Post Print - Capturing Violence in the Night-Time Economy: A Review of Established and Emerging Methodologies

Night-time economy (NTE) leisure zones, while providing local economic growth and positive social experiences, are hotspots for urban public violence. Research aimed at better understanding and thus reducing this violence has employed a range of empirical methods: official records, self-reports, experiments, and observational techniques. In this paper, we review the applications of these methodologies for analyzing NTE violence on key research dimensions, including mapping incidents across time and space; interpreting the motivations and meaning of violence; identifying social psychological background variables and health consequences; and the ability to examine mid-violent interactions. Further, we assess each method in terms of reliability, validity, and the potential for establishing causal claims. We demonstrate that there are fewer and less established methodologies available for examining the interactional dynamics of NTE violence. Using real-life NTE bystander intervention as a case example, we argue that video-based behavioral analysis is a promising method to address this gap. Given the infancy and relative lack of exposure of the video observational method, we provide recommendations for scholars interested in adopting this technique.

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Childhood predictors and age 48 outcomes of self-reports and official records of offending

Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health ◽

10.1002/cbm.1929 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 24 (4) ◽

pp. 291-304 ◽

Cited By ~ 17

Author(s):

Eric F. Dubow ◽

L. Rowell Huesmann ◽

Paul Boxer ◽

Cathy Smith

Keyword(s):

Self Reports ◽

Official Records ◽

Childhood Predictors

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Teacher Stress: A Psychobiological Approach to Stressful Interactions in the Classroom

Frontiers in Education ◽

10.3389/feduc.2021.681258 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 6 ◽

Author(s):

Alexander Wettstein ◽

Sandra Schneider ◽

Martin grosse Holtforth ◽

Roberto La Marca

Keyword(s):

Teacher Stress ◽

Real Life ◽

Subjective Perception ◽

Stress Reactions ◽

Psychological Measures ◽

Primary Stress ◽

Biological Stress ◽

Self Reports ◽

Classroom Disruptions ◽

Psychobiological Approach

Teachers report elevated levels of stress and psychosomatic illnesses compared to other professions. Teacher stress has far-reaching consequences on their health outcomes, the student's motivation, and the economy. However, research on teacher stress relies mainly on self-reports, hence, assesses stress on purely subjective perception. Personal or subjective aspects can strongly influence these measures, and biological stress may even be unnoticed. It is, therefore, necessary to include both subjective and objective measures to investigate stress, preferably in real-life situations. This review aims to demonstrate the importance of a psychobiological ambulatory assessment (AA) approach to investigate teacher stress, in contrast to purely subjective measures. We discuss classroom disruptions as the primary stress factor within the classroom and how a multimethod AA approach using psychological measures while simultaneously recording classroom disruptions and biological stress reactions of teachers would enable a much deeper understanding of stressful transactional processes taking place in the classroom that has not been achieved before.

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Social reinforcement learning as a predictor of real-life experiences in individuals with high and low depressive symptomatology

Psychological Medicine ◽

10.1017/s0033291719003222 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 1-8 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Anna-Lena Frey ◽

Michael J. Frank ◽

Ciara McCabe

Keyword(s):

Social Learning ◽

Computational Models ◽

Depressive Symptomatology ◽

Real Life ◽

Social Experiences ◽

Interpersonal Behavior ◽

Model Parameters ◽

Social Feedback ◽

Social Situations ◽

Learning Rates

Abstract Background Several studies have reported diminished learning from non-social outcomes in depressed individuals. However, it is not clear how depression impacts learning from social feedback. Notably, mood disorders are commonly associated with deficits in social functioning, which raises the possibility that potential impairments in social learning may negatively affect real-life social experiences in depressed subjects. Methods Ninety-two participants with high (HD; N = 40) and low (LD; N = 52) depression scores were recruited. Subjects performed a learning task, during which they received monetary outcomes or social feedback which they were told came from other people. Additionally, participants answered questions about their everyday social experiences. Computational models were fit to the data and model parameters were related to social experience measures. Results HD subjects reported a reduced quality and quantity of social experiences compared to LD controls, including an increase in the amount of time spent in negative social situations. Moreover, HD participants showed lower learning rates than LD subjects in the social condition of the task. Interestingly, across all participants, reduced social learning rates predicted higher amounts of time spent in negative social situations, even when depression scores were controlled for. Conclusion These findings indicate that deficits in social learning may affect the quality of everyday social experiences. Specifically, the impaired ability to use social feedback to appropriately update future actions, which was observed in HD subjects, may lead to suboptimal interpersonal behavior in real life. This, in turn, may evoke negative feedback from others, thus bringing about more unpleasant social encounters.

