scholarly journals CCTV in deprived neighborhoods – a short time follow up of effects on crime and crime clearance

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manne Gerell
Keyword(s):  
Property Crime ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Residential Areas ◽  
Violent Crimes ◽  
Deprived Neighborhoods ◽  
Crime Clearance ◽  
Crime Types ◽  
Short Time ◽  
The Impact

The latest meta-study on CCTV found that it was associated with reductions in property crime and narcotics crime, but mainly in parking lots and residential areas. Recent findings from Sweden however suggested that the association of CCTV with crime may be different in deprived neighborhoods in Sweden where criminal networks exert a large influence. In addition, much less research has been done on the impact of CCTV on crime clearance. The present study follows up on this by considering changes in crime, and crime clearance, associated with CCTV in three deprived neighborhoods in Gothenburg. The three neighborhoods had CCTV installed around their main squares/centers in 2018, and changes in recorded crime for seven crime types taking place in public – as well as the share of those crimes where a suspect has been identified is followed. The changes are compared with changes at similar locations in the other six deprived neighborhoods of Gothenburg. The results show that relative to controls, violence was significantly reduced at treatment areas. No significant change was noted for property crime. Crime clearance rates increased at treatment areas relative to controls for both property crimes and violent crimes, but no change was significant. This suggests a need for further study on contextual differences of different locations for CCTV, to ascertain whether the effect on violence in deprived neighborhoods can be replicated. It also raises questions on whether the CCTV is cost-effective, since it appears to have small effects on both crime and crime clearance.

scholarly journals The Impact of the First Professional Police Forces on Crime*

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Bindler ◽  
Randi Hjalmarsson
Keyword(s):  
Property Crime ◽  
Difference In Differences ◽  
Violent Crimes ◽  
Metropolitan Police ◽  
Police Data ◽  
Reporting Rates ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Police Forces

Abstract This paper evaluates the effect on crime of creating a fundamental modern-day institution: centralized professional police forces tasked with preventing crime. We study the 1829 formation of the London Metropolitan Police – the first professional force worldwide. Using newly digitized and geocoded crime and police data together with difference-in-differences and pre-post designs, we find evidence of a significant reduction in violent crimes (despite the possibility of off-setting increases in clearance and reporting rates). In contrast, a reduction in property crime is not visible

Effective Pharmacist led interventional strategies to improve outcomes in hypertensive patients: a narrative review

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Samra Bashir ◽  
Akash Syed
Keyword(s):  
Pharmaceutical Care ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Pharmacist Intervention ◽  
Care Plan ◽  
Hypertensive Patients ◽  
Disease Outcomes ◽  
Cost Effective Alternative ◽  
The Impact

The role of pharmacist intervention as a cost-effective alternative to physician in disease management is increasingly been recognized. Studies have demonstrated that pharmaceutical care can improve drug therapy as well as patient satisfaction in chronic health conditions including cardiovascular diseases. This study is aimed to review and outline a comprehensive pharmaceutical care plan from the randomized controlled trials previously conducted to assess the impact of pharmacist-managed care on disease outcomes in hypertensive patients. Compared with usual care, the pharmaceutical intervention involved patient evaluation, patient education and counselling, medication review and management, patient monitoring and follow-up, and feedback to the primary physician as major strategies.

scholarly journals The Impact of the Introduction of Innovative REDS Scale for the Evaluation of Central Tunnelled Catheter (CTC) Exit Site on Infection Prevention in Long-Term Haemodialyzed Patients

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tomasz Porazko ◽  
Edyta Stasiak ◽  
Marian Klinger
Keyword(s):  
Blood Stream Infection ◽  
Bloodstream Infections ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Blood Stream ◽  
Site Infection ◽  
Exit Site ◽  
Exit Site Infection ◽  
The Impact

Central tunneled catheter (CTC)-related infections are a leading cause of a catheter loss, thus being the source of significant morbidity and mortality. The study aims at evaluating the impact of the implementation of the innovative redness, edema, discharge and tenderness, symptoms (REDS) scale (devised by the authors) for the description of the tunnel condition on the frequency of infection in long-term catheter users. The same cohort of the 40 patients was observed for 4 years altogether: 2 years before and 2 years after REDS application. The results, as well as follow-up evaluation of participants, were compared. The 2-year cumulative incidence of the CTC exit site infection (ESI) dropped significantly (log-rank p < 0.001) from 0.89 episode/1,000 catheter days (53.5%, 95% CI [35.9%; 66.2%]) in the period before REDS was used—to 0.26 episode/1,000 catheter days (18.6%, 95% CI [6.1%; 29.4%]) in the time of REDS application. There were also significantly fewer episodes of ESI complicated with catheter-related blood stream infection (CRBSI) requiring the CTC removal (0.6 episode/1,000 catheter days; 18.6%, 95% CI [6.1%; 29.4%] vs. 0.3 episode/1,000 catheter days; 4.7%, 95% CI [0.0; 10.7%]; log-rank p = 0.04, in pre-REDS and REDS time, respectively). The REDS scale appears to be a simple, cost-effective tool reducing the frequency of the tunneled CTC exit site infection and associated bloodstream infections.

