scholarly journals Relationship Between Stressful Life Events And Depression

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 64-68
Author(s):  
A Subedi ◽  
JB Khattri ◽  
S Tirkey ◽  
RP Lamichhane
Keyword(s):  
Life Events ◽  
Depressive Episode ◽  
Stressful Life Events ◽  
Female Gender ◽  
Stressful Life ◽  
Sociodemographic Variables ◽  
Stress Scale ◽  
Stress Score ◽  
Depressive Episodes

Introduction: Stressful life events are associated with mental health breakdown. Many researches had shown that depression was preceded by stressful life events. The objective of this study was to measure the prevalence of significant score of stress scale in patients diagnosed as depressive episode. The next objective was to find out the association between the different sociodemographic variables and stress score and whether age is the predictor of stress score or not. Material And Method: The patients diagnosed as depressive episodes were selected from the out-patient unit of Department of Psychiatry of Manipal Teaching Hospital, Pokhara, Nepal. The proforma was used to collect the sociodemographic profile of the patient and Holmes and Rahe’s stress scale was applied. The diagnosis of depressive episode was made according to the International Classification of Disease-10 Classification of Mental and Behavioural Disorders: Diagnostic Criteria for Research. The stress score more than 150 was considered as significant stress score in this study. Results: The prevalence of significant stressful life events was 42%. The sociodemographic variables found that prevalence of stressful life events was found higher in female gender, illiterate individual, married and business/employed individual. The age of the patient was not the predictors of stress score in this study. Conclusion: These findings help us to understand that stressful life events were associated with depression. Effective coping skills and psychological interventions will improve quality of life in stressed individual.

Dhaka Stress Scale-Adult: A scale for assessing psychosocial stressors among adults

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 119-127
Author(s):  
Mohammad S. I. Mullick ◽  
Sultana Algin ◽  
Monirul Islam ◽  
Adrian Phillipson ◽  
Jhunu S. Nahar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Research ◽  
Life Events ◽  
Stressful Life Events ◽  
Factor Model ◽  
Daily Life ◽  
Stressful Life ◽  
Psychosocial Stressors ◽  
Life Change ◽  
Validation Process ◽  
Stress Scale

Stress is an integral part of daily life and inevitable. This study was aimed to produce a culturally validated scale for measuring stressful life events of adults in Bangladesh and formulate the relative life change units of each event. The study used qualitative research, including a focus group and questionnaire, as well as quantitative statistical analysis in the validation process. Researchers first developed a provisional scale with 62 items that were translated in Bangla through a translation exercise. Using an open-ended question along with this provisional scale on 518 (260 rated on imagination and 258 on experience) subjects, researchers developed Dhaka Stress Scale-Adult with 58 items and the predictive interpretation of the overall score was made. Content validity was found excellent as I-CVI was 1 except 3 items and S-CVI was 0.91. In factor analysis on the two-factor model, no item had salient loading on more than one factor and there were 3 items failed to load on either factor. The correlation coefficient was 0.84 between this scale and the Presumptive Stressful Life Events Scale. In term of reliability, Cronbach’s alpha values were ranging from 0.53-0.88. The scale is simple to administer to assess stress and usable for both clinical and research purpose.

scholarly journals Depressive vulnerability, stressful life events and episode onset of major depression: a longitudinal model

2016 ◽  
Vol 46 (9) ◽  
pp. 1865-1874 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. S. Kendler ◽  
C. O. Gardner
Keyword(s):  
Major Depression ◽  
Life Events ◽  
Stressful Life Events ◽  
Stressful Life ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Parameter Estimates ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Depressive Episodes ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Depressive Vulnerability

