Language Endangerment in South Asia

Patan Pragya ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-74
Author(s):  
Gokarna Prasad Gyanwali
Keyword(s):  
South Asian ◽  
Population Data ◽  
Cultural Knowledge ◽  
Minority Languages ◽  
Language Endangerment ◽  
The World ◽  
Critical Issues ◽  
Asian Context ◽  
And Function ◽  
Further Development

Language endangerment is the very critical issues of 21st century because the extinction of each language results in the irrecoverable loss of unique expression of the human experience and the culture of the world. Every time a language dies, we have less evidence for understanding patterns in the structure and function of human languages, human prehistory and the maintenance of the world’s diverse ecosystems. Language is thus essential for the ability to express cultural knowledge, the preservation and further development of the culture. In the world, 500 languages are spoken by less than 100 peoples and 96% of the worlds languages are spoken only 4% of the world’s population. Data shows that all most all the minority languages of world are in endangered and critical situation and not becoming to the culture transmitter. This paper will explain the process, stages, paradigms, as well as the language endangerment in global and in South Asian context.

Language Endangerment in Africa

2021 ◽  
pp. 53-65
Author(s):  
Shigeki Kaji
Keyword(s):  
21St Century ◽  
Minority Languages ◽  
Case Scenario ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Worst Case ◽  
Language Endangerment ◽  
African People ◽  
Worst Case Scenario ◽  
The World

The aim of this chapter is to lay a foundation so as to  consider the issue of language endangerment in the world. Approximately 30 years ago, various scholars stated that in the worst-case scenario, 90%–95% of the present living languages of the world would become defunct by the end of the 21st century. The assumption of this argument was that minority languages may become defunct easily. However, in this chapter, this thesis is questioned by taking into account the language situations in Africa where most languages, whether small or large, are vigorously spoken. In African countries, people do not impose majority languages on other people. More importantly, African people in general esteem others because they understand their value to them.

Jesus’ Encounter with a Woman at the Well: A South Asian Perspective

2018 ◽  
Vol 46 (4) ◽  
pp. 363-373
Author(s):  
Yousaf Sadiq
Keyword(s):  
South Asian ◽  
Gospel Of John ◽  
First Century ◽  
Eternal Life ◽  
Cultural Behavior ◽  
Saving Plan ◽  
The Bible ◽  
The World ◽  
Asian Context ◽  
And Gender

The water of life discourse in the Gospel of John 4 has been of great interest and theological importance to readers of the Bible. This, one of the best-known Bible passages, highlights profound and significant teaching for Christians, which includes but is not limited to: the promised Messiah; God’s saving plan for the world; sovereign grace; living water; eternal life; witnessing for Christ and worshipping God in Spirit and truth. In this article, an attempt has been made to read the encounter through South Asian eyes by placing the sociocultural aspects of the narrative into a present-day South Asian context. Moreover, some applications for Jesus’ counter-cultural behavior are discussed. The article particularly focuses on caste and gender complexities in order to bring out the value of the passage from a South Asian perspective in the twenty-first century.1

scholarly journals Linguistic Diversity, Language Rights And Language Ecology

2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 14-58
Author(s):  
Tove Skutnabb-Kangas
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Linguistic Diversity ◽  
Educational Systems ◽  
Minority Languages ◽  
Language Rights ◽  
Language Endangerment ◽  
Language Ecology ◽  
The World ◽  
Linguistic Human Rights ◽  
Key Terms

Summary Aiming at the maintenance of biodiversity and healthy ecosystem in the world – vital issues of the 21st century – it is important to preserve linguistic diversity and prevent the increasing language endangerment, thus ensuring the support of linguistic human rights. The author presents a comprehensive explanation of the key terms related to linguistic diversity and language ecology and investigates if educational language rights in international and regional Charters/Conventions support the maintenance of indigenous, tribal and minority languages (the world’s linguistic diversity), thus preventing language endangerment. The answer is that most educational systems in the word today support linguistic genocide in relation to indigenous, tribal and minority children’s language rights, by providing subtractive education as capability deprivation (according to Amartya Sen), which leads to poverty and violation of human rights in general. The author also argues why linguistic diversity and language rights are important for the maintenance of biodiversity and thus a healthy ecosystem.

