Study of design features of mobile charging units for electric transport for development of sketch design documentation

THE PURPOSE. Charging infrastructure is one of the factors influencing the transition to electric vehicles, as the electric vehicles in operation are characterized by a small range and a long battery charge period. Today, the development of the charging infrastructure depends only on the networks of stationary charging stations, which also have disadvantages (high cost, lack of mobility, etc.). Therefore, the purpose of this work is to study the design features of mobile electric vehicle charge units (MCSEU) for the development of draft design documentation for the creation of a new MCSEU project. This issue includes the study of the world market of manufacturers of modern mobile chargers, the study of technical and operational features that are today presented to modern energy storage and storage systems.MATERIALS. The authors of the article processed and analyzed data on the current state of the charging infrastructure in Russia and the world, based on materials from Russian and foreign authors, as well as information on the development strategy of the electric transport industry in Russia and the world, in particular, data from Madison Gas and Electric.RESULTS. The obtained analytical results are one of the aspects that will be taken into account when developing mobile charging devices for electric vehicles. This mobile charger technology significantly expands the possibilities of using electric vehicles, in particular electric vehicles, and also solves various problems of the fuel and energy complex associated with autonomous power sources and distributed generation systems.CONCLUSION. The charging infrastructure is one of the factors influencing the transition to electric vehicles, as the electric vehicles in operation are characterized by a small range and a long period of charging the traction battery. However, this process will be long and in the near future networks of charging stations will be created, including mobile charging units for electric vehicles.

Approach to optimizing charging infrastructure of autonomous trolleybuses for urban routes

P u r p o s e s. When designing a system of urban electric transport that charges while driving, including autonomous trolleybuses with batteries of increased capacity, it is important to optimize the charging infrastructure for a fleet of such vehicles. The charging infrastructure of the dedicated routes consists of overhead wire sections along the routes and stationary charging stations of a given type at the terminal stops of the routes. It is designed to ensure the movement of trolleybuses and restore the charge of their batteries, consumed in the sections of autonomous running.The aim of the study is to create models and methods for developing cost-effective solutions for charging infrastructure, ensuring the functioning of the autonomous trolleybus fleet, respecting a number of specific conditions. Conditions include ensuring a specified range of autonomous trolleybus running at a given rate of energy consumption on routes, a guaranteed service life of their batteries, as well as preventing the discharge of batteries below a critical level under various operating modes during their service life.M e t ho d s. Methods of set theory, graph theory and linear approximation are used.Re s u l t s. A mathematical model has been developed for the optimization problem of the charging infrastructure of the autonomous trolleybus fleet. The total reduced annual costs for the charging infrastructure are selected as the objective function. The model is formulated as a mathematical programming problem with a quadratic objective function and linear constraints.Co n c l u s i o n. To solve the formulated problem of mathematical programming, standard solvers such as IBM ILOG CPLEX can be used, as well as, taking into account its computational complexity, the heuristic method of "swarm of particles". The solution to the problem is to select the configuration of the location of the overhead wire sections on the routes and the durations of charging the trolleybuses at the terminal stops, which determine the corresponding number of stationary charging stations at these stops.

Asymmetric Interfaces in Epitaxial Off-Stoichiometric Fe3+xSi1−x/Ge/Fe3+xSi1−x Hybrid Structures: Effect on Magnetic and Electric Transport Properties

Three-layer iron-rich Fe3+xSi1−x/Ge/Fe3+xSi1−x (0.2 < x < 0.64) heterostructures on a Si(111) surface with Ge thicknesses of 4 nm and 7 nm were grown by molecular beam epitaxy. Systematic studies of the structural and morphological properties of the synthesized samples have shown that an increase in the Ge thickness causes a prolonged atomic diffusion through the interfaces, which significantly increases the lattice misfits in the Ge/Fe3+xSi1−x heterosystem due to the incorporation of Ge atoms into the Fe3+xSi1−x bottom layer. The resultant lowering of the total free energy caused by the development of the surface roughness results in a transition from an epitaxial to a polycrystalline growth of the upper Fe3+xSi1−x. The average lattice distortion and residual stress of the upper Fe3+xSi1−x were determined by electron diffraction and theoretical calculations to be equivalent to 0.2 GPa for the upper epitaxial layer with a volume misfit of −0.63% compared with a undistorted counterpart. The volume misfit follows the resultant interatomic misfit of |0.42|% with the bottom Ge layer, independently determined by atomic force microscopy. The variation in structural order and morphology significantly changes the magnetic properties of the upper Fe3+xSi1−x layer and leads to a subtle effect on the transport properties of the Ge layer. Both hysteresis loops and FMR spectra differ for the structures with 4 nm and 7 nm Ge layers. The FMR spectra exhibit two distinct absorption lines corresponding to two layers of ferromagnetic Fe3+xSi1−x films. At the same time, a third FMR line appears in the sample with the thicker Ge. The angular dependences of the resonance field of the FMR spectra measured in the plane of the film have a pronounced easy-axis type anisotropy, as well as an anisotropy corresponding to the cubic crystal symmetry of Fe3+xSi1−x, which implies the epitaxial orientation relationship of Fe3+xSi1−x (111)[0−11] || Ge(111)[1−10] || Fe3+xSi1−x (111)[0−11] || Si(111)[1−10]. Calculated from ferromagnetic resonance (FMR) data saturation magnetization exceeds 1000 kA/m. The temperature dependence of the electrical resistivity of a Ge layer with thicknesses of 4 nm and 7 nm is of semiconducting type, which is, however, determined by different transport mechanisms.

