scholarly journals Distributional effects of transport policies on inequalities in access to opportunities in Rio de Janeiro

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rafael Henrique Moreas Pereira ◽  
David Banister ◽  
Tim Schwanen ◽  
Nate Wessel
Keyword(s):  
Public Transport ◽  
Rio De Janeiro ◽  
Spatial Regression ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Transport Infrastructure ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Distributional Effects ◽  
Spatial Inequalities ◽  
Bus Services ◽  
The City

The evaluation of the social impacts of transport policies is attracting growing attention in recent years. Yet, this literature is still predominately focused on developed countries. The goal of this research is to investigate how investments in public transport networks can reshape social and geographical inequalities in access to opportunities in a developing country, using the city of Rio de Janeiro (Brazil) as a case study. Recent mega-events, including the 2014 Football World Cup and the 2016 Olympic Games, have triggered substantial investment in the city’s transport system. More recently, though, bus services in Rio have been rationalized and reduced as a response to a fiscal crisis and a drop in passenger demand, giving a unique opportunity to look at the distributional effects this cycle of investment and disinvestment have had on peoples’ access to educational and employment opportunities. Based on a before-and-after comparison of Rio’s public transport network, this study uses a spatial regression model and cluster analysis to estimate how accessibility gains vary across different income groups and areas of the city between April 2014 and March 2017. The results show that recent cuts in service levels have offset the potential benefits of newly added public transport infrastructure in Rio. Average access by public transport to jobs and public high-schools decreased approximately 4% and 6% in the period, respectively. Nonetheless, wealthier areas had on average small but statistically significant higher gains in access to schools and job opportunities than poorer areas. These findings suggest that, contrary to the official discourses of transport legacy, recent transport policies in Rio have exacerbated rather than reduced socio-spatial inequalities in access to opportunities. These results also suggest that future research should consider how the modifiable areal unit problem (MAUP) can influence the equity assessment of transport projects.

scholarly journals Distributional effects of transport policies on inequalities in access to opportunities in Rio de Janeiro

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rafael H. M. Pereira ◽  
David Banister ◽  
Tim Schwanen ◽  
Nate Wessel
Keyword(s):  
Public Transport ◽  
Rio De Janeiro ◽  
Spatial Scales ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Transport Infrastructure ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Distributional Effects ◽  
Service Levels ◽  
Spatial Inequalities ◽  
Income Groups

The evaluation of social impacts of transport policies has been attracting growing attention in recent years. Yet studies thus far have predominately focused on developed countries and overlooked whether equity assessment of transport projects is sensitive to the modifiable areal unit problem (MAUP). This paper investigates how investments in public transport can reshape socio-spatial inequalities in access to opportunities, and it examines how MAUP can influence the distributional effects of transport project evaluations. The study looks at Rio de Janeiro (Brazil) and the transformations carried out in the city in preparation for the 2014 World Cup and the 2016 Olympics, which involved substantial expansion in public transport infrastructure followed by cuts in service levels. The paper uses before-and-after comparison of Rio's transport network (2014-2017) and quasi-counterfactual analysis to examine how those policies affect access to schools and jobs for different income groups and whether the results are robust when the data is analyzed at different spatial scales and zoning schemes. Results show that subsequent cuts in service levels have offset the accessibility benefits of transport investments in a way that particularly penalizes the poor, and that those investments alone would still have generated larger accessibility gains for higher-income groups. These findings suggest that, contrary to Brazil’s official discourse of transport legacy, recent policies in Rio have exacerbated rather than reduced socio-spatial inequalities in access to opportunities. The study also shows that MAUP can influence the equity assessment of transport projects, suggesting that this issue should be addressed in future research.

scholarly journals TRANSPORTE POR VANS - O QUE CONSIDERAR NO PROCESSO DE REGULAMENTAÇÃO?