Economic evaluation of a crisis resolution service: A randomised controlled trial

2009 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 54-58 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul McCrone ◽  
Sonia Johnson ◽  
Fiona Nolan ◽  
Stephen Pilling ◽  
Andrew Sandor ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Service Use ◽  
Primary Outcome ◽  
Controlled Trial ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Primary Outcome Measure ◽  
Crisis Resolution ◽  
Randomised Controlled ◽  
The Impact

SummaryAims – The use of specialised services to avoid admission to hospital for people experiencing mental health crises is seen as an integral part of psychiatric services in some countries. The aim of this paper is to assess the impact on costs and costeffectiveness of a crisis resolution team (CRT). Methods – Patients who were experiencing mental health crises sufficient for admission to be considered were randomised to either care provided by a CRT or standard services. The primary outcome measure was inpatient days over a six-month follow-up period. Service use was measured, costs calculated and cost-effectiveness assessed. Results – Patients receiving care from the CRT had non-inpatient costs £768 higher than patients receiving standard care (90% CI, £153 to £1375). With the inclusion of inpatient costs the costs for the CRT group were £2438 lower for the CRT group (90% CI, £937 to £3922). If one less day spent as an inpatient was valued at £100, there would be a 99.5% likelihood of the CRT being costeffective. Conclusion – This CRT was shown to be cost-effective for modest values placed on reductions in inpatient stays.

scholarly journals A Single Surgeon, 10 Year Experience with the Oxford Partial Knee System: What a Difference Experience, Instruments, Implants, and Technique Can Make

2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
David Mauerhan ◽  
Nigel L Rozario
Keyword(s):  
Mobile Bearing ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
History Of ◽  
Total Knee ◽  
One Year ◽  
High Degree ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Partial Knee Replacement ◽  
Lower Morbidity

Partial knee (unicompartmental) arthroplasty (PKA) for medial compartment disease of the knee has a long and well documented history of successful results over long periods of follow up. The Oxford Partial Knee Replacement has been available in the U.S. since 2004. After completing an FDA required instructional course, surgeons may use the device. Both the implant and the instruments have evolved since its introduction in 2004. This paper outlines the authors continuous cohort of 249 patients, 286 knees from 2004 to 2014 with minimum 2 year follow up, and reports the results while discussing the impact of experience, instruments and implants, and technique on the outcome of patients in this series. For the aggregate group of 286 knees, there were 17(5.9%) all-cause revisions to TKA, including 2(0.7%) dislocations, resulting in a (83%) survivorship at ten years. The survivorship at ten years for retained implants was 97% if non-implant related causes are not included. At one year, there were 89% excellent and good results, 5% fair, and 6% poor. At two years, there were 93% excellent and good, 1 % fair, and 5.5% poor.  The causes for the poor results at one and two years were tibial sided failure or persistent pain. Three (12%) of patients with a poor result at one year had converted to good and excellent at two years. The use of the Oxford Mobile Bearing™ PKA has been shown to be a useful part of the surgeon’s surgical armamentarium when dealing with anteromedial osteoarthritis or osteonecrosis of the knee. PKA has been shown to have a lower morbidity and mortality and is cost effective when compared to total knee arthroplasty. The author’s experience, as demonstrated in this study, adds validity to the concept that understanding the pathoanatomy of anteromedial osteoarthritis and gaining surgical experience through increased surgical volume, adherence to well documented technique, and the use of a time proven implant, can be accomplished with a high degree of successful outcomes for patients with the appropriate indications.

scholarly journals Mechanistic modelling of coronavirus infections and the impact of confined neighbourhoods on a short time scale

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Danish A Ahmed ◽  
Ali R Ansari ◽  
Mudassar Imran ◽  
Kamaludin Dingle ◽  
Naveed Ahmed ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Time Scale ◽  
Contact Process ◽  
Service Industries ◽  
Spatial Proximity ◽  
Infectious Period ◽  
Short Time Scale ◽  
Residential Areas ◽  
Susceptible Host ◽  
Short Time ◽  
The Impact

Background: To mitigate the spread of the COVID-19 coronavirus, some countries have adopted more stringent non-pharmaceutical interventions in contrast to those widely used (for e.g. the state of Kuwait). In addition to standard practices such as enforcing curfews, social distancing, and closure of non-essential service industries, other non-conventional policies such as the total confinement of highly populated areas has also been implemented. Methods: In this paper, we model the movement of a host population using a mechanistic approach based on random walks, which are either diffusive or super-diffusive. Infections are realised through a contact process, whereby a susceptible host may be infected if in close spatial proximity of the infectious host. Our focus is only on the short-time scale prior to the infectious period, so that no further transmission is assumed. Results: We find that the level of infection depends heavily on the population dynamics, and increases in the case of slow population diffusion, but remains stable for a high or super-diffusive population. Also, we find that the confinement of homogeneous or overcrowded sub-populations has minimal impact in the short term. Conclusions: Our results indicate that on a short time scale, confinement restrictions or complete lock down of whole residential areas may not be effective. Finally, we discuss the possible implications of our findings for total confinement in the context of the current situation in Kuwait.