Methods of optimisation in machine design

The paper is devoted to the problem of optimal machine design selection by developing and solving the problem of multi-criteria optimisation, using the method suggesting a unified criterion with the use of weighting factors based on expert estimates. Based on the example of the design of a multi-purpose machine for service electric transport, a mathematical model of parametric optimisation of the design of electric and combined propulsion plants is developed. The most efficient system components are selected to meet the customer's requirements.

Opportunities for development of elevated electric transport in a large city

Modern large cities include both historically developed central parts and rapidly developing peripheral neighborhoods. Today, transport flows are formed not only by traditional bus, trolleybus, and tram routes, but also by significant fleets of taxis and private vehicles. An increase in traffic load and a shortage of parking spaces significantly reduces the capacity of roads and negatively affects the environmental situation. Ensuring transport accessibility based on the development of underground urban transport, the metro, is accompanied by great labor intensity, time and financial costs. Residents of large cities try to use bicycles, electric scooters, monowheels for intra-city movements. However, in winter in Russia this type of ecological personal transport becomes less accessible. A promising option for the development of public transport for large cities with a significant length of the street network in the absence of the technical possibility of expanding the roadway, can be an elevated electric transport (monorail). Using the example of the city of Samara, where the level of automobilization in 2019 reached 344 cars per 1000 people, the possibilities of developing the transport system of a large city with the inclusion of a monorail transport section in such a system are considered. This innovative solution will improve transport accessibility and reduce the negative impact on the urban environment. The average payback period of the project will be 4.4 years.

Overview of the Motorcycle Market (For the Purpose of Creating a Platform for Electric Transport)

Aim. This article presents the results of an analytical study (overview) of the Russian motorcycle market as a projected element of an electric transport platform based on the analysis that includes information about global trends. Tasks. The authors examine the global and Russian electric motorcycle markets, legal peculiarities and advantages of using electric motorcycles in the Russian Federation, and major demand factors.Methods. This study uses the methods of analysis and synthesis of information from Russian and foreign sources publicly available on the Internet and the method of expert assessment.Results. Electric motorcycles are shown to be a promising market, both at the domestic and global levels. Major trends and demand factors of this market in Russia as well as legal peculiarities and advantages of using these vehicles are identified and analyzed.Conclusions. Positive trends indicate that it is possible to create a Russian platform for electric transport that would include electric motorcycles. This study will be useful to anyone interested in the topics of motorcycles, electric transport, and platform solutions in this area. In addition, this article can serve as a basis for further research on this topic.

Estimation of possibility of applying electric buses in Kharkiv

The chief characteristics of electric buses in terms of efficiency, environmental friendliness, and convenience for passengers are analyzed. It makes it possible to speak of advantages of electric transport compared with transportation means on traditional fuels. Considering the issue of rational application of electric buses in cities, it is possible to rely on European cities’ positive experience. Ever more and more of developed countries all over the world use ecological transport in the urban transportation networks. On the example of the studied Polish cities, namely Katowice, a positive trend in the growth of electric buses application in the city’s transportation grid can be observed, which enables the authors to conclude that the city of Kharkiv alsohas a great technical potential for introducing electric buses to the city routes network. Electric buses are already starting to appear in several cities of Ukraine in the transport network, but it is necessary to increase the percentage of ecological buses, to develop certain concepts and strategies to increase this type of transport.