TRANSPORTES ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ronaldo Balassiano
Keyword(s):  
Public Transport ◽  
Rio De Janeiro ◽  
Transport Problem ◽  
Viable Alternative ◽  
Urban Centers ◽  
Transport Services ◽  
Regulation Process ◽  
Bus Services ◽  
The City

<p>A redução nas taxas de importação nos anos 90 contribuiu para o aumento da importação de veículos novos que não são atualmente produzidos pelas montadoras instaladas no Brasil. As vans têm se popularizado em cidades como o Rio de Janeiro no atendimento a demanda de serviços considerados não convencionais ou informais. Existem ainda casos constatados da utilização destas vans em rotas normalmente operadas por serviço regular de ônibus urbano. Constata-se que as Secretarias (Municipal, Estadual) responsáveis pelo gerenciamento do setor de Transportes no Rio de Janeiro, estão preocupadas com a regulamentação deste serviço que vem se popularizando e se tornando uma alternativa viável ao usuário do transporte regular além de oferecer uma alternativa ao usuário do carro particular. O objetivo deste trabalho é discutir o papel desempenhado por este tipo de serviço em grandes centros urbanos, e também aspectos gerais que deveriam ser considerados neste processo de regulamentação. Discute-se também o problema atual dos transportes coletivos na cidade do Rio de Janeiro e conclui-se que as vans tem potencial, se regulamentadas de forma adequada, para contribuir na melhoria do transporte publico da cidade.</p><p><strong>ABSTRACT</strong></p><p>Import tax reductions in the 90's have contributed to an increase in vehicles importation, currently not assembled in Brazil. Vans are very popular in cities such as Rio de Janeiro, responding to the demand of non-conventional or informal transport services. The are also some cases where these vans are replacing bus services on conventional bus routes. The Municipal and State Transport Secretaries are concerned with how to regulate these services. The vans are turning into a viable alternative to public transport users and to car users too. The main objective of this paper is to discuss the role played by this type of service in busy urban centers and also some aspects to be taken into account in the regulation process. The current public transport problem in Rio de Janeiro is also focused and the conclusion is that the vans have the potential to improve public transport use in the city, if adequately regulated.</p>

scholarly journals Methodology for Assessing the Transport Accessibility of Capital Objects in a Megacity Based on Geoinformation Data

2022 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 400-415
Author(s):  
S. V. Mkhitaryan ◽  
Zh. B. Musatova ◽  
T. V. Murtuzalieva ◽  
G. S. Timokhina ◽  
I. P. Shirochenskaya
Keyword(s):  
Transport Infrastructure ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Infrastructure Development ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Transport Accessibility ◽  
Methodological Approaches ◽  
Secondary Information ◽  
Quantitative Indicators ◽  
The City ◽  
Housing Estates

Purpose: to present the author's methodology and the test results for calculating integral indicators of transport accessibility on the basis of weighted normalized private indicators for three housing estates in Moscow.Methods: the study is based on the application of methods for collecting factual material, its processing, systematic, comparative historical and structural-functional analysis, which were supplemented by multivariate analysis of secondary information using content analysis of existing methods for calculating indicators of transport accessibility of capital objects. The results and conclusions of the research are based on the use of the author's methodology for calculating integral indicators of transport accessibility based on weighted normalized private indicators for three housing estates in Moscow. The analysis of a possible set of criteria for assessing transport accessibility of housing estates in Moscow metropolis was carried out on the basis of the use of a geographic information system database GIS NextGIS QGIS.Results: a review of methodological approaches to the calculation of objective quantitative indicators characterizing the transport accessibility of capital objects is carried out; the author's methodology for calculating the integral indicators of the transport accessibility of residential complexes in Moscow is presented and tested on the basis of weighted normalized private criteria / indicators. The use of the authors’ methodology for calculating integral indicators of transport accessibility based on weighted normalized private criteria / indicators made it possible to calculate the values of indicators of transport accessibility for three housing estates in Moscow, calculate an integrated score for a set of transport accessibility criteria for each housing estate, to give a comparative quantitative assessment of their transport accessibility, to conduct a rating of housing estates in terms of their transport accessibility.Conclusions and Relevance: the presented results of approbation of the author's methodology for calculating the integral indicators of transport accessibility for housing estates in Moscow allow to conduct a comparative and dynamic analysis of housing estates (or larger units) transport accessibility. The results of such an analysis can be applied in order to develop programs for transport infrastructure development of the megacity as a whole, its certain districts and city parts, as well as to assess such programs efciency. The authors see the directions for future research in the defnition and calculation of indicators based on the city dwellers perception of the transport accessibility

Formation of an optimal logistics system based on the analysis of transport infrastructure of the city of Yekaterinburg

Innotrans ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 3-7
Author(s):  
Yuliana E. Zhuzhgova ◽  
◽  
Viktoriya V. Savel’eva ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Public Transport ◽  
Transport Infrastructure ◽  
Logistics System ◽  
Passenger Traffic ◽  
Route Network ◽  
System A ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Abc Analysis ◽  
The City ◽  
Constant Growth