BackgroundThe nature of the relationship between depressive vulnerability (DV) and acute adversity in the etiology of major depression (MD) remains poorly understood.MethodStressful life events (SLEs) and MD onsets in the last year were assessed at four waves in cohort 1 (females) and at two waves in cohort 2 (males and females) from the Virginia Adult Twin Study. Structural equation modeling was conducted in Mplus.ResultsIn cohort 1, DV was strongly indexed by depressive episodes over the four waves (paths from +0.72 to 0.79) and predicted by SLEs in the month of their occurrence (+0.31 to 0.36). Wave-specific DV was associated both with stable DV (+0.29 to 0.33) and by forward transmission of DV from the preceding wave (+0.33 to 0.36). SLEs were predicted by stable DV (+0.29) and from SLEs in the preceding month (+0.06). As the cohort aged, MD onsets were better indexed by DV and more poorly predicted by SLEs. Parameter estimates were similar in males and females from cohort 2. In individuals with prior depressive episodes, the association between MD onset and SLEs was weakened while the prediction of SLEs from DV was substantially strengthened. We found no evidence for ‘reverse causation’ from MD episodes to SLEs.ConclusionThe interrelationship between DV and acute adversity in the etiology of MD is complex and temporally dynamic. DV impacts on MD risk both directly and indirectly through selection into high stress environments. Over time, depressive episodes become more autonomous. Both DV and SLEs transmit forward over time and therefore form clear targets for intervention.

The impact of generalized anxiety disorder and stressful life events on risk for major depressive episodes

2006 ◽  
Vol 36 (6) ◽  
pp. 789-795 ◽  
Author(s):  
JOHN M. HETTEMA ◽  
JONATHAN W. KUHN ◽  
CAROL A. PRESCOTT ◽  
KENNETH S. KENDLER
Keyword(s):  
Anxiety Disorder ◽  
Life Events ◽  
Generalized Anxiety Disorder ◽  
Stressful Life Events ◽  
Stressful Life ◽  
Generalized Anxiety ◽  
Major Depressive ◽  
Major Depressive Episodes ◽  
Depressive Episodes ◽  
The Impact

Background. Both generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) and stressful life events (SLEs) are established risk factors for major depressive disorder, but no studies exist that examine the interrelationship of their impact on depressive onsets. In this study, we sought to analyze the joint effects of prior history of GAD and recent SLEs on risk for major depressive episodes, comparing these in men and women.Method. In a population-based sample of 8068 adult twins, Cox proportional hazard models were used to predict onsets of major depression from reported prior GAD and last-year SLEs rated on long-term contextual threat.Results. For all levels of threat, prior GAD increases risk for depression, with a monotonic relationship between threat level and risk. While females without prior GAD consistently show higher depressive risk than males, this is no longer the case in subjects with prior GAD who have experienced SLEs. Rather, males appear to be more vulnerable to the depressogenic effects of both prior GAD and SLEs.Conclusion. The effects of prior GAD and SLEs jointly increase the risk of depression in both sexes, but disproportionately so in males.

Do stressful life-events or sociodemographic variables associate with depression and alexithymia among a general population?—a 3-year follow-up study

2004 ◽  
Vol 45 (4) ◽  
pp. 254-260 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kirsi Honkalampi ◽  
Heli Koivumaa-Honkanen ◽  
Jukka Hintikka ◽  
Risto Antikainen ◽  
Kaisa Haatainen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
General Population ◽  
Life Events ◽  
Stressful Life Events ◽  
Stressful Life ◽  
Sociodemographic Variables ◽  
Follow Up Study

scholarly journals From Stress to Depression: Bringing Together Cognitive and Biological Science

2020 ◽  
Vol 29 (6) ◽  
pp. 592-598
Author(s):  
Joelle LeMoult
Keyword(s):  
Life Events ◽  
Stress Responses ◽  
Stressful Life Events ◽  
Integrated Approach ◽  
Biological Science ◽  
Stressful Life ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Biological Stress ◽  
Biological Responses ◽  
Depressive Episodes

One of the most consistent findings in the depression literature is that stressful life events predict the onset and course of depressive episodes. Cognitive and biological responses to life stressors have both been identified, albeit largely independently, as central to understanding the association between stress and depression. I maintain that the largest advances in the understanding of depression will come from examining the ways that cognitive and biological responses to stressors reciprocally influence one another and, in doing so, contribute to the onset and maintenance of depression. I summarize the cognitive and biological stress responses implicated in depression and then describe the reciprocal ways that they are associated with each other. Finally, I discuss the broader implications of taking this integrated approach and suggest directions and considerations for future research.

