scholarly journals Posture as index for approach-avoidance behavior

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anita Eerland ◽  
Tulio M. Guadalupe ◽  
Ingmar H.A. Franken ◽  
Rolf Antonius Zwaan
Keyword(s):  
Avoidance Behavior ◽  
Affective State ◽  
Behavioral Responses ◽  
Lateral Movement ◽  
Approach And Avoidance ◽  
Posterior Direction ◽  
Approach Avoidance ◽  
The Right ◽  
Balance Board ◽  
Anterior Posterior

Approach and avoidance are two behavioral responses that make people tend to approach positive and avoid negative situations. This study examines whether postural behavior is influenced by the affective state of pictures. While standing on the Wii™ Balance Board, participants viewed pleasant, neutral, and unpleasant pictures (passively viewing phase). Then they had to move their body to the left or the right (lateral movement phase) to make the next picture appear. We recorded movements in the anterior-posterior direction to examine approach and avoidant behavior. During passively viewing, people approached pleasant pictures. They avoided unpleasant ones while they made a lateral movement. These findings provide support for the idea that we tend to approach positive and avoid negative situations.

Tonotopy of the Auditory-Evoked Field Component N100m in Patients with Schizophrenia

2000 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 131-141 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Rosburg ◽  
I. Kreitschmann-Andermahr ◽  
T. Ugur ◽  
H. Nestmann ◽  
H. Nowak ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Right Hemisphere ◽  
Temporal Cortex ◽  
Dipole Orientation ◽  
Global Field Power ◽  
Functional Reorganization ◽  
Schizophrenic Patients ◽  
Posterior Direction ◽  
The Right ◽  
Main Effects ◽  
Anterior Posterior

Abstract A number of clinical studies on the auditory neuromagnetic evoked field (AEF) component N100m have reported an altered lateralization in schizophrenic patients. This study addresses the problem of a possible functional reorganization of the temporal cortex in schizophrenia by examining the tonotopic organization of the N100m. Thirty-two patients with schizophrenia and 33 healthy controls of both sexes took part. Two tone frequencies (1000 and 5000 Hz tone) were applied for auditory stimuli, and AEF were recorded over both hemispheres successively using a 31-channel biomagnetometer. The comparison of N100m dipole location and orientation between hemispheres revealed no alterations in male or female patients. Between tone frequencies highly significant differences were found for N100m peak latency, mean global field power, dipole orientation, and dipole location in the anterior-posterior direction. Although the main effects of frequency were found to be the same in patients and controls, the balance between hemispheres was altered in patients with schizophrenia, with respect to the dependence between frequency and dipole location in the anterior-posterior direction as well as between frequency and latency. In patients, the influence of frequency on these variables was more pronounced in the right hemisphere and less pronounced in the left, compared to controls.

The Role of the Dorsal–Lateral Prefrontal Cortex in Reward Sensitivity During Approach–Avoidance Conflict

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Camarin E Rolle ◽  
Mads L Pedersen ◽  
Noriah Johnson ◽  
Ken-ichi Amemori ◽  
Maria Ironside ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Avoidance Behavior ◽  
Reward Sensitivity ◽  
Diffusion Modeling ◽  
Dorsolateral Prefrontal ◽  
Current Task ◽  
Approach Avoidance ◽  
Cortical Regions ◽  
The Right

Abstract Approach–Avoidance conflict (AAC) arises from decisions with embedded positive and negative outcomes, such that approaching leads to reward and punishment and avoiding to neither. Despite its importance, the field lacks a mechanistic understanding of which regions are driving avoidance behavior during conflict. In the current task, we utilized transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and drift-diffusion modeling to investigate the role of one of the most prominent regions relevant to AAC—the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC). The first experiment uses in-task disruption to examine the right dlPFC’s (r-dlPFC) causal role in avoidance behavior. The second uses single TMS pulses to probe the excitability of the r-dlPFC, and downstream cortical activations, during avoidance behavior. Disrupting r-dlPFC during conflict decision-making reduced reward sensitivity. Further, r-dlPFC was engaged with a network of regions within the lateral and medial prefrontal, cingulate, and temporal cortices that associate with behavior during conflict. Together, these studies use TMS to demonstrate a role for the dlPFC in reward sensitivity during conflict and elucidate the r-dlPFC’s network of cortical regions associated with avoidance behavior. By identifying r-dlPFC’s mechanistic role in AAC behavior, contextualized within its conflict-specific downstream neural connectivity, we advance dlPFC as a potential neural target for psychiatric therapeutics.

scholarly journals Comparison of the Dosimetric Influence of Applicator Displacement on 2D and 3D Brachytherapy for Cervical Cancer Treatment