The main problems of transport infrastructure of cities are the problems of interaction of different types of transport, optimization of route flows, technical backwardness, low capacity, low speed of travel on public transport, low comfort for passengers. Currently, this is complicated by the constant growth of population and the number of cars, which invariably results in the need for optimization of an urban logistics system. A comprehensive solution to the problems presented can be the building of a network of transport hubs as a new stage in the implementation of transport reform. The article analyzes the transport infrastructure of Yekaterinburg. Based on the ABC analysis of passenger traffic, a method has been developed to identify the stopping points of the route network, which can later be transformed into transport hubs. The optimal logistics system of Yekaterinburg has been formed, consisting of three transport and logistics hubs: “Bus terminal”, “Railway station”, “Professors’” (Professorskaya).

The Formation and Development of the Public Bus Transport Market

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 (1) ◽  
pp. 86-100
Author(s):  
Irina Shlepp ◽  
Tamara Oganesyan
Keyword(s):  
Public Transport ◽  
Weighted Average ◽  
The Public ◽  
Route Network ◽  
Grouping Method ◽  
Urban Bus ◽  
Bus Services ◽  
The City ◽  
Bus Transport

The paper presents a detailed analysis of the market development stages of public transport bus services. Establishment of a new management model on the urban ground public transport entails a need to create a competitive market, through effective distribution of the city route network. As part of this goal we propose the route grouping method based on weighted average profitability and investigate some Moscow route network. The analysis and classification of these routes can determine the degree of variation in the route profitability. Drawing on the data obtained, we offer certain conclusions concerning the feasibility of a more detailed diversification of route portfolio followed by its further distribution among passenger carriers on regular urban bus routes.

scholarly journals Is India Financing Urban Transport in the Right Direction?

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (11S) ◽  
pp. 292-297
Keyword(s):  
Transport System ◽  
Public Transport ◽  
Leisure Activities ◽  
Noise Pollution ◽  
Urban Transport ◽  
Transport Infrastructure ◽  
Urban Centers ◽  
Transport Modes ◽  
The Right ◽  
The City

Transport issues in urban centers are rising at an exponential rate and are characterized by congestion, high motorized vehicles growth, vehicular and noise pollution, road accidents and parking space constraints. Present public transport and Non-Motorized Transport (NMT) modes are inefficient and do not cater to the needs of 31.23% of urbanized population in India, which is poised to grow up to 71% by 2031 (MoUD, 2015). Lack of accessibility in public transport and NMT has compelled commuters to opt for private transport modes such as twowheelers and cars, in order to have access to work, education and other leisure activities. The paper aims to assess the finances allocated to urban transport system in the city of Pune under the jurisdiction of Pune Municipal Corporation (PMC). The authors intend to critically review the city budget and its contribution to sustainable modes of urban transport. The key research questions are: - a) whether the budget distributes enough revenue to enhance the efficiency and accessibility of public transport modes and NMT as guided in the National Urban Transport Policy (NUTP) of 2006? b) does the local government continue to invest in temporary urban transport solutions catering to the needs of private modes of transportation? The results further show that PMC’s budget allocation is not favoring sustainable modes of transport as much as it is catering to other urban transport infrastructure and utilities. The paper concludes with recommendation on ways of innovative financing methods to make public transport sustainable and discusses various case studies of best practices followed globally pertaining to sustainable urban transport system.

scholarly journals Is India Financing Urban Transport in the Right Direction

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (11) ◽  
pp. 142-147
Keyword(s):  
Transport System ◽  
Public Transport ◽  
Leisure Activities ◽  
Noise Pollution ◽  
Sustainable Transportation ◽  
Urban Transport ◽  
Transport Infrastructure ◽  
Transport Modes ◽  
The Right ◽  
The City

Transport issues in urban centers are rising at an exponential rate and are characterized by congestion, high motorized vehicles growth, vehicular and noise pollution, road accidents and parking space constraints. Present public transport and Non-Motorized Transport (NMT) modes are inefficient and do not cater to the needs of 31.23% of urbanized population in India, which is poised to grow up to 71% by 2031 (MoUD, 2015). Lack of accessibility in public transport and NMT has compelled commuters to opt for private transport modes such as two-wheelers and cars, in order to have access to work, education and other leisure activities. The paper aims to assess the finances allocated to urban transport system in the city of Pune under the jurisdiction of Pune Municipal Corporation (PMC). The authors intend to critically review the city budget and its contribution to sustainable modes of urban transport. The key research questions are: - a) whether the budget distributes enough revenue to enhance the efficiency and accessibility of public transport modes and NMT as guided in the National Urban Transport Policy (NUTP) of 2006? b) does the local government continue to invest in temporary urban transport solutions catering to the needs of private modes of transportation? The research is based on secondary budget data of the year 2016-17 and the data so collected, has been analyzed on various financial parameters. The results show that PMC’s budget allocation is not favoring sustainable modes of transport as much as it is catering to other urban transport infrastructure and utilities. The study thereby suggests sufficient allocation of the city’s budget towards the creation of sustainable transportation. Lastly, the paper concludes with recommendation on ways of innovative financing methods to make public transport, sustainable and discusses various case studies of best practices followed globally pertaining to sustainable urban transport system.

