Gallium Arsenide Integrated Circuits Decapsulation Technique Using Mixed Acid Chemistry For Die-Level Failure Analysis

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harold Jeffrey M. Consigo ◽  
Ricardo S. Calanog ◽  
Melissa O. Caseria
Keyword(s):  
Gallium Arsenide ◽  
Sulfuric Acid ◽  
Nitric Acid ◽  
Integrated Circuits ◽  
Failure Analysis ◽  
Mixed Acid ◽  
Optimum Parameters ◽  
Plastic Package ◽  
Fuming Nitric Acid ◽  
Concentrated Sulfuric Acid

Abstract Gallium Arsenide (GaAs) integrated circuits have become popular these days with superior speed/power products that permit the development of systems that otherwise would have made it impossible or impractical to construct using silicon semiconductors. However, failure analysis remains to be very challenging as GaAs material is easily dissolved when it is reacted with fuming nitric acid used during standard decapsulation process. By utilizing enhanced chemical decapsulation technique with mixture of fuming nitric acid and concentrated sulfuric acid at a low temperature backed with statistical analysis, successful plastic package decapsulation happens to be reproducible mainly for die level failure analysis purposes. The paper aims to develop a chemical decapsulation process with optimum parameters needed to successfully decapsulate plastic molded GaAs integrated circuits for die level failure analysis.

Corrosion of Metals in Red Fuming Nitric Acid and in Mixed Acid

1948 ◽  
Vol 40 (10) ◽  
pp. 1946-1947 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nathan Kaplan ◽  
Rodney J. Andrus
Keyword(s):  
Nitric Acid ◽  
Mixed Acid ◽  
Fuming Nitric Acid

Electronic Warfare: Electrophilic Substitution

Reactions ◽  
2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Atkins
Keyword(s):  
Sulfuric Acid ◽  
Nitric Acid ◽  
Electrophilic Substitution ◽  
Proton Acceptor ◽  
Acid Molecule ◽  
Electronic Warfare ◽  
Hexagonal Ring ◽  
Initial Outcome ◽  
Concentrated Sulfuric Acid ◽  
Electron Clouds

Benzene, 1, is a hard nut to crack. The hexagonal ring of carbon atoms each with one hydrogen atom attached has a much greater stability than its electronic structure, with an alternation of double and single carbon–carbon bonds, might suggest. But for reasons fully understood by chemists, that very alternation, corresponding to a continuous stabilizing cloud of electrons all around the ring, endows the hexagon with great stability and the ring persists unchanged through many reactions. The groups of atoms attached to the ring, though, may come and go, and the reaction type responsible for replacing them is commonly ‘electrophilic substitution’. Whereas the missiles of Reaction 15 sniff out nuclei by responding to their positive electric charge shining through depleted regions of electron clouds, electrophiles, electron lovers, are missiles that do the opposite. They sniff out the denser regions of electron clouds by responding to their negative charge. Let’s suppose you want to make, for purposes you are perhaps unwilling to reveal, some TNT; the initials denote trinitrotoluene. You could start with the common material toluene, which is a benzene ring with a methyl group (–CH3) in place of one H atom, 2. Your task is to replace three of the remaining ring H atoms with nitro groups, –NO2, to achieve 3. And not just any of the H atoms: you need the molecule to have a symmetrical array of these groups because other arrangements are less stable and therefore dangerous. It is known that a mixture of concentrated nitric and sulfuric acids contains the species called the ‘nitronium ion’, NO2+, 4, and this is the reagent you will use. Before we watch the reaction itself, it is instructive to see what happens when concentrated sulfuric acid and nitric acid are mixed. If we stand, suitably protected, in the mixture, we see a sulfuric acid molecule, H2SO4, thrust a proton onto a neighbouring nitric acid molecule, HNO3. (Funnily enough, according to the discussion in Reaction 2, nitric ‘acid’ is now acting as a base, a proton acceptor! I warned you of strange fish in deep waters.) The initial outcome of this transfer is unstable; it spits out an H2O molecule which wanders off into the crowd. We see the result: the formation of a nitronium ion, the agent of nitration and the species that carries out the reaction for you.

