scholarly journals Impact of ethnicity, unemployment and economy on mental disorders : A study from Western Nepal

2014 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 306-315
Author(s):  
Indrajit Banerjee ◽  
Indraneel Banerjee ◽  
Bedanta Roy ◽  
Brijesh Sathian ◽  
Shovit Kadkha ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Psychiatric Illness ◽  
Family Income ◽  
Mental Health Problems ◽  
Psychiatric Patients ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Ethnic Variation ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Economic Class ◽  
Specific Objective

Background: The causes of mental health problems and ethnic variation are poorlyunderstood. The main objective of the study was to find out about psychiatricdiseases which frequently occur in Western Nepal for which hospitalization isrequired. The specific objective was to research about theeconomic condition ofthe psychiatric patients and the prevalence of common psychiatric disorderwitnessed among hospitalized patients who belong to diverse ethnic and culturalgroups in Western Nepal. Materials and Methods: It was a cross sectional studywhich was conducted in between 1st October 2009 and 31th March 2010 between at Manipalteaching hospital, Pokhara, Nepal. Odds ratios and adjusted odds ratio andtheir 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) were calculated. p < 0.05 wasconsidered as statistically significant. Results: Out of 240 cases the commonestcases of psychiatric disorders include Schizophrenia, Schizotypal and DelusionDisorders 36.3%, Mood Disorders 27.9%, Neurotic, stress-related and somatoformdisorders 15.8%. Study based on ethnicity revealed that the majority ofpatients were Dalit [n= 72] followed by Brahmin [n = 66], Chettri [n = 46],Newar [n = 19], Gurung [n = 17], others [n = 13] and Magar and Pun [n = 7].Most of the patients were <40yrs [n=191] unemployed [n=199], monthly familyincome <10000 NPR/month [n= 187], students [n = 102] housewives [n = 74,], job holders [n= 17]. Study showed that Mental and Behavioural disorder due toPsychoactive Substance abuse, Schizophrenia, Schizotypal and Delusion DisordersMood (Affective) Disorders, Neurotic, stress-related and somatoform disorderswere prevalent among unemployed patients [OR 8.170(CI 1.062, 62.853)], [OR3.033(CI 1.334, 6.897)], [OR 0.413(CI 0.199, 0.856)[OR 0.228(CI 0.089,0.583)]as compared to employed patients(p=0.001). Conclusion: Schizophrenia was the commonestpsychiatric disorder among the low socio-economic class of like Dalits. The study showed that culture based differences concerning mental health is furthermediated by poverty, unemployment and dearth of family income which leads tohigh prevalence of psychiatric illness among Nepalese population. Based on thefinding of the study, interventions should target these factors to minimise theload of various psychiatric illness among poor Dalit Nepalese population.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/nje.v4i1.10132Nepal Journal of Epidemiology 2014;4 (1): 306-315Keywords:Culture, Ethnicity,Nepal, Psychiatry

scholarly journals Did psychotropic drug consumption increase during the 2008 financial crisis? A cross-sectional population-based study in Spain

BMJ Open ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. e021440 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elena Arroyo ◽  
Andrés Cabrera-León ◽  
Gemma Renart ◽  
Carme Saurina ◽  
Laura Serra Saurina ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Financial Crisis ◽  
Psychotropic Drug ◽  
Employment Status ◽  
Mental Health Problems ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Drug Consumption ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Antidepressant Use

Objectives and settingAlthough psychotropic drugs are used to treat mental health disorders, little evidence analyses the effects the 2008 economic downturn had on psychotropic drug consumption in the case of Spain. We analyse these effects, considering both gender and employment situation.ParticipantsWe used the microdata from the face-to-face cross-sectional population-based Spanish National Health Survey for two periods: 2006–2007 (n=28 954) and 2011–2012 (n=20 509). Our samples included adults (>15 years old).MethodsThe response variables are consumption (or not) of antidepressants or sedatives and the explanatory variables are the year of the survey, gender and employment status. Covariates are mental health problems, mental health index General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12) and self-reported health outcome variables such as self-rated health, chronic diseases, smoking behaviour, sleeping hours, body mass index, physical activity in the workplace, medical visits during the past year, age, region of residence (autonomous communities), educational level, marital status and social class of the reference person. Finally, we include interactions between time period, gender and employment status. We specify random effects logistic regressions and use Bayesian methods for the inference.ResultsThe economic crisis did not significantly change the probability of taking antidepressant drugs (OR=0.56, 95% CI 0.18 to 2.56) nor sedatives (OR=1.21, 95% CI 0.26 to 5.49). In general, the probability of consuming antidepressants among men and women decreases, but there are differences depending on employment status. The probability of consuming sedatives also depends on the employment status.ConclusionsWhile the year of the financial crisis is not associated with the consumption of antidepressants nor sedatives, it has widened the gap in consumption differences between men and women. Although antidepressant use dropped, the difference in consumption levels between men and women grew significantly among the retired, and in the case of sedatives, risk of women taking sedatives increased in all groups except students.