scholarly journals VISUAL NAVIGATION IN THE INFRASTRUCTURE OF PUBLIC TRANSPORT OF THE CITY OF KHARKIV

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (163) ◽  
pp. 83-87
Author(s):  
N. Vergunova ◽  
V. Golius ◽  
A. Zinchenko
Keyword(s):  
Urban Environment ◽  
Public Transport ◽  
Design Theory ◽  
Integrated Approach ◽  
Visual Navigation ◽  
Transport Infrastructure ◽  
Design Solution ◽  
Navigation Systems ◽  
Electric Transport ◽  
The City

The urban environment of many cities in Ukraine is characterized by oversaturation and unstructured information and advertising elements, as well as a lack of information and guidance tools, which leads to some discomfort in the stay of both citizens and guests of the cities of our country. The relevance of this issue encourages researchers in the field of design theory to carefully analyze the evolution of graphical navigation systems for identifying their further development. The infrastructure of public transport in Kharkiv, taking into account the growing number of routes and vehicles that provide passenger transportation, needs to develop a set of visual navigation by means of graphic design. The aim of research reveals the necessity of development the comprehensive design of visual navigation in the infrastructure of public transport in Kharkiv. The results can be used to find the optimal solutions of graphic sign systems that may become the basis of visual communications in a dynamically developing urban environment at present stage. The scientific paper describes some of the foreign projects in terms of forming a visual system for the transport infrastructure of the city. Analysis of world experience in the field of navigation systems and trends in public transport indicates the need for an integrated approach to the development of visual navigation. This is a relevant task, as there is an increase in the share of urban residents, an increase in the number of public electric transport as well as the launch of new transport routes. Based on the analysis of foreign projects «Bristol Legible City», «London Legible City» and «Bath Public Realm & Movement Strategy», aimed at solving the problem of urban visual navigation in Bristol, London and Bath, certain components are identified and characterized that can be used to develop a systematic design concept for navigation in public transport in Kharkiv. Among them are common visual language and navigation system throughout the city; taking into account the aspect of unification, which eliminates the inconsistency between the systems in the city; visual color differentiation for different modes of transport; maps of public transport with geographical reference to the area; visual association of subway maps and other types of urban electric transport. Such components are appropriate in the formation of a comprehensive design solution.

scholarly journals Impact of fear of crimes on public transport usage: A case study of Delhi

2020 ◽  
Vol 66 (3) ◽  
pp. 247-258
Author(s):  
Rabindra Nath Dubey ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Public Transport ◽  
Transport Systems ◽  
Public Transport System ◽  
Weak Negative Correlation ◽  
Bus Service ◽  
Bus Services ◽  
The City ◽  
Spearman’S Correlation

Delhi Transport Corporation (DTC and Delhi Metro-Rail System (DMRS) are two important public transport systems in Delhi. The DMRS has been attractive in respect to ridership but in 2015 it has shown a decrease in its ridership. It has also been found that ridership of the bus service, the most important public transport system for the poor in Delhi, has decreased over time whereas the numbers of private vehicles have recorded phenomenal increase resulting in traffic congestions and pollution problems in the city. The purpose of this study is to explore the role of the fear of crimes along with other reasons for decreasing trends in the usage of public transport in Delhi. The study is based on people opinion and perception for which 350 persons were interviewed with the structured questionnaire from ten transit places having varied socio-economic conditions. Fear of crimes within buses/coaches is considered an important reason for not using public transport in western countries but as per this study, the same is not true in the case of Delhi. Role of fear of crimes along with other factors was verified with the spearman’s correlation coefficient. The weak negative correlation has been found between the preference to public bus services and the fear of crimes; the crowing; the unavailability. It indicates that along with these other factors are equally responsible for the choice of public transports in Delhi.

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