. These issues include but are not limited to: variable stimulus durations that violate basic assumptions of dominant stopping models, trials in which stimuli are incorrectly not presented, and faulty stop-signal delays. We present eight issues, show their effect on the existing ABCD data, suggest prospective solutions to the study organizers including task changes for future data collection, and suggest retrospective solutions for data users who wish to make the most of the existing data.

scholarly journals Stop signals delay synchrony more for finger tapping than vocalization: a dual modality study of rhythmic synchronization in the stop signal task

PeerJ ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. e5242 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leidy J. Castro-Meneses ◽  
Paul F. Sowman
Keyword(s):  
Response Times ◽  
Sensory Modality ◽  
Sensory Information ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Proactive Inhibition ◽  
Stop Signal ◽  
Finger Tapping ◽  
Stop Signal Task ◽  
Auditory Modality ◽  
The Brain

Background A robust feature of sensorimotor synchronization (SMS) performance in finger tapping to an auditory pacing signal is the negative asynchrony of the tap with respect to the pacing signal. The Paillard–Fraisse hypothesis suggests that negative asynchrony is a result of inter-modal integration, in which the brain compares sensory information across two modalities (auditory and tactile). The current study compared the asynchronies of vocalizations and finger tapping in time to an auditory pacing signal. Our first hypothesis was that vocalizations have less negative asynchrony compared to finger tapping due to the requirement for sensory integration within only a single (auditory) modality (intra-modal integration). However, due to the different measurements for vocalizations and finger responses, interpreting the comparison between these two response modalities is problematic. To address this problem, we included stop signals in the synchronization task. The rationale for this manipulation was that stop signals would perturb synchronization more in the inter-modal compared to the intra-modal task. We hypothesized that the inclusion of stop signals induce proactive inhibition, which reduces negative asynchrony. We further hypothesized that any reduction in negative asynchrony occurs to a lesser degree for vocalization than for finger tapping. Method A total of 30 participants took part in this study. We compared SMS in a single sensory modality (vocalizations (or auditory) to auditory pacing signal) to a dual sensory modality (fingers (or tactile) to auditory pacing signal). The task was combined with a stop signal task in which stop signals were relevant in some blocks and irrelevant in others. Response-to-pacing signal asynchronies and stop signal reaction times were compared across modalities and across the two types of stop signal blocks. Results In the blocks where stopping was irrelevant, we found that vocalization (−61.47 ms) was more synchronous with the auditory pacing signal compared to finger tapping (−128.29 ms). In the blocks where stopping was relevant, stop signals induced proactive inhibition, shifting the response times later. However, proactive inhibition (26.11 ms) was less evident for vocalizations compared to finger tapping (58.06 ms). Discussion These results support the interpretation that relatively large negative asynchrony in finger tapping is a consequence of inter-modal integration, whereas smaller asynchrony is associated with intra-modal integration. This study also supports the interpretation that intra-modal integration is more sensitive to synchronization discrepancies compared to inter-modal integration.

scholarly journals Dissociation of response inhibition and performance monitoring in the stop signal task using event-related fMRI

2007 ◽  
Vol 28 (12) ◽  
pp. 1347-1358 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andre D. Chevrier ◽  
Michael D. Noseworthy ◽  
Russell Schachar
Keyword(s):  
Response Inhibition ◽  
Performance Monitoring ◽  
Stop Signal ◽  
Stop Signal Task ◽  
And Performance

scholarly journals Pinning down response inhibition in the brain — Conjunction analyses of the Stop-signal task

NeuroImage ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 52 (4) ◽  
pp. 1621-1632 ◽  
Author(s):  
C.N. Boehler ◽  
L.G. Appelbaum ◽  
R.M. Krebs ◽  
J.M. Hopf ◽  
M.G. Woldorff
Keyword(s):  
Response Inhibition ◽  
Stop Signal ◽  
Stop Signal Task ◽  
The Brain

scholarly journals Impact of Orbitofrontal Lesions on Electrophysiological Signals in a Stop Signal Task

2014 ◽  
Vol 26 (7) ◽  
pp. 1528-1545 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne-Kristin Solbakk ◽  
Ingrid Funderud ◽  
Marianne Løvstad ◽  
Tor Endestad ◽  
Torstein Meling ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Response Inhibition ◽  
Performance Monitoring ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Outcome Evaluation ◽  
Stop Signal ◽  
Stop Signal Task ◽  
Beta Band ◽  
Electrophysiological Response ◽  
Action Monitoring ◽  
Error Positivity