scholarly journals Psychological responses during the COVID-19 outbreak among university students in Bangladesh

PLoS ONE ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (12) ◽  
pp. e0245083
Author(s):  
Md. Saiful Islam ◽  
Md. Safaet Hossain Sujan ◽  
Rafia Tasnim ◽  
Md. Tajuddin Sikder ◽  
Marc N. Potenza ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
University Students ◽  
Family Income ◽  
Mental Health Problems ◽  
Poor Sleep ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Prevalence Estimates ◽  
Prevalence Of Depression ◽  
Public Health Challenge ◽  
Students Satisfaction

Mental health problems in students are considered a public health challenge. We assessed the prevalence of depression, anxiety, and stress (DAS) with the DASS-21, as well as associated factors, among university students in Bangladesh early in the COVID-19 outbreak. We hypothesized high levels of DAS and their associations with previously reported factors (e.g., poor sleep, lack of exercise, heavy internet use) and those linked to disadvantage (e.g., low monthly family income). We also enquired about participants’ satisfaction with their pursuit of their academic studies while living under COVID-19 restrictions. An internet-based survey was conducted during the month of April 2020, involving 3,122 Bangladeshi university students aged 18 to 29 years (59.5% males; mean age 21.4±2 years). Prevalence estimates of depression, anxiety and stress were, respectively, 76.1%, 71.5% and 70.1% for at least mild symptoms, 62.9%, 63.6% and 58.6% for at least moderate symptoms, 35.2%, 40.3%, and 37.7% for at least severe symptoms and 19.7%, 27.5% and 16.5% for at least very severe symptoms. The present estimates of DAS were more prevalent than in previous pre-COVID-19 studies among Bangladeshi university students. Regression analyses with DASS-21-score as a dependent variable revealed associations with factors mostly as hypothesized. The largest effect size on DAS symptoms was related to students’ satisfaction with their academic studies during the pandemic. As this survey used cross-sectional and self-reported methods, causality cannot be inferred. Mental health monitoring of students attempting to cope with the impacts of the COVID-19 outbreak may be useful and feasible.

scholarly journals Psychological responses during the COVID-19 outbreak among university students in Bangladesh

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Md. Saiful Islam ◽  
Safaet Hossain Sujan ◽  
Rafia Tasnim ◽  
Tajuddin Sikder ◽  
Marc N. Potenza ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
University Students ◽  
Family Income ◽  
Mental Health Problems ◽  
Poor Sleep ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Prevalence Estimates ◽  
Prevalence Of Depression ◽  
Public Health Challenge ◽  
Students Satisfaction

Mental health problems in students are considered a public health challenge. We assessed the prevalence of depression, anxiety, and stress (DAS) with the DASS-21, as well as associated factors, among university students in Bangladesh early in the COVID-19 outbreak. We hypothesized high levels of DAS and associations between DAS and factors previously reported (poor sleep, lack of exercise, heavy internet use) and those linked to disadvantage (e.g., low monthly family income). We also enquired about participants’ satisfaction with their pursuit of their academic studies while living under COVID-19 restrictions. An internet-based survey was conducted during the month of April 2020, involving 3,122 Bangladeshi university students aged 18 to 29 years (59.5% males; mean age 21.4±2 years). Prevalence estimates of depression, anxiety and stress were, respectively, 76.1%, 71.5% and 70.1% for at least mild symptoms, 62.9%, 63.6% and 58.6% for at least moderate symptoms, 35.2%, 40.3%, and 37.7% for at least severe symptoms and 19.7%, 27.5% and 16.5% for at least very severe symptoms. There was a suggestion that these rates were higher than in previous, pre-COVID-19 studies among Bangladeshi students. Regression analyses with DASS-21-score as a dependent variable revealed associations with factors mostly as hypothesized. The largest effect size on DAS symptoms was related to students’ satisfaction with their academic studies during the pandemic. As this survey used cross-sectional and self-reported methods, causality cannot be inferred. Mental health monitoring of students attempting to cope with the impacts of the COVID-19 outbreak may be useful and feasible.