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Media Coverage of Firms: Background, Integration, and Directions for Future Research

Journal of Management ◽

10.1177/0149206319864155 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 46 (1) ◽

pp. 36-69 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Lorenz Graf-Vlachy ◽

Abbie Griffith Oliver ◽

Richard Banfield ◽

Andreas König ◽

Jonathan Bundy

Keyword(s):

News Media ◽

Media Coverage ◽

Current Knowledge ◽

Future Research ◽

Empirical Methods ◽

Social Psychological ◽

Integrative Framework ◽

The Past ◽

Theoretical Perspectives ◽

Antecedents And Consequences

Over the past years, media coverage of firms has received significant scholarly attention. However, the resulting literature is spread across multiple disciplines and, therefore, varies with regard to its theoretical underpinnings and contextual settings. This makes it challenging for scholars to understand the contributions of this literature, to identify areas of inquiry, and to develop an encompassing research agenda. In this review, we address these issues by surveying the diverse literature on media coverage of firms to develop an integrative framework of the antecedents and consequences of media coverage that highlights paths for future research. Specifically, we identify the three theoretical perspectives—economic, institutional, and social-psychological—that the literature generally assumes on the news media. In addition, we highlight differences between strategy, finance, governance, and crisis contexts and review results from articles examining media coverage of firms in aggregate. In each context, we identify the primary functions of the news media as well as antecedents and consequences of media coverage. We proceed to develop an integrative framework for media coverage of firms by building on these findings and by examining the empirical methods used to measure media coverage, particularly regarding the measurement of specific coverage attributes. We highlight the gaps in current knowledge that our framework exposes and derive opportunities for future research that can further scholars’ and practitioners’ understanding of firm media coverage.

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Screening for Emotional Expression in Frontotemporal Dementia: A Pilot Study

Behavioural Neurology ◽

10.1155/2018/8187457 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 2018 ◽

pp. 1-6 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Andrew R. Carr ◽

Mark M. Ashla ◽

Elvira E. Jimenez ◽

Mario F. Mendez

Keyword(s):

Frontotemporal Dementia ◽

Emotional Expression ◽

Real Life ◽

Normal Subjects ◽

Facial Affect ◽

Emotional Intensity ◽

Low Intensity ◽

Visual Presence ◽

Self Reports ◽

Clinical Measures

Objective. Although emotional blunting is a core feature of behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia (bvFTD), there are no practical clinical measures of emotional expression for the early diagnosis of bvFTD. Method. Three age-matched groups (bvFTD, Alzheimer’s disease (AD), and healthy controls (HC)) of eight participants each were presented with real-life vignettes varying in emotional intensity (high versus low) with either negative or positive outcomes. This study evaluated verbal (self-reports of distress) and visual (presence or absence of facial affect) measures of emotional expression during the vignettes. Results. The bvFTD patients did not differ from the AD and HC groups in reported distress or in the amount of facial affect during vignettes with high emotional intensity or type of outcome. However, the bvFTD patients reported significantly less distress and had correspondingly few facial affective expressions when compared on vignettes of low intensity. Conclusions. Patients with bvFTD require a high intensity of emotional stimulus and are significantly hyporesponsive to low-intensity stimuli. Simple screening or observations of verbal and facial responsiveness to mildly arousing stimuli may aid in differentiating bvFTD from normal subjects and patients with other dementias. Future studies can investigate whether delivering information with high emotional intensity can facilitate communication with patients with bvFTD.