Behavioral inhibition and performance monitoring are critical cognitive functions supported by distributed neural networks including the pFC. We examined neurophysiological correlates of motor response inhibition and action monitoring in patients with focal orbitofrontal (OFC) lesions (n = 12) after resection of a primary intracranial tumor or contusion because of traumatic brain injury. Healthy participants served as controls (n = 14). Participants performed a visual stop signal task. We analyzed behavioral performance as well as event-related brain potentials and oscillations. Inhibition difficulty was adjusted individually to yield an equal amount of successful inhibitions across participants. RTs of patients and controls did not differ significantly in go trials or in failed stop trials, and no differences were observed in estimated stop signal RT. However, electrophysiological response patterns during task performance distinguished the groups. Patients with OFC lesions had enhanced P3 amplitudes to congruent condition go signals and to stop signals. In stop trials, patients had attenuated N2 and error-related negativity, but enhanced error positivity. Patients also showed enhanced and prolonged post-error beta band increases for stop errors. This effect was particularly evident in patients whose lesion extended to the subgenual cingulate cortex. In summary, although response inhibition was not impaired, the diminished stop N2 and ERN support a critical role of the OFC in action monitoring. Moreover, the increased stop P3, error positivity, and post-error beta response indicate that OFC injury affected action outcome evaluation and support the notion that the OFC is relevant for the processing of abstract reinforcers such as performing correctly in the task.

scholarly journals Performance Monitoring in Children Following Traumatic Brain Injury Compared to Typically Developing Children

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. 2329048X1773271
Author(s):  
Amy A. Wilkinson ◽  
Maureen Dennis ◽  
Margot J. Taylor ◽  
Anne-Marie Guerguerian ◽  
Kathy Boutis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Traumatic Brain Injury ◽  
Brain Injury ◽  
Performance Monitoring ◽  
Stop Signal ◽  
Stop Signal Task ◽  
Group Differences ◽  
Typically Developing ◽  
Significant Group ◽  
Injury Group ◽  
Traumatic Brain Injury Group

Children with traumatic brain injury are reported to have deficits in performance monitoring, but the mechanisms underlying these deficits are not well understood. Four performance monitoring hypotheses were explored by comparing how 28 children with traumatic brain injury and 28 typically developing controls (matched by age and sex) performed on the stop-signal task. Control children slowed significantly more following incorrect than correct stop-signal trials, fitting the error monitoring hypothesis. In contrast, the traumatic brain injury group showed no performance monitoring difference with trial types, but significant group differences did not emerge, suggesting that children with traumatic brain injury may not perform the same way as controls.

scholarly journals Design issues and solutions for stop-signal data from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) study

eLife ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick G Bissett ◽  
McKenzie P Hagen ◽  
Henry M Jones ◽  
Russell A Poldrack
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Development ◽  
Computational Models ◽  
Stop Signal ◽  
Stop Signal Task ◽  
Design Issues ◽  
Variable Stimulus ◽  
The Core ◽  
Basic Assumptions ◽  
Future Data ◽  
The Brain

The Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) study is an unprecedented longitudinal neuroimaging sample that tracks the brain development of over 9–10 year olds through adolescence. At the core of this study are the three tasks that are completed repeatedly within the MRI scanner, one of which is the stop-signal task. In analyzing the available stopping experimental code and data, we identified a set of design issues that we believe significantly compromise its value. These issues include but are not limited to variable stimulus durations that violate basic assumptions of dominant stopping models, trials in which stimuli are incorrectly not presented, and faulty stop-signal delays. We present eight issues, show their effect on the existing ABCD data, suggest prospective solutions including task changes for future data collection and preliminary computational models, and suggest retrospective solutions for data users who wish to make the most of the existing data.

scholarly journals Performance Monitoring Local Field Potentials in the Medial Frontal Cortex of Primates: Supplementary Eye Field

2010 ◽  
Vol 104 (3) ◽  
pp. 1523-1537 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erik E. Emeric ◽  
Melanie Leslie ◽  
Pierre Pouget ◽  
Jeffrey D. Schall
Keyword(s):  
Local Field ◽  
Performance Monitoring ◽  
Local Field Potentials ◽  
Stop Signal ◽  
Field Potentials ◽  
Error Related Negativity ◽  
Supplementary Eye Field ◽  
Gaze Holding ◽  
Trial History ◽  
Eye Field