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 ◽  
pp. 153303382110412
Author(s):  
Ailin Wu ◽  
Du Tang ◽  
Aidong Wu ◽  
Yunqin Liu ◽  
Liting Qian ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cervical Cancer ◽  
Organs At Risk ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Target Volume ◽  
Posterior Direction ◽  
3D Volume ◽  
The Right ◽  
2D And 3D ◽  
Dose Change ◽  
Anterior Posterior

To compare the dosimetric influence of applicator displacement on two-dimensional brachytherapy (2D-BT) and three-dimensional brachytherapy (3D-BT) for cervical cancer. Nineteen patients who received computed tomography-guided tandem-and-ovoid (T&O) brachytherapy were retrospectively selected. Both 2D (point-based) and 3D (volume-based) plans with and without virtual applicator displacement in the 3 axes were created for each patient. Dose changes at point A, D90 of the high-risk clinical target volume (HR-CTV) and intermediate-risk CTV (IR-CTV), and the D0.1cc, D1cc, D2cc, and D5cc of organs-at-risk (OARs) caused by applicator displacement were evaluated. Both 2D-BT and 3D-BT plans were sensitive to T&O applicator displacement. The D90 of the CTV and the dose at point A were very sensitive to applicator displacement in the right–left direction ( X-axis). An applicator shift of >2 mm in the X-axis resulted in a change of >5% in the dose at point A and D90 of HR-CTV and IR-CTV. In addition, the doses to the OARs were mostly affected by applicator displacement in the anterior–posterior direction ( Z-axis). A displacement of <1.5 mm in the Z-axis was required to avoid a dose change of >10% for OARs. For both 2D-BT and 3D-BT plans, T&O displacement greater than  ± 2 mm in the X-axis or T&O applicator displacement  ± 1.5 mm in the Z-axis resulted in significant dose changes to the tumor and OARs. In comparison with 3D-BT plans, 2D-BT plans delivered a higher dose to the tumor, and the OARs received more undesirable doses when applicator displacement occurred. The influence of applicator displacement on the doses to the tumor and OARs differed between 2D-BT and 3D-BT. Physicians should take individual patient differences into account when selecting a brachytherapy plan to mitigate the influence of applicator displacement.

scholarly journals Assessing Automatic Approach-Avoidance Behavior in an Immersive Virtual Environment

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juliane Degner ◽  
Lea Steep ◽  
Susanne Schmidt ◽  
Frank Steinicke
Keyword(s):  
Virtual Environment ◽  
Avoidance Behavior ◽  
Body Movement ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Approach And Avoidance ◽  
Stimulus Response ◽  
Immersive Virtual Environment ◽  
Behavioral Tendencies ◽  
Approach Avoidance ◽  
And Behavior

The use of virtual reality (VR) promises enormous potential for studying human behavior. While approach and avoidance tendencies have been explored in various areas of basic and applied psychology, such as attitude and emotion research, basic learning psychology, and behavior therapy, they have rarely been studied in VR. One major focus of this research is to understand the psychological mechanisms underlying automatic behavioral tendencies towards and away from positively or negatively evaluated stimuli. We implemented a whole-body movement stimulus-response compatibility task to explore approach-avoidance behavior in an immersive virtual environment. We chose attitudinal stimuli—spiders and butterflies—on which people widely agree in their general evaluations (in that people evaluate spiders negatively and butterflies positively), while there is still substantial inter-individual variance (i. e., the intensity in which people dislike spiders or like butterflies). We implemented two parallel approach-avoidance tasks, one in VR, one desktop-based. Both tasks revealed the expected compatibility effects that were positively intercorrelated. Interestingly, however, the compatibility effect in the VR measure was unrelated to participants’ self-reported fear of spiders and stimulus evaluations. These results raise important implications about the usage of VR to study automatic behavioral tendencies.

scholarly journals Hemispheric asymmetries in resting-state EEG and fMRI are related to approach and avoidance behaviour, but not to eating behaviour or BMI

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Filip Morys ◽  
Lieneke Janssen ◽  
Elena Cesnaite ◽  
Frauke Beyer ◽  
Isabel Garcia-Garcia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Resting State ◽  
Right Hemisphere ◽  
Eating Behaviour ◽  
Avoidance Behaviour ◽  
Fmri Data ◽  
Hemispheric Asymmetries ◽  
Opposite Pattern ◽  
Approach And Avoidance ◽  
Approach Avoidance ◽  
The Right

