scholarly journals Social influence of spectators

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bernd Strauss ◽  
Kathrin Staufenbiel ◽  
Edda van Meurs ◽  
Clare MacMahon
Keyword(s):  
Social Influence ◽  
Team Sports ◽  
External Pressure ◽  
Home Team ◽  
Home Advantage

Social influence has been summarised as the change in one’s beliefs, behaviour, or attitudes due to external pressure that may be real or imagined (Cialdini, 2001). In this chapter, we focus on the question of how (sports-relevant) behaviour and athletic performances are influenced by others, especially active and passive (sports) spectators. You have probably already experienced giving a presentation in front of a group of people. Were you influenced by the presence of your audience? Was your performance better, worse, or unaffected compared to the rehearsal session, when you practised alone? Is your performance influenced differently when the audience listens attentively as opposed to when they are noisily not paying attention? How does this presence of others impact performances and behaviours in the context of sports? In sports, social influence has already been investigated extensively (cf. Epting, Riggs, Knowles, & Hanky, 2011; cf. Strauss, 2002b). A particular interest within social influence research is the home advantage in team sports (Allen & Jones, 2014; Carron, Loughhead, & Bray, 2005). Research in this field is concerned with understanding whether the performance of the home team is better due to more of their fans being in the stadium.

scholarly journals A Machine Learning Approach to Analyze Home Advantage during COVID-19 Pandemic Period with Regards to Margin of Victory and to Different Tournaments in Professional Rugby Union Competitions

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (23) ◽  
pp. 12711
Author(s):  
Alexandru Nicolae Ungureanu ◽  
Corrado Lupo ◽  
Paolo Riccardo Brustio
Keyword(s):  
Southern Hemisphere ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Team Sports ◽  
Rugby Union ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
System Perspective ◽  
Home Team ◽  
Interaction Detection ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Home Advantage

Home advantage (HA) is the tendency for sporting teams to perform better at their home ground than away from home, it is also influenced by the crowd support, and its existence has been well established in a wide range of team sports including rugby union. Among all the HA determinants, the positive contribute of the crowd support on the game outcome can be analyzed in the unique pandemic situation of COVID-19. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to analyze the HA of professional high-level rugby club competition from a complex dynamical system perspective before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. HA was analyzed in northern and southern hemisphere rugby tournaments with (2013–2019) and without (2020/21) crowd support by the means of the exhaustive chi-square automatic interaction detection (CHAID) decision trees (DT). HA was mitigated by the crowd absence especially in closed games, although differences between tournaments emerged. Both for northern and southern hemisphere, the effect of playing without the crowd support had a negative impact on the home team advantage. These findings evidenced that in ghost games, where differences in the final score were less than a converted try (7 points), HA has disappeared.

The Effect of the Audience on the Home Advantage

1993 ◽  
Vol 76 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. 1123-1128 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simo Salminen
Keyword(s):  
Content Analysis ◽  
Theoretical Model ◽  
Opposite Effect ◽  
Social Psychological ◽  
Psychological Model ◽  
Home Team ◽  
Home Advantage ◽  
Playing Time

According to a social psychological model for the home advantage, a supportive audience encourages the home team to play up to potential, while an unsupportive audience has the opposite effect. The audience's biased behavior results in an increase in penalties on the visiting team. The model was tested by conducting a content analysis of 56 matches shown on Finnish television between July 1984 and March 1986. The content analysis of each match registered the audience's clear reactions ( N = 126), goals, and penalties over a 5-minute playing time. The results did not confirm our theoretical model. When the audience supported the home team, the team scored more points and made more fouls than the visiting team. At the same time, the home team also scored more points when the audience supported the visiting team.

Comparison of the Home Advantage in Nine Different Professional Team Sports in Spain

2011 ◽  
Vol 113 (1) ◽  
pp. 150-156 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miguel A. Gómez ◽  
Richard Pollard ◽  
Juan-Carlos Luis-Pascual
Keyword(s):  
Team Sports ◽  
Professional Team Sports ◽  
Home Advantage

scholarly journals Strategy, Tactics, and Home Advantage in Team Sports

2021 ◽  
pp. 96-106
Author(s):  
Bruno Gonçalves ◽  
Diogo Coutinho ◽  
Hugo Folgado ◽  
Angel Ric ◽  
Jorge Malarranha ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Team Sports ◽  
Home Advantage

scholarly journals Home advantage mediated (HAM) by referee bias and team performance during covid

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Merim Bilalić ◽  
Bartosz Gula ◽  
Nemanja Vaci
Keyword(s):  
Team Performance ◽  
Team Sport ◽  
Home Team ◽  
Home Advantage ◽  
Sport Teams ◽  
Important Player ◽  
Sporting Activities

AbstractThe fans’ importance in sports is acknowledged by the term ‘the 12th man’, a figurative extra player for the home team. Sport teams are indeed more successful when they play in front of their fans than when they play away. The supposed mechanism behind this phenomenon, termed Home Advantage (HA), is that fans’ support spurs home players to better performance and biases referees, which in turn determines the outcome. The inference about the importance of fans’ support is, however, indirect as there is normally a 12th man of this kind, even if it is an opponent’s. The current pandemic, which forced sporting activities to take place behind closed doors, provides the necessary control condition. Here we employ a novel conceptual HA model on a sample of over 4000 soccer matches from 12 European leagues, some played in front of spectators and some in empty stadia, to demonstrate that fans are indeed responsible for the HA. However, the absence of fans reduces the HA by a third, as the home team’s performance suffers and the officials’ bias disappears. The current pandemic reveals that the figurative 12th man is no mere fan hyperbole, but is in fact the most important player in the home team.

