scholarly journals Subjective Values Theory: The Psychophysics of Psychological Value

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amanda R. Cromley ◽  
Dale Cohen
Keyword(s):  
Attentional Capture ◽  
Magnitude Estimation ◽  
Estimation Procedure ◽  
Current Work ◽  
Preferential Choice ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Choice Tasks ◽  
Response Choices

People perceive the Psychological Value of all stimuli. Cohen and colleagues (Under Review; 2016) have measured perceived Psychological Values of a variety of stimuli and demonstrated that those measurements predict participants’ RTs and response choices in preferential choice tasks. Here, we examine the psychophysical properties of perceived Psychological Value. The current work examines how the perceived Psychological Value of a group of items changes as a function of (a) the number of items, and (b) the perceived Psychological Values of the individual items in the group. If more is better, as the Axiom of Monotonicity assumes, then the perceived Psychological Value of the group should be a function of the sum of the perceived Psychological Values of the individual items in the group. Ensemble stimuli, in contrast, are generally averaged (termed perceptual averaging). If Psychological Value is perceived similar to other perceptual dimensions, then the perceived Psychological Value of the group should be a function of the average of the perceived Psychological Values of the individual items in the group. Using a magnitude estimation procedure, we collected perceived Psychological Values of individual items and groups of items. Results indicate that perceived Psychological Value of groups is well predicted by a function of the average of the perceived Psychological Values of the individual items in the group (i.e., perceptual averaging rather than summing), with some influence of the maximum valued item (i.e., attentional capture of high valued stimuli).

Incorporating predictions into an annual forest inventory

1996 ◽  
Vol 26 (9) ◽  
pp. 1709-1713 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul C. Van Deusen
Keyword(s):  
Forest Inventory ◽  
Variance Components ◽  
Growth Modeling ◽  
Estimation Procedure ◽  
Regression Estimator ◽  
Forest Types ◽  
Model Estimate ◽  
Individual Tree ◽  
Time Period ◽  
The Individual

Growth modeling of forests at the individual tree and stand levels is a highly refined procedure for many forest types. A method to incorporate predictions from such models into a forest inventory system is developed. Variance components from the actual measurements and from the predicted measurements are used to estimate the variance of the combined predicted value. The only assumption required to justify this method is that the model estimate has a bias that does not change from one time period to the next. The estimation procedure proposed here can also incorporate remotely sensed information via a regression estimator.

scholarly journals The Nature of Unconscious Attention to Subliminal Cues

Vision ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 38 ◽  
Author(s):  
Prasad ◽  
Mishra
Keyword(s):  
Attentional Capture ◽  
Response Times ◽  
Attentional Selection ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Open Questions ◽  
Selection History ◽  
Spatial Cuing ◽  
Attentional System ◽  
The Individual

Attentional selection in humans is mostly determined by what is important to them or by the saliency of the objects around them. How our visual and attentional system manage these various sources of attentional capture is one of the most intensely debated issues in cognitive psychology. Along with the traditional dichotomy of goal-driven and stimulus-driven theories, newer frameworks such as reward learning and selection history have been proposed as well to understand how a stimulus captures attention. However, surprisingly little is known about the different forms of attentional control by information that is not consciously accessible to us. In this article, we will review several studies that have examined attentional capture by subliminal cues. We will specifically focus on spatial cuing studies that have shown through response times and eye movements that subliminal cues can affect attentional selection. A majority of these studies have argued that attentional capture by subliminal cues is entirely automatic and stimulus-driven. We will evaluate their claims of automaticity and contrast them with a few other studies that have suggested that orienting to unconscious cues proceeds in a manner that is contingent with the top-down goals of the individual. Resolving this debate has consequences for understanding the depths and the limits of unconscious processing. It has implications for general theories of attentional selection as well. In this review, we aim to provide the current status of research in this domain and point out open questions and future directions.

scholarly journals Special broadcast programmes

1961 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 101-101
Keyword(s):  
Royal Society ◽  
Current Work ◽  
British Broadcasting Corporation ◽  
The Past ◽  
Opening Ceremony ◽  
Home Service ◽  
Biological Development ◽  
The Individual

The British Broadcasting Corporation marked the occasion of the Tercentenary by a number of broadcasts in television and sound. The proceedings in the Royal Albert Hall on 19 July were televised, and a recording of the Tercentenary Address was broadcast in the Home Service in the evening. A recording of the Address and a commentary on the Opening Ceremony was broadcast in the General Overseas Service. On the evening of 19 July at 9.15 p.m. His Royal Highness The Duke of Edinburgh, F.R.S., introduced a special Tercentenary programme in B.B.C. Television. In it four other Fellows—Professor E. N. da C. Andrade, Sir John Cockcroft, Professor A. C. B. Lovell, and Professor C. F. A. Pantin— recalled the advance of science over the past three centuries. From April to July i960 the B.B.C. televised two important series to mark the Tercentenary. Eye on Research , a weekly series of nine outside broadcast programmes, showed the current work of some of the Fellows of the Royal Society. This was followed by six programmes entitled Life Before Birth , dealing with the biological development of the individual and showing the work of more than twenty leading scientists, many of them Fellows of the Royal Society.