We describe intracranial local field potentials (LFPs) recorded in the supplementary eye field (SEF) of macaque monkeys performing a saccade countermanding task. The most prominent feature at 90% of the sites was a negative-going polarization evoked by a contralateral visual target. At roughly 50% of sites a negative-going polarization was observed preceding saccades, but in stop signal trials this polarization was not modulated in a manner sufficient to control saccade initiation. When saccades were canceled in stop signal trials, LFP modulation increased with the inferred magnitude of response conflict derived from the coactivation of gaze-shifting and gaze-holding neurons. At 30% of sites, a pronounced negative-going polarization occurred after errors. This negative polarity did not appear in unrewarded correct trials. Variations of response time with trial history were not related to any features of the LFP. The results provide new evidence that error-related and conflict-related but not feedback-related signals are conveyed by the LFP in the macaque SEF and are important for identifying the generator of the error-related negativity.

Differential Involvement of the Anterior Cingulate Cortex in Performance Monitoring During a Stop-Signal Task

2005 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Geert J.M. van Boxtel ◽  
Maurits W. van der Molen ◽  
J. Richard Jennings
Keyword(s):  
Anterior Cingulate Cortex ◽  
Performance Monitoring ◽  
Cingulate Cortex ◽  
Functional Brain Imaging ◽  
Stop Signal ◽  
Anterior Cingulate ◽  
Stop Signal Task ◽  
Choice Response ◽  
Normal Response ◽  
Differential Involvement

Abstract. Electrophysiological and performance measures obtained in a study using the stop-signal paradigm ( Van Boxtel, Van der Molen, Jennings, & Brunia, 2001 ) were used to examine the neural generators of error-related brain potentials. The stop-signal task consists of normal (choice) response trials, which occasionally have to be stopped. However, stopping is not always successful. Erroneous responses to stop signals were carefully matched for motor activity to normal response trials. The difference between normal and error trials was accompanied at the scalp by a sequence of error negativity (ERN/Ne) and error positivity (Pe). Dipole modeling was consistent with generators in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) - caudal for the ERN/Ne, and rostral for the Pe. We also found cardiac deceleration on error trials relative to normal response trials, possibly keyed to ACC functioning as well. These results support findings from neuroanatomical, functional brain imaging and animal studies that implicate the differential involvement of the ACC in cognitive and evaluative aspects of executive control.

scholarly journals Event-related potentials elicited by errors during the stop-signal task. II: Human effector-specific error responses

2012 ◽  
Vol 107 (10) ◽  
pp. 2794-2807 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert M. G. Reinhart ◽  
Nancy B. Carlisle ◽  
Min-Suk Kang ◽  
Geoffrey F. Woodman
Keyword(s):  
Human Error ◽  
Performance Monitoring ◽  
Nonhuman Primates ◽  
Event Related Potentials ◽  
Stop Signal ◽  
Anterior Cingulate ◽  
Primate Species ◽  
Stop Signal Task ◽  
Voltage Distribution ◽  
Related Potentials

Although previous research with human and nonhuman primates has examined the neural correlates of performance monitoring, discrepancies in methodology have limited our ability to make cross-species generalizations. One major obstacle arises from the use of different behavioral responses and tasks across different primate species. Specifically, it is unknown whether performance-monitoring mechanisms rely on different neural circuitry in tasks requiring oculomotor vs. skeletomotor responses. Here, we show that the human error-related negativity (ERN) elicited by a saccadic eye-movement response relative to a manual response differs in several critical ways. The human saccadic ERN exhibits a prolonged duration, a broader frontomedial voltage distribution, and different neural source estimates than the manual ERN in exactly the same stop-signal task. The human saccadic error positivity (Pe) exhibited a frontomedial voltage distribution with estimated electrical sources in supplementary motor area and rostral anterior cingulate cortex for saccadic responses, whereas the manual Pe showed a posterior scalp distribution and potential origins in the superior parietal lobule. These findings constrain models of the cognitive mechanisms indexed by the ERN/Pe complex. Moreover, by paralleling work with nonhuman primates performing the same saccadic stop-signal task ( Godlove et al. 2011 ), we demonstrate a cross-species homology of error event-related potentials (ERPs) and lay the groundwork for definitively localizing the neural sources of performance-monitoring ERPs.

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