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A HEURISTIC-INDUCING METHOD FOR GENERATING INITIAL IDEAS FOR OPPORTUNITIES: AN APPLICATION TO THE AUSTRALASIAN DATING MARKET

Journal of Enterprising Culture ◽

10.1142/s0218495810000525 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 18 (02) ◽

pp. 139-166 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

MARCO VAN GELDEREN

Keyword(s):

Real Life ◽

Psychological Research ◽

Business Owners ◽

Opportunity Recognition ◽

Social Psychological ◽

Recognition Process ◽

Research Outcomes ◽

Social Psychological Research ◽

New Zealanders

This paper presents a heuristics-inducing method for generating initial ideas for opportunities. It consists of the presentation of snippets of theory and research, selected for their inspirational value and relevance to a particular industry, to business owners in that industry to brainstorm about applications in products and services. In this approach, the researcher bridges the worlds of academia and business, and actively contributes to the opportunity recognition process by selecting, presenting and discussing information. The method is applied to the dating market: searching, matching and/or interacting services, whether internet based or real-life. Participants were ten Australians or New Zealanders dating service owners. The presented information concerns social psychological research outcomes on factors that contribute to attraction and forming bonds, and specific issues relevant to the dating market, e.g., gender imbalances in enrollment. A range of initial ideas for future possibilities in the dating market are presented.

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Insights Into Physical Activity Adoption in Diabetes Patients: When Cultural Materialism Met the Transtheoretical Model

10.21203/rs.3.rs-154801/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Guillem Jabardo-Camprubí ◽

Judit Bort-Roig ◽

Rafel Donat-Roca ◽

Montserrat Martín-Horcajo ◽

Anna Puig-Ribera ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Physical Activity ◽

Behaviour Change ◽

Transtheoretical Model ◽

Cultural Context ◽

Real Life ◽

Social Psychological ◽

Structured Interviews ◽

Cultural Materialism ◽

Social Structural ◽

Changes Over Time

Abstract Background Although physical activity (PA) is a key behaviour for preventing and controlling diabetes (T2DM), low adoption-adherence continues to impair patient progress. Importantly, for many patients, intentional PA may have never been central to their wider cultural context. Therefore, progress in behaviour change may be more about collective than individual processes. The aim of this study was to identify barriers to undertake and maintain PA overtime and describe the relationship and the influence between these barriers in T2D patients’ real-life. Methods Twenty-two T2D patients contributed either to focus groups (n = 5) or to semi-structured interviews (n = 4). We explored adoption-adherence using an established behaviour change model (Transtheoretical) and an anthropological research method (Cultural Materialism) throughout a qualitative analysis. Results Findings suggested patients responded to PA promoted through medicalised services, using two basic, yet inter-related, social processes. To consider adopting PA a Basic Social Psychological Process was used. In contrast, patients willing to sustain PA focused on prominent ‘infrastructural’ barriers, using a Basic Social Structural Process. Conclusion This interpretation simplifies in two processes the change of behaviour related to PA. At the same time, defines the barriers’ relationship between the different levels and the influence that each level has in patients’ real-life. These insights support using phased, ecological frameworks to design and promote PA to patients with T2D, so they maintain changes over time.

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Impaired Social Learning Predicts Reduced Real-life Motivation in Individuals with Depression: A Computational fMRI Study

10.1101/652776 ◽

2019 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Anna-Lena Frey ◽

Ciara McCabe

Keyword(s):

Social Learning ◽

Social Engagement ◽

Parietal Lobe ◽

Real Life ◽

Computational Modelling ◽

Learning Task ◽

Social Experiences ◽

Social Outcomes ◽

Social Activities ◽

Fearful Faces

AbstractBackgroundMajor depressive disorder is associated with altered social functioning and impaired learning, on both the behavioural and the neural level. These deficits are likely related, considering that successful social interactions require learning to predict other people’s emotional responses. Yet, there is little research examining this relation.MethodsForty-three individuals with high (HD; N=21) and low (LD; N=22) depression scores answered questions regarding their real-life social experiences and performed a social learning task during fMRI scanning. As part of the task, subjects learned associations between name cues and rewarding (happy faces) or aversive (fearful faces) social outcomes. Using computational modelling, behavioural and neural correlates of social learning were examined and related to real-life social experiences.ResultsHD participants reported reduced motivation to engage in real-life social activities and demonstrated elevated uncertainty about social outcomes in the task. Moreover, HD subjects displayed altered encoding of social reward predictions in the insula, temporal lobe and parietal lobe. Interestingly, across all subjects, higher task uncertainty and reduced parietal prediction encoding were associated with decreased motivation to engage in real-life social activities.LimitationsThe size of the included sample was relatively small. The results should thus be regarded as preliminary and replications in larger samples are called for.ConclusionTaken together, our findings suggest that reduced learning from social outcomes may impair depressed individuals’ ability to predict other people’s responses in real life, which renders social situations uncertain. This uncertainty, in turn, may contribute to reduced social engagement (motivation) in depression.

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