Aversion to Daytime Illumination in Patients with Congenital Achromatopsia

1987 ◽  
Vol 64 (3) ◽  
pp. 923-926
Author(s):  
Rockefeller S. L. Young ◽  
James Price ◽  
Joseph Harrison
Keyword(s):  
Magnitude Estimation ◽  
Estimation Procedure ◽  
Normal Subjects

The aversion to daytime illumination in patients with congenital achromatopsia is not well understood. In the present study, we used a magnitude estimation procedure to compare the perceived brightness for 5 congenital achromats and for seven normal subjects. Contrary to the patients' beliefs, results suggest patients' brightness estimates are similar to those of normal subjects.

scholarly journals Acoustic Correlates of Breathy Vocal Quality

1994 ◽  
Vol 37 (4) ◽  
pp. 769-778 ◽  
Author(s):  
James Hillenbrand ◽  
Ronald A. Cleveland ◽  
Robert L. Erickson
Keyword(s):  
Magnitude Estimation ◽  
Estimation Procedure ◽  
Harmonic Amplitude ◽  
Acoustic Measures ◽  
Acoustic Correlates ◽  
Two Measures ◽  
Vocal Quality ◽  
Normal Women ◽  
Normal Men ◽  
Spectral Tilt

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of several acoustic measures in predicting breathiness ratings. Recordings were made of eight normal men and seven normal women producing normally phonated, moderately breathy, and very breathy sustained vowels. Twenty listeners rated the degree of breathiness using a direct magnitude estimation procedure. Acoustic measures were made of: (a) signal periodicity, (b) first harmonic amplitude, and (c) spectral tilt. Periodicity measures provided the most accurate predictions of perceived breathiness, accounting for approximately 80% of the variance in breathiness ratings. The relative amplitude of the first harmonic correlated moderately with breathiness ratings, and two measures of spectral tilt correlated weakly with perceived breathiness.

Stability and resonant wave interactions of confined two-layer Rayleigh–Bénard systems

2014 ◽  
Vol 754 ◽  
pp. 415-455 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. V. Diwakar ◽  
Shaligram Tiwari ◽  
Sarit K. Das ◽  
T. Sundararajan
Keyword(s):  
Travelling Waves ◽  
Current Work ◽  
Wave Interactions ◽  
Resonant Wave ◽  
Aspect Ratios ◽  
Fluid Systems ◽  
Dimensional Parameters ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Rayleigh Benard Convection ◽  
Rayleigh Benard

AbstractThe current work analyses the onset characteristics of Rayleigh–Bénard convection in confined two-dimensional two-layer systems. Owing to the interfacial interactions and the possibilities of convection onset in the individual layers, the two-layer systems typically exhibit diverse excitation modes. While the attributes of these modes range from the non-oscillatory mechanical/thermal couplings to the oscillatory standing/travelling waves, their regimes of occurrence are determined by the numerous system parameters and property ratios. In this regard, the current work aims at characterising their respective influence via methodical linear and fully nonlinear analyses, carried out on fluid systems that have been selected using the concept of balanced contrasts. Consequently, the occurrence of oscillatory modes is found to be associated with certain favourable fluid combinations and interfacial heights. The further branching of oscillatory modes into standing and travelling waves seems to additionally rely on the aspect ratio of the confined cavity. Specifically, the modulated travelling waves have been observed to occur (amidst standing wave modes) at discrete aspect ratios for which the onset of oscillatory convection happens at unequal fluid heights. This behaviour corresponds to the typical $\def \xmlpi #1{}\def \mathsfbi #1{\boldsymbol {\mathsf {#1}}}\let \le =\leqslant \let \leq =\leqslant \let \ge =\geqslant \let \geq =\geqslant \def \Pr {\mathit {Pr}}\def \Fr {\mathit {Fr}}\def \Rey {\mathit {Re}}m$:$n$ resonance where the critical wavenumbers of convection onset in the layers are dissimilar. Based on all of these observations, an attempt has been made in the present work to identify the oscillatory excitation modes with a reduced number of non-dimensional parameters.

scholarly journals A self-aligning end-effector robot for individual joint training of the human arm

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. 205566832110198
Author(s):  
Sivakumar Balasubramanian ◽  
Sandeep Guguloth ◽  
Javeed Shaikh Mohammed ◽  
S Sujatha
Keyword(s):  
Degrees Of Freedom ◽  
Simple Algorithm ◽  
Optimization Procedure ◽  
Estimation Procedure ◽  
Compact Structure ◽  
End Effector ◽  
Human Arm ◽  
Robotic Devices ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Human Limb

