scholarly journals Dictatorship, Higher Education, and Social Mobility

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
María Angélica Bautista ◽  
Felipe González ◽  
Luis R. Martinez ◽  
Pablo Muñoz ◽  
Mounu Prem
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Social Mobility ◽  
Military Coup ◽  
Market Outcomes ◽  
Reform Agenda ◽  
College Age ◽  
Redistributive Policies ◽  
The Military ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Fiscal Conservatism

We study the capture of higher education by the Pinochet dictatorship following the 1973 military coup in Chile. We show that the regime’s twin aims of political control and fiscal conservatism led to a large contraction of all universities in the country, mostly through a steady reduction in the number of openings for incoming students. As a result, individuals that reached college age in the years immediately after the military coup experienced a sharp decline in college enrollment. These individuals had worse labor market outcomes throughout the life cycle and struggled to climb up the socioeconomic ladder. Children with a parent in the affected cohorts are themselves less likely to enroll in university, even after democratization. These findings illustrate the relationship between political regimes, redistributive policies and social mobility. They also shed light on the long-lasting effects of the reform agenda implemented under Pinochet.

scholarly journals Does Higher Education Reduce Mortality? Evidence from a Natural Experiment in Chile

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
María Angélica Bautista ◽  
Felipe González ◽  
Luis R. Martinez ◽  
Pablo Muñoz ◽  
Mounu Prem
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
College Enrollment ◽  
Causal Effect ◽  
Vital Statistics ◽  
Military Coup ◽  
Multiple Time ◽  
Market Outcomes ◽  
College Age ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Survey Responses

We exploit the sharp downward kink in college enrollment experienced by cohorts reaching college age after the 1973 military coup in Chile to study the causal effect of higher education on mortality. Using micro-data from the vital statistics for 1994-2017, we document an upward kink in the age-adjusted yearly mortality rate among the affected cohorts. Leveraging the kink in college enrollment, we estimate a negative effect of college on mortality, which is larger for men, but also sizable for women. Intermediate labor market outcomes (e.g., labor force participation) explain 30% of the reduction in mortality. A similar upward kink in mortality over multiple time horizons is also present among hospitalized patients in the affected cohorts, with observable characteristics (i.e. diagnostic, hospital, insurance) explaining over 40%. Survey responses reveal that college substantially improves access to private health care, but has mixed effects on health behaviors.

Left Movements and the Army in Turkey (1961–71): The Case of the Yön-Devrim Movement

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 184-210
Author(s):  
Mustafa Şener
Keyword(s):  
Distinctive Feature ◽  
Class Struggle ◽  
Military Coup ◽  
Special Role ◽  
The Military ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Socialist Politics ◽  
Radical Left

Abstract Turkey’s long sixties started with a military coup (May 27, 1960) and ended with another military coup (March 12, 1971). During this period, there was an explosion in the number of radical left and socialist movements in Turkey. One of the leading left movements of the period was the Yön-Devrim movement. The most distinctive feature of this movement was the special role it placed on the military in the transition to socialism. In this article, we will focus on the relationship between the military and left/socialist politics during this period. To this end, we will examine the Yön-Devrim movement, specifically their approach to the military. In particular, we will examine why this movement imposed a “progressive” mission on the military, what kind of a transition a possible military coup would provide for socialism, and what role they envisioned for the army, and the bureaucracy in general, in the class struggle.

The Legacies of Patrimonial Patriarchalism

2011 ◽  
Vol 636 (1) ◽  
pp. 69-87 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gwynn Thomas
Keyword(s):  
Political Legitimacy ◽  
Political Rhetoric ◽  
Military Coup ◽  
The Political ◽  
Political Leaders ◽  
Salvador Allende ◽  
Ideological Influence ◽  
The Military ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Familial Roles

In Chile, how citizens and political leaders have understood, incorporated, and contested the relationship between the familial and the political has been central to the development of their society. The author examines the ideological influence that familial beliefs had on the process of delegitimizing the presidency of Salvador Allende and legitimizing the military coup through an analysis of political rhetoric surrounding the mobilization of women in the March of the Empty Pots and Pans. The author argues that the march was a pivotal moment in which generalized beliefs about the state’s responsibility for familial welfare, including protecting men’s and women’s familial roles, were transformed into a powerful critique against Allende and his government. The author shows how the arguments put forward by Allende’s opponents drew on embedded beliefs about the relationship between families and politics to frame the emerging debate about the political legitimacy of President Allende.

scholarly journals Has Migration Been Beneficial for Migrants and Their Children?

2017 ◽  
Vol 51 (1) ◽  
pp. 97-126 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carolina V. Zuccotti ◽  
Harry B. G. Ganzeboom ◽  
Ayse Guveli
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Labor Market ◽  
Social Mobility ◽  
First Generation ◽  
Labor Market Outcomes ◽  
Market Outcomes ◽  
Level Of Education ◽  
The Social ◽  
Western European ◽  
First And Second Generation

The study compares the social mobility and status attainment of first-and second-generation Turks in nine Western European countries with those of Western European natives and with those of Turks in Turkey. It shows that the children of low-class migrants are more likely to acquire a higher education than their counterparts in Turkey, making them more educationally mobile. Moreover, they successfully convert this education in the Western European labor market, and are upwardly mobile relative to the first generation. When comparing labor market outcomes of second generations relative to Turks in Turkey, however, the results show that the same level of education leads to a higher occupation in Turkey. The implications of these findings are discussed.