scholarly journals Home Advantage during the COVID-19 Pandemic in European football

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dane Jamie McCarrick ◽  
Merim Bilalic ◽  
Nicholas Neave ◽  
Sandy Wolfson
Keyword(s):  
Team Performance ◽  
Home Team ◽  
Home Advantage ◽  
European Football ◽  
Multi Level

The home advantage (HA) is a robust phenomenon in soccer whereby the home team wins more games and scores more goals than the away team. One explanation is that the home crowd spurs on home team performance and causes the referee to unconsciously favour the home team. The Covid-19 pandemic provided a unique opportunity to assess this explanation for HA, as European soccer leagues played part of the 2019/2020 season with crowds present and concluded with crowds absent. Using multi-level modelling we compared team performance and referee decisions pre-Covid (crowd present) and post-Covid (crowd absent) across 9,528 games from 15 leagues in 11 countries. HA (goals scored and points gained) was significantly reduced post pandemic, which reflected the inferior performance of the home team. In addition, referees awarded significantly fewer sanctions against the away teams, and home teams created significantly fewer attacking opportunities when they played without fans.

Travel and the Home Advantage in Professional Sports

2000 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 364-385 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Randall Smith ◽  
Anthony Ciacciarelli ◽  
Jennifer Serzan ◽  
Danielle Lambert
Keyword(s):  
Professional Sports ◽  
Research Literature ◽  
Social Forces ◽  
Home Team ◽  
Empirical Results ◽  
Small Influence ◽  
Home Advantage ◽  
Sports Team ◽  
The Media

That the home team wins more than half its games is well-established. One factor said to produce this home advantage is travel between venues, which is seen as disruptive for the visiting team. Unfortunately, the media and athletes have been more supportive of travel effects than the research literature. While players continue to speculate that travel matters, empirical results find little support for travel factors. In the present paper we demonstrate that, at least for some professional sports, team travel can exert a very small influence on the outcome of the contest even after the quality of the teams competing is controlled. We conclude, however, that the belief that some factors confer an advantage to the home team is more the product of social forces than the influence those factors regularly have on game outcomes.

scholarly journals The absence of fans removes the home advantage associated with penalties called by National Hockey League referees

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (8) ◽  
pp. e0256568
Author(s):  
Joël Guérette ◽  
Caroline Blais ◽  
Daniel Fiset
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Professional Sports ◽  
Ice Hockey ◽  
National Hockey League ◽  
Ecological Context ◽  
Home Team ◽  
Home Advantage ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Post Hoc ◽  
New Evidence

The COVID-19 pandemic has had a major impact on professional sports, notably, forcing the National Hockey League to hold its 2020 playoffs in empty arenas. This provided an unprecedented opportunity to study how crowds may influence penalties awarded by referees in an ecological context. Using data from playoff games played during the COVID-19 pandemic and the previous 5 years (n = 547), we estimate the number of penalties called by referees depending on whether or not spectators were present. The results show an interaction between a team’s status (home; away) and the presence or absence of crowds. Post-hoc analyses reveal that referees awarded significantly more penalties to the away team compared to the home team when there is a crowd present. However, when there are no spectators, the number of penalties awarded to the away and home teams are not significantly different. In order to generalize these results, we took advantage of the extension of the pandemic and the unusual game setting it provided to observe the behavior of referees during the 2020–2021 regular season. Again, using data from the National Hockey League (n = 1639), but also expanding our sample to include Canadian Hockey League games (n = 1709), we also find that the advantage given to the home team by referees when in front of a crowd fades in the absence of spectators. These findings provide new evidence suggesting that social pressure does have an impact on referees’ decision-making, thus contributing to explain the phenomenon of home advantage in professional ice hockey.

The Home Advantage in the National Basketball Association Conference Finals and Finals Series From 1979 to 2019: A Mediation Analysis of Offensive and Defensive Skills

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Jeffrey D. Graham ◽  
Bolun Zhang ◽  
Denver M.Y. Brown ◽  
John Cairney
Keyword(s):  
Mediation Analysis ◽  
Multiple Comparisons ◽  
National Basketball Association ◽  
Potential Contribution ◽  
Home Team ◽  
Mediation Analyses ◽  
Home Advantage ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

This study examined the home advantage effect in decisive National Basketball Association Conference Finals and Finals series playoff games from 1979 to 2019 (the 3-point shot era). We also examined the potential contribution of various offensive- and defensive-based skills and whether these skills mediated the relationship between game status (decisive vs. nondecisive) and outcome (win vs. loss). Overall, we found evidence of a home court advantage with the home team winning 63% of the decisive playoff games and 66% of the nondecisive playoff games. After adjusting for multiple comparisons and regular season win percentage, the home team had significantly more defensive rebounds and steals in Game 5 when trailing 3–1 going into that game. Mediation analyses did not reveal any significant findings when examining the impact of decisive game status on performance through offensive and defensive skills, thus suggesting there are other explanations for the home advantage effect.

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