(Re)Staging the Postcolonial in the World: The Jaipur Literature Festival and the Pakistani Novel

2019 ◽  
Vol 71 (4) ◽  
pp. 333-356
Author(s):  
Sushil Sivaram
Keyword(s):  
South Asian ◽  
Literary History ◽  
World Literature ◽  
Salman Rushdie ◽  
Postcolonial Literature ◽  
Indian Literature ◽  
Literary Identity ◽  
The World ◽  
Competitive Model ◽  
Asian Context

Abstract This article reasons that the Jaipur Literature Festival between 2008 and 2011 attempted to institute via polemics, judgment, and celebration the category of the Pakistani novel in India by importing an alterity industry. By failing to contextualize alterity in a South Asian context, the festival reinforced a national, linguistic, and religious division between India and Pakistan. It produced a category like “Moonlight’s Children” as an “other” to an imagined Indian literature that is confused with a post–Salman Rushdie postcolonial and global anglophone canon. However, this analysis of the discourse produced at the festival by the discussants and the audience shows that a coconstituted South Asian literary history was consistently placed against a regionally competitive model. Importing alterity to produce an Indian or Pakistani literary identity was undermined by an attitude of disavowal toward the literary object and received categories like the global anglophone, postcolonial literature, and world literature. The author argues that this is not postcolonial resistance; rather, it is a trepidation to arrive at a conclusion, because to conclude is also to value, evaluate, and declare the existence of the “other” phantasmagoric literary identity and history.

scholarly journals Regulating Australia’s Participation in the Orphanage Industry

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 74-82
Author(s):  
Kathryn E. van Doore
Keyword(s):  
South Asian ◽  
Institutional Care ◽  
South East Asia ◽  
Australian Government ◽  
Modern Slavery ◽  
The World ◽  
Legislative Reforms ◽  
Further Development ◽  
Criminal Justice Response ◽  
South Asian Region

Orphanages harness the goodwill of volunteers, visitors and donors to generate funding. However, in recent years, evidence has emerged that in some cases children are being recruited or trafficked into orphanages in order to generate profit from this goodwill. This is known as the ‘orphanage industry’, and the recruitment of children into orphanages for the purpose of profit and exploitation is ‘orphanage trafficking’. Australia is reported to be the largest funder of residential care for children in South East Asia. In 2017, Australia became the first government in the world to consider orphanage trafficking as a form of modern slavery. This article traces the evolution of the recognition of orphanage trafficking broadly, and then focusses on recommendations made by the Australian government following the release of its 2017 Hidden in Plain Sight Report. This article analyses the emerging policy and legislative reforms that are being undertaken by the Australian government and recommends further development to ensure that funding and finances are appropriately directed to divest from orphanages and instead support burgeoning care reform in the South Asian region. Finally, the article responds to critiques of the Australian government’s standpoint on orphanage trafficking as it relates to the over-reliance on institutional care and provides clarification on why a criminal justice response to orphanage trafficking is appropriate.

scholarly journals Reconsidering Islam in a South Asian Context

2010 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 120-122
Author(s):  
Francis Robinson
Keyword(s):  
South Asian ◽  
Public Utility ◽  
Customary Law ◽  
Additional Source ◽  
Making Sense ◽  
Islamic Tradition ◽  
The World ◽  
Western Scholarship ◽  
The Rich ◽  
Asian Context

This is an ambitious book, as M. Reza Pirbhai attempts to lift our understandingof Islam in South Asia, or indeed of Islam anywhere, both out ofthe essentializing straitjacket in which western Orientalist scholarship hasplaced it and out of a similar straitjacket in which many modern Muslims,often influenced by western scholarship, have also placed it. He is concernedto demonstrate that what he calls “doctrinal Islam” ismultidisciplinary and variable within disciplines. Theology includes conceptsof immanent monism, transcendental monism, monotheism andabsolute transcendentalism. Jurisprudence is rooted in four Sunni and twoShi`a schools, most accepting concepts of independent reasoning andconsensus, some extending to notions of public utility, equity and the virtualinclusion of customary law as an additional source of the shari`a.Mysticism ranges from concepts included in theology and jurisprudenceto the addition of anti-nomian and latitudinarian doctrines…. (pp. 337-38)The rich possibilities of the Islamic tradition are set before us – indeed,the potential for there to be many “Islams.” In making sense of these possibilities,he brings forward two particular worldviews: the “Sober Path”and the “Intoxicated Way.” The former divides the world into “Muslim”and “non-Muslim” and has its distinctive forms of hospitality and hostilityto the resources it finds in any locality. The latter also contains a range ofapproaches, some intersecting with the sober path and others leading on toantinomian or latitudinarian ground. What is crucial, he insists, is that allremain equally valid expressions of doctrinal Islam, provided that no valuejudgment is made about what is orthodox Islam ...