scholarly journals Mechanistic Modelling of Coronavirus Infections and the Impact of Confined Neighbourhoods on a Short Time Scale

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Danish Ali Ahmed ◽  
Ali Ansari ◽  
Mudassar Imran ◽  
Kamal Dingle ◽  
Naveed Ahmed ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Time Scale ◽  
Contact Process ◽  
Service Industries ◽  
Spatial Proximity ◽  
Infectious Period ◽  
Short Time Scale ◽  
Residential Areas ◽  
Susceptible Host ◽  
Short Time ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background: To mitigate the spread of the COVID-19 coronavirus, some countries have adopted more stringent non-pharmaceutical interventions in contrast to those widely used (for e.g. the state of Kuwait). In addition to standard practices such as enforcing curfews, social distancing, and closure of non-essential service industries, other non-conventional policies such as the total confinement of highly populated areas has also been implemented. Methods: In this paper, we model the movement of a host population using a mechanistic approach based on random walks, which are either diffusive or super-diffusive. Infections are realised through a contact process, whereby a susceptible host may be infected if in close spatial proximity of the infectious host. Our focus is only on the short-time scale prior to the infectious period, so that no further transmission is assumed. Results: We find that the level of infection depends heavily on the population dynamics, and increases in the case of slow population diffusion, but remains stable for a high or super-diffusive population. Also, we find that the confinement of homogeneous or overcrowded sub-populations has minimal impact in the short term. Conclusions: Our results indicate that on a short time scale, confinement restrictions or complete lock down of whole residential areas may not be effective. Finally, we discuss the possible implications of our findings for total confinement in the context of the current situation in Kuwait.

Iptek Bagi Masyarakat: Sumur Resapan Desa Tanjung Gusta untuk Pengendali Banjir

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 44
Author(s):  
Fahrizal Zulkarnain
Keyword(s):  
Ground Water ◽  
Water Surface ◽  
Soil Layer ◽  
Drainage System ◽  
Water Infiltration ◽  
Water Volume ◽  
Residential Areas ◽  
Deep Soil ◽  
Short Time ◽  
The Impact

The use of infiltration well as a flood controller can also be useful in anticipation of the decrease in the watertable in the dry season. Infiltration well also serves to maintain the ground water level, decrease groundwatercontamination, reduce groundwater degradation, help to overcome the lack of clean water, maintain water balance in thesoil, reduce the stagnant residential areas due to poorly functioning drainage system, and reduce soil erosion in someplaces due to lack of water infiltration into the soil. The water from the infiltration well will lead to a deep soil layer sothat the decrease of the ground water surface will not occur in a short time due to its existence. Community participationin implementing infiltration wells is very functional and will significantly reduce the impact of floods. In general, infiltration wells that can help reduce surface water are those that have a well dimension of 2 x 2 x 2 meters, thusaccommodating the water volume of  8 m3 expected to be impregnated into the ground as soon as possible to cope with flooding

Age differences in the impact of a Positive Deviance/Hearth programme on the nutritional status of children in rural Bangladesh

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-25
Author(s):  
Yunjeong Kim ◽  
Jaganmay Prajesh Biswas ◽  
Md.Iqbal Hossain ◽  
Diane Baik ◽  
Kathryn Reinsma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Data ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Positive Deviance ◽  
Mixed Effect ◽  
Younger Age ◽  
Effect Regression ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Nutritional Status Of Children ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Objective: To examine the difference in the rehabilitation rate from underweight by child age at enrolment in the Positive Deviance (PD)/Hearth programme. Design: This secondary data analysis used programme monitoring records of underweight children aged 6–60 months attending a 2-week PD/Hearth session and followed up for 6 months in Sep. 2018–Mar. 2019. Data were analysed using multi-level mixed-effect regression and poisson regression with robust variance. Setting: Rajshahi Division, Bangladesh Participants: A total of 5,227 underweight (weight-for-age z-score [WAZ]<-2) children who attended the PD/Hearth sessions. Results: From enrolment to six months follow-up, the mean WAZ improved from −2.80 to −2.09, and the percentage of underweight children decreased to 54.5%. Compared to the enrolment age of 6-11 months, the estimated monthly change in WAZ at six months of follow-up were 0.05 lower for 12-23 months, 0.06 lower for 24-35 months, and 0.09 lower for 36-60 months of the enrolment age (all p<0.001). The probability of rehabilitation at six months of follow-up were lower by 16.7% for 12-23 months (RR=0.83; 95% CI: 0.77, 0.91), 15.5% for 24-35 months (RR=0.84; 95% CI: 0.78, 0.92), and 34.9% for 36-60 months of the enrolment age (RR=0.65; 95% CI: 0.59, 0.72), compared to the enrolment age of 6-11 months. Conclusions: Enrolment in the PD/Hearth programme at a younger age had the advantage of greater rehabilitation from underweight than older age. Our findings provide a better understanding of the successes and failures of the PD/Hearth programme to achieve more sustainable and cost-effective impacts.

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