Aim: Intense training of arm movements using robotic devices can help reduce impairments in stroke. Recent evidence indicates that independent training of individual joints of the arm with robots can be as effective as coordinated multi-joint arm training. This makes a case for designing and developing robots made for training individual joints, which can be simpler and more compact than the ones for coordinate multi-joint arm training. The design of such a robot is the aim of the work presented in this paper. Methods: An end-effector robot kinematic design was developed and the optimal robot link lengths were estimated using an optimization procedure. A simple algorithm for automatically detecting human limb parameters is proposed and its performance was evaluated through a simulation study. Results: A six-degrees-of-freedom end-effector robot with three actuated degrees-of-freedom and three non-actuated self-aligning degrees-of-freedom for safe assisted training of the individual joints (shoulder or elbow) of the human arm was conceived. The proposed robot has relaxed constraints on the relative positioning of the human limb with respect to the robot. The optimized link lengths chosen for the robot allow it to cover about 80% of the human limb’s workspace, and possess good overall manipulability. The simple estimation procedure was demonstrated to estimate human limb parameters with low bias and variance. Discussion: The proposed robot with three actuated and three non-actuated degrees-of-freedom has a compact structure suitable for both the left and right arms without any change to its structure. The proposed automatic estimation procedure allows the robot to safely apply forces and impose movements to the human limb, without the need for any manual measurements. Such compact robots have the highest potential for clinical translation

scholarly journals Towards Consistent and Fair Assessment Practice of Students’ Subjective Writing

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 32-41
Author(s):  
Takad Ahmed Chowdhury
Keyword(s):  
Random Sampling ◽  
Simple Random Sampling ◽  
Current Work ◽  
Assessment Practice ◽  
Consistent Assessment ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Random Sampling Approach ◽  
Fair Assessment ◽  
Sampling Approach ◽  
The Way

The question of fairness is perhaps as old as the invention of assessment in education, and it is of utmost significance for the teachers to understand this issue to ensure that certain fundamental standards are followed so that all assessments administered to students are fair and consistent. This paper aims to explore the way students’ writings are marked by the assessors at a selected university in Bangladesh. It addresses two questions: do all the markers follow the same criteria while marking a piece of writing? and, do test takers know the criteria used by the markers? For the current work, the variation of marks awarded by multiple markers on a written task was compared and the issues affecting their marking variations were explored. The data sample was chosen in simple random sampling approach to ensure representativeness of the population. The findings confirm no evidence of inter-marker reliability, where the marks of the script were clearly influenced by different factors for the individual markers. It also reveals that the test takers are unaware of the criteria used for marking their writing. The paper concludes by providing a number of recommendations on the way forward to solve the issues of fair and consistent assessment.  

Anxiety and Response Stereotypy: An Experimental Critique

1966 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 95-104 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert L. Weiss ◽  
Julian Silverman
Keyword(s):  
Alternative Hypothesis ◽  
Essential Feature ◽  
Negative Relationship ◽  
Theory Model ◽  
Binary Choice ◽  
High Anxious ◽  
Drive Theory ◽  
Choice Tasks ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Response Choices

Studies of the relationship between the level of anxiety and degree of response stereotypy have reported findings which not only contradict one another but in varying degrees are inconsistent with both clinical and drive theory. The clinical expectation is that anxiety and response stereotypy are positively related, whereas drive theory predicts a negative relationship when response choices are equipotent. A study is reported wherein Ss were required to randomize choices regarding the outcomes of an “unbiased” coin. The essential feature of this task is that Ss must maintain a set for randomness. The results indicated: (1) high anxious Ss were more stereotyped than low anxious Ss, (2) the anxiety-stereotypy relationship depended upon the length of the response sequence analyzed, and (3) upon the temporal stage of the task (i.e., first vs second half). It was concluded that the drive-theory model is not applicable to measures of response stereotypy derived from binary choice tasks. An alternative hypothesis was presented which takes account of both experimental manipulations of drive level and changes in response stereotypy in terms of individual differences in attention responsiveness.

Statistical Inference of Spot Correlation and Spot Market Beta under Infinite Variation Jumps*

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qiang Liu ◽  
Zhi Liu
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Inference ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
Order Approximation ◽  
Estimation Procedure ◽  
Spot Market ◽  
Jump Processes ◽  
Empirical Characteristic Function ◽  
Finite Sample ◽  
Market Beta ◽  
The Individual

Abstract Empirical evidence has revealed that the jumps in financial markets appear to be very frequent. This study considers the statistical inference of the spot correlation and the spot market beta between two different assets using high-frequency data, in a setting where both the cojumps and the individual jumps in the underlying driving processes could be of infinite variation. Starting from the estimation of the spot covariance, we propose consistent estimators of the spot correlation and the spot market beta when the jump processes involved are general semimartingales. The second-order approximation for the estimators, namely, the central limit theorems, is established under the assumption that the jumps around zero are of stable Lévy type. Our estimation procedure is based on the empirical characteristic function of the increments of the processes and the application of the polarization identity; the bias terms stemming from the jumps are removed iteratively. The finite sample performances of the proposed estimators and other existing estimators are assessed and compared by using datasets simulated from various models. Our estimators are also applied to some real high-frequency financial datasets.

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