Airing imperium: A historiography of radio governance in South Asia

2021 ◽  
pp. 174276652110425
Author(s):  
Preeti Raghunath
Keyword(s):  
South Asia ◽  
South Asian ◽  
World History ◽  
British Broadcasting Corporation ◽  
General Manager ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
Asian Context ◽  
Sustainable Media ◽  
Critical Historiography

The 1920s emerged as a landmark decade in the world history of radio, more particularly in South Asia. About a century later, this paper seeks to stitch together a critical historiography of radio governance in colonial South Asia. In doing so, the paper seeks to unravel colonial constructions, norms and rationalities associated with the modern medium of radio in the South Asian context. This paper draws on the works of Pinkerton, Zivin, Brayne, Potter and gleanings in their work of the autobiographical writings of Fielden and Reith, the first broadcasting controller of All India Radio and the general manager of the British Broadcasting Corporation, respectively, besides some official documents cited in these works pertaining to the goings-on in British South Asia and its broadcasting. Ultimately, this paper seeks to not only historicize the eventual decolonization and democratization that occurred, but also sets the stage to locate, understand and move towards sustainable media governance in a post-2015 world.

scholarly journals Some reflections on journalism education and journalism culture

2009 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. 5-12
Author(s):  
Auksė Balčytienė ◽  
Epp Lauk
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Knowledge ◽  
Media Content ◽  
Journalism Education ◽  
Production Processes ◽  
The World ◽  
And Function ◽  
Journalistic Practice ◽  
Occupational Ideology

A consequence of globalization of media economy and technology for journalism lies in the unification of the production processes of media content. Differences between journalistic production routines and applied principles are diminishing towards more popularized, more commercialized production of content (Hallin & Mancini, 2004). Furthermore, journalists in many countries around the world work in basically similar professional environments; they use similar equipment and technology and share a common occupational ideology. Michael Schudson (2001:153) describes the occupational ideology of journalism as cultural knowledge that constitutes ‘news judgment’, rooted deeply in the communicators’ consciousness. This ‘cultural knowledge’ comprises certain characteristics and values, which journalists generally agree upon as a basis of journalistic practice, and function ‘to self-legitimize their position in society’ (Deuze, 2005: 446).

Glembotskaya G.T., Eremin S.Yu. Scientific and practical approach to optimizing costs on development and promotion of drugs

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 (3) ◽  
pp. 47-53
Author(s):  
Галина Глембоцкая ◽  
Galina Glembockaya ◽  
Станислав Еремин ◽  
Stanislav Eremin
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Literature ◽  
Pharmacological Action ◽  
Pharmaceutical Market ◽  
Pharmaceutical Companies ◽  
Strategic Development ◽  
The World ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Further Development ◽  
Registration Phase

In order to identify promising strategic development possibilities for the pharmaceutical industry in the Russian Federation, a pilot study was conducted, which has analyzed the main trends in the development of innovative medicines. As a result of the content analysis of available sources of scientific literature, the characteristics of options used in the world practice for increasing the innovative activity of individual subjects and the pharmaceutical market as a whole are presented. Possible reserves for the further development of the innovative component of the pharmaceutical market within the framework of the concept of personalized medicine according to the P4 principle (predictive - personalized - preventive - participatory) are identified and structured. The results of use by individual pharmaceutical companies of scientifically and practically justified approaches to optimizing the costs of development and promoting drugs are presented. The advantages and real prospects of a generally accepted method to reduce the cost of development by «expanding the pharmacological effect» (label expansion) of already existing drugs with a known safety profile in the world practice are shown. A scientific generalization and structuring of the goals and results of the post-registration phase of clinical trials to expand the pharmacological action of a number of drugs already existed at the market have been carried out.

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