Hierarchy and power in the Pacific

2014 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 215-230 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jukka Siikala
Keyword(s):  
Recent History ◽  
Military Coup ◽  
Political Processes ◽  
Postcolonial State ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
History Of ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Military ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Structural Arrangements

Looking at recent turmoil in political processes in the Pacific, the article discusses the relationship of socio-cosmic holism and hierarchy in Tonga, Samoa and Fiji to western ideologies of democracy and individualism. Incorporation of traditional chieftainship into colonial and postcolonial state structures has had different outcomes in each case. The structural arrangements, which according to Dumont are seen as intermediary forms, are looked at using material from the recent history of the societies. Thus the riots in Nukuʻalofa orchestrated by the Tongan democracy movement, the military coup in Fiji and the multiplication of chiefly titles in Samoa are seen as results of the interplay of local and western ideologies culminating in notions of holism and individualism.

scholarly journals The Creative Disruption of Degree Apprenticeships in the UK

2019 ◽  
pp. 57-83 ◽  
Author(s):  
Darryll Bravenboer
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Social Mobility ◽  
Economic Benefits ◽  
Professional Standards ◽  
Economic Position ◽  
The Uk ◽  
The Relationship

The introduction of an apprenticeship levy for employers with a payroll above £3m in 2017 has transformed the landscape for higher-level skills in the UK. While there is some evidence of the economic benefits of higher education, it seems to be largely operating to reproduce economic position rather than as an agent of social mobility. At the same time, UK employers have made it clear that graduates do not possess the range of skills that they require and yet have a poor record of investing in the development of their employees. In this problematized context, degree apprenticeships can operate to creatively disrupt our understanding of the relationship between higher education and work. Assumptions about the presumed differences between academic and professional standards, knowledge and competence, on-and-off-the-job learning are all challenged by the introduction of degree apprenticeships. Can universities overcome these challenges to rethink the role of higher education as the worlds of work and learning align?

scholarly journals “We need to become ‘educational chameleons’”: from unified to multiple norms in a multilingual and international higher education context

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 233-256
Author(s):  
Ingrid de Saint-Georges ◽  
Gabriele Budach ◽  
Constanze Tress
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Social Mobility ◽  
Qualitative Interviews ◽  
Education Programme ◽  
Cultural Norms ◽  
International Higher Education ◽  
Evaluation Systems ◽  
Inquiry Approach ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractIn recent decades, scholars have documented how globalisation and mobility have changed our relationship with linguistic, social and cultural norms. Yet in most educational contexts, evaluation systems still tend to support the teaching of homogeneous knowledge mastered by all, and to portray linguistic standards as key for social mobility. Drawing on qualitative interviews conducted with students on an international and multilingual higher education programme, this paper examines what the students claim they learn from a programme premised instead on the circulation of a multiplicity of norms, standards and practices. The interviews, conducted on the basis of a co-inquiry approach, suggest that the students learn to 1) deal productively and agentively with tensions, 2) rethink their positions and 3) open up to unexpected experiences when teachers support them in navigating multiple norms. In conclusion, the paper highlights how the research elucidates two kinds of norms at play in the programme, institutional and lived norms, and the relationship between them. It also reflects on the utility of discussing multilayered norms (Canagarajah 2006) openly in a globalised higher education context.

Postwar pioneers of modern mobility: the 1940s to the 1960s

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. James Hammerton
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
British Empire ◽  
Social Mobility ◽  
First Generation ◽  
Next Generation ◽  
Global Mobility ◽  
Serial Migration ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
The Military ◽  
Downward Social Mobility

This chapter examines features of the first generation of postwar British emigrants which foreshadowed the later rise of modern global mobility. The drive of Anglophone immigrant countries to attract skilled employees, coinciding with the spread of higher education and social mobility in Britain, opened the way for aspiring migrants to use migration as a means to social advancement and entrepreneurship. Continuing global mobility, once the preserve of elites, was becoming democratised, and young travellers seized on the facilities to pioneer new forms of serial migration. At the same time the shadow of the British Empire continued to exert its influence on potential migrants with backgrounds in the military and imperial administration. Some faced the threat of downward social mobility, but, comfortable with global transience, turned to continuing migration as a means of comfortable survival. ‘Nomad daughters of the Empire’ describes women’s adaptation to new forms of mobility, and ‘the empire of the imagination’ explores ways in which the power of the ‘colonial dividend’ worked to stimulate thoughts of ‘wanderlust’ and serial migration, setting powerful precedents for the next generation of mobile Britons.

The Center of Each Other’s World

2019 ◽  
pp. 11-22
Author(s):  
Alan McPherson
Keyword(s):  
September 11 ◽  
Military Coup ◽  
Salvador Allende ◽  
Socialist Government ◽  
The Military ◽  
The Relationship

This chapter focuses on the relationship between Isabel and Orlando Letelier before the military coup by Pinochet on September 11, 1973. They met as stdents, fell in love and into politics, and lived in Washington for a decade when Orlando was ambassador. They also raised four boys who were bi-national in their culture. Right before the coup, Orlando returned to Chile as a minister for the socialist government of Salvador Allende. The chapter establishes the depth of the couple’s love, which is tested in later chapters.

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