Psychosomatic Medicine: Past and Present Part III. Current Research

1986 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 14-21 ◽  
Author(s):  
Z.J. Lipowski
Keyword(s):  
Life Events ◽  
Psychosomatic Medicine ◽  
Stressful Life Events ◽  
Stressful Life ◽  
Psychosomatic Research ◽  
Present Part ◽  
Comprehensive Classification ◽  
The Impact

A comprehensive classification of contemporary psychosomatic studies by their subject and methodology, respectively, is presented. Representative examples of the current research in this field are provided. Special emphasis is given to the most prominent areas of investigation, i.e. psychophysiology, psychoendocrinology, psychoimmunology, and studies of the impact of stressful life events on health. The widening scope and diversity of psychosomatic research are underscored by its illustrative examples.

Stressful life events severity in patients with first and recurrent depressive episodes

2013 ◽  
Vol 48 (12) ◽  
pp. 1963-1969 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Roca ◽  
M. Gili ◽  
J. Garcia-Campayo ◽  
S. Armengol ◽  
N. Bauza ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Life Events ◽  
Stressful Life Events ◽  
Stressful Life ◽  
Depressive Episodes

Stressful Life Events in Depressed Adolescents: The Role of Dependent Events during the Depressive Episode

1995 ◽  
Vol 34 (5) ◽  
pp. 591-598 ◽  
Author(s):  
DOUGLAS E. WILLIAMSON ◽  
BORIS BIRMAHER ◽  
BARBARA P. ANDERSON ◽  
MAYADAH AL-SHABBOUT ◽  
NEAL D. RYAN
Keyword(s):  
Life Events ◽  
Depressive Episode ◽  
Stressful Life Events ◽  
Stressful Life

Social rhythm disruption and stressful life events in the onset of bipolar and unipolar episodes

2000 ◽  
Vol 30 (5) ◽  
pp. 1005-1016 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. MALKOFF-SCHWARTZ ◽  
E. FRANK ◽  
B. P. ANDERSON ◽  
S. A. HLASTALA ◽  
J. F. LUTHER ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Life Events ◽  
Stressful Life Events ◽  
Control Period ◽  
Unipolar Depression ◽  
Stressful Life ◽  
College Life ◽  
Social Rhythm ◽  
Bipolar Patients ◽  
Depressive Episodes ◽  
Severe Life Events

Background. An association between social rhythm disruption (SRD) and onset of manic episodes has recently been observed. Whether other types of bipolar (depressive and cycling) or unipolar depressive episodes are similarly related to SRD is unclear, as is the association between severely threatening life events and onset of bipolar manic, depressed and cycling episodes.Methods. Bipolar patients with purely manic (N = 21), purely depressed (N = 21) and cycling (N = 24) episodes, and 44 patients with recurrent unipolar depression, were interviewed with the Bedford College Life Events and Difficulties Schedule. The presence of severe and SRD events during the year prior to index episode onset was then determined.Results. More manic than cycling and unipolar subjects experienced SRD events during 8- and 20-week pre-onset periods, and severe events during 20-week pre-onset periods. Controlling for age and prior number of episodes left most findings unchanged. An earlier finding of more manic subjects with SRD events in an 8-week pre-onset versus control period was also replicated.Conclusions. It appears that manic onsets are influenced by stressful life events, especially those involving SRD, in a unique manner compared to onsets of other types of bipolar and unipolar episodes. Onset of bipolar cycling episodes, in contrast, seems to be relatively unaffected by SRD or severe life events. These findings refine the hypothesis that SRD may precipitate onset of affective episodes to be specific to manic onsets.

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