AbstractMuch of our behaviour is driven by two motivational dimensions – approach and avoidance. These have been related to frontal hemispheric asymmetries in clinical and resting-state EEG studies: approach was linked to higher activity of the left relative to the right hemisphere, while avoidance was related to the opposite pattern. Increased approach behaviour, specifically towards unhealthy foods, is also observed in obesity and has been linked to asymmetry in the framework of the right-brain hypothesis of obesity. Here, we aimed to replicate previous EEG findings of hemispheric asymmetries for self-reported approach/avoidance behaviour and to relate them to eating behaviour. Further, we assessed whether resting fMRI hemispheric asymmetries can be detected and whether they are related to approach/avoidance, eating behaviour, and BMI. We analysed 3 samples: Sample 1 (n=117) containing EEG and fMRI data from lean participants, and Samples 2 (n=89) and 3 (n=152) containing fMRI data from lean, overweight, and obese participants. While in Sample 1 approach in women was related to EEG and fMRI hemispheric asymmetries, in Samples 2 and 3 this effect was not significant. Here, hemispheric asymmetries were neither related to BMI nor eating behaviour. Our study partly replicates previous EEG findings regarding hemispheric asymmetries and indicates that this relationship could also be captured using fMRI. Our findings suggest that eating behaviour and obesity are likely to be mediated by mechanisms not directly relating to frontal asymmetries in neuronal activation quantified with EEG and fMRI.

scholarly journals Two opposing hippocampus to prefrontal cortex pathways for the control of approach and avoidance behavior

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Candela Sánchez-Bellot ◽  
Andrew F. MacAskill
Keyword(s):  
Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Avoidance Behavior ◽  
Pyramidal Neurons ◽  
Ventral Hippocampus ◽  
Inhibitory Interneurons ◽  
Approach And Avoidance ◽  
Parallel Circuits ◽  
Neural Populations ◽  
Fast Spiking ◽  
Approach Avoidance

SUMMARYThe decision to either approach or avoid a potentially threatening environment is thought to rely upon complex connectivity between heterogenous neural populations in the ventral hippocampus and prefrontal cortex (PFC). However, how this circuitry can flexibly promote both approach or avoidance at different times has remained elusive. Here, we show that the projection to PFC is composed of two parallel circuits located in the superficial or deep hippocampal pyramidal layers. These circuits have unique upstream and downstream connectivity, and are differentially active during approach and avoidance behavior. The superficial population is preferentially connected to widespread PFC inhibitory interneurons, and its activation promotes exploration; while the deep circuit is connected to PFC pyramidal neurons and fast spiking interneurons, and its activation promotes avoidance. Together this provides a mechanism for regulation of behavior during approach avoidance conflict: through two specialized, parallel circuits that allow bidirectional hippocampal control of PFC.

Emotional Reactivity to Visual Content as Revealed by ERP Component Clustering

2015 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 135-146 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miroslaw Wyczesany ◽  
Szczepan J. Grzybowski ◽  
Jan Kaiser
Keyword(s):  
Emotional Reactivity ◽  
Brain Activity ◽  
Affective State ◽  
Occipital Lobe ◽  
Stimulus Onset ◽  
Emotional States ◽  
Neural Basis ◽  
Temporoparietal Junction ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Impact

Abstract. In the study, the neural basis of emotional reactivity was investigated. Reactivity was operationalized as the impact of emotional pictures on the self-reported ongoing affective state. It was used to divide the subjects into high- and low-responders groups. Independent sources of brain activity were identified, localized with the DIPFIT method, and clustered across subjects to analyse the visual evoked potentials to affective pictures. Four of the identified clusters revealed effects of reactivity. The earliest two started about 120 ms from the stimulus onset and were located in the occipital lobe and the right temporoparietal junction. Another two with a latency of 200 ms were found in the orbitofrontal and the right dorsolateral cortices. Additionally, differences in pre-stimulus alpha level over the visual cortex were observed between the groups. The attentional modulation of perceptual processes is proposed as an early source of emotional reactivity, which forms an automatic mechanism of affective control. The role of top-down processes in affective appraisal and, finally, the experience of ongoing emotional states is also discussed.

Instruction-Based Approach-Avoidance Effects

2015 ◽  
Vol 62 (3) ◽  
pp. 161-169 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pieter Van Dessel ◽  
Jan De Houwer ◽  
Anne Gast ◽  
Colin Tucker Smith
Keyword(s):  
Implicit Association Test ◽  
Avoidance Training ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
Implicit Association ◽  
Approach And Avoidance ◽  
Evaluative Priming ◽  
Blacks And Whites ◽  
Approach Avoidance ◽  
Implicit And Explicit ◽  
Explicit Measures

Prior research suggests that repeatedly approaching or avoiding a certain stimulus changes the liking of this stimulus. We investigated whether these effects of approach and avoidance training occur also when participants do not perform these actions but are merely instructed about the stimulus-action contingencies. Stimulus evaluations were registered using both implicit (Implicit Association Test and evaluative priming) and explicit measures (valence ratings). Instruction-based approach-avoidance effects were observed for relatively neutral fictitious social groups (i.e., Niffites and Luupites), but not for clearly valenced well-known social groups (i.e., Blacks and Whites). We conclude that instructions to approach or avoid stimuli can provide sufficient bases for establishing both implicit and explicit evaluations of novel stimuli and discuss several possible reasons for why similar instruction-based approach-avoidance effects were not found for valenced well-known stimuli.

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