scholarly journals Psychological Distress Among Smokers in the United States: 2008–2014

2017 ◽  
Vol 20 (6) ◽  
pp. 707-713 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael J Zvolensky ◽  
Charles Jardin ◽  
Melanie M Wall ◽  
Misato Gbedemah ◽  
Deborah Hasin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
United States ◽  
Psychological Distress ◽  
Family Income ◽  
Mental Health Problems ◽  
The United States ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Annual Family Income ◽  
The Past ◽  
Never Smokers

Abstract Introduction Decline in smoking in the United States has slowed over the past 25 years. Mental health problems are common among smokers, and may be an impediment to quitting and remaining abstinent. The study investigated the relationship between serious (past-30-day) psychological distress (SPD) and smoking, estimated trends in the prevalence of SPD among current, former, and never smokers in the United States from 2008 to 2014, and investigated whether heterogeneity in these trends varied by sociodemographic characteristics. Methods Data were drawn from the National Household Survey on Drug Use (NSDUH), an annual cross-sectional study of persons ages 12 and over (N = 270 227). SPD and smoking in the past 30 days were examined using logistic regression models among adults 18 and older. The prevalence of SPD was examined annually among current, former, and never smokers from 2008 to 2014. Results SPD increased among smokers in the United States from 2008 to 2014. An increase in SPD was more rapid among non-daily smokers than daily smokers. The prevalence of SPD was higher among younger smokers, those with less formal education and lower annual family income and higher among current smokers than former and never smokers. The relationships between SPD and smoking were stronger among smokers with higher education levels and annual family income. Conclusions Our findings suggest an increase in SPD among smokers over time and that as smoking has declined, those with SPD are comprising a greater proportion of the remaining smokers. Results suggest that mental health must be integrated into mainstream tobacco control efforts. Implications The greater prevalence and increasing rate of Serious Psychological Distress among smokers, relative to former- and never-smokers, from 2008 to 2014 provides support that the greater mental health burden among smokers may be contributing to the slowed reduction in smoking prevalence in the United States. In addition, relationships between SPD and smoking were consistently stronger among smokers with higher levels of education and annual family income. Such results suggest the necessity of incorporating mental health treatments in tobacco use reduction efforts.

scholarly journals Do Parenting Style and Adolescents’ Self-esteem Contribute to Mental Health Problems among Young Adolescents in Malaysia? An Adolescents’ Perspective

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
I.D. Noordin ◽  
I.B. Idris ◽  
R. Hod ◽  
N.A. Muhammad ◽  
H. Mohd Yusoff ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Health Status ◽  
Parenting Style ◽  
Family Income ◽  
Mental Health Problems ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Self Esteem ◽  
Health Problems ◽  
Mental Health Status ◽  
Cross Sectional

Introduction: Adolescence is a crucial phase in life, as this is the time when they are developing their identity, while at the same time forming relationships with others, including their family members. This study investigated adolescents’ mental health status in Malaysia and its associated factors including self -esteem and parenting style that are experienced by them. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 248 school-going adolescents aged 13 and 14 years in Selangor, Malaysia. The validated Malay version of the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) was utilized to assess adolescents’ mental health status. In addition, the adolescents’ self-esteem was also assessed using the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale Questionnaire while the Parental Bonding Instrument was used to assess their parent’s parenting style. Results: Almost 20% of the adolescents were found to have mental health problems such as emotional and conduct problems, hyperactivity disorder and peer problems. Using multivariate analysis, factors that were associated with mental health problems were family income (AOR=2.788, 95% CI=1.397, 5.563), adolescents’ self-esteem (AOR=0.799, 95% CI=0.668, 0.955) and their perception on parental control (AOR=1.175, 95% CI=1.020, 1.353). Conclusion: This study shows that one fifth of these adolescents had mental health problems. Low socio-economic factors, over controlling parents and poor self-esteem were associated with these problems. In conclusion, it is important to educate parents on effective parenting style, as improper parenting may cause psychological distress among adolescents. Improving families’ socioeconomic status and adolescents’ self-esteem can also enhance their mental health and well-being.

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