ChemInform Abstract: Reaction of 3-Aminobenzo(c)isothiazole and 3-Aminoindazole with Nitrosonium Hydrosulfate and Nitric Acid in Concentrated Sulfuric Acid

ChemInform ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 28 (21) ◽  
pp. no-no
Author(s):  
M. V. GORELIK ◽  
V. I. LOMZAKOVA ◽  
E. A. KHAMIDOVA ◽  
M. G. KUZNETSOVA
Keyword(s):  
Sulfuric Acid ◽  
Nitric Acid ◽  
Concentrated Sulfuric Acid

Trapping nitrous gases during nitric acid leaching of sulfide concentrates

2021 ◽  
pp. 29-36
Author(s):  
E. Yu. Meshkov ◽  
N. A. Bobyrenko ◽  
I. A. Parygin ◽  
A. A. Soloviev
Keyword(s):  
Sulfuric Acid ◽  
Nitric Acid ◽  
Nitrogen Oxides ◽  
Nitrogen Oxide ◽  
Acid Leaching ◽  
Process Water ◽  
Nitric Acid Leaching ◽  
Concentrated Sulfuric Acid ◽  
Sulfide Concentrates ◽  
Nitrous Gases

Gas-air mixtures that form in nitric acid leaching of sulfide raw materials possess the following peculiarities making a negative impact on trapping of nitrogen oxides: elevated temperature, different oxidation level of nitrogen oxides, slow oxidation of NO in region of low concentrations, and instability of the resulting gas-air mixture flow. Therefore, well-known methods of trapping nitrous gases shall be adapted to specific sulfide raw material. We propose a process flow diagram for trapping nitrous gases formed during nitric acid leaching of sulfide concentrates at atmospheric pressure on the example of Zhezkazgan concentrate. The paper addresses theoretical aspects of the use of water-ore pulp, concentrated sulfuric acid, process water and alkaline agents for trapping nitrous gases, and typical reactions of interaction of the proposed absorbents with nitrogen oxides. The choice of water-ore pulp as an absorber was made because of similarity between the mechanism of absorption of nitrogen oxides for neutral and alkali ore suspensions and the one for alkali solutions: nitrogen dioxide and nitrous anhydride are absorbed with formation of a solution of nitrates and nitrites. Due to availability in a liquid phase of ferrous iron along with NO2 and N2O3, acidic suspensions are also capable to absorb nitric oxide, to some extent, with formation of Fe(NO)SО4 complex. Process water absorbs only nitrogen dioxide, with formation of nitric and nitrous acids. Nitrous acid is an unstable compound in acidic environments and decomposes with formation of water and nitrogen oxide. At the stages of trapping nitrogen oxides with water-ore pulp and process water (circulating solution), it is recommended conditioning of gas-air mixtures by choosing the volume of additionally introduced air, in an amount to provide the highest rate of nitrogen oxide oxidation. At the stages of sulfuric acid and alkaline trapping of nitrogen oxides, it is recommended conditioning of gas-air mixtures by selecting the volume of additionally introduced air and the oxidation time of nitrogen oxide that provide an equimolecular mixture of NO and NO2. A distinctive feature of the use of water-ore pulp, concentrated sulfuric acid, process water and alkaline agents for trapping nitrous gases is possibility to use the products of absorption at the stage of sulfide concentrate leaching. The extended tests of trapping nitrous gases have been conducted. The plant capacity by the gas-air mixture ranged 17–21 m3/h, and by leached concentrate — 12–15 kg/h. In this case, the degree of capturing nitrous gases reached 96.8%. Return of the products of absorption of nitrous gases in the form of condensate, water-ore pulp, nitrosyl sulfuric acid, nitric acid solution, nitritenitrate lye allows to reduce the nitric acid consumption by 7–10 times relative the values obtained without using the trapping system. In this case, the degree of copper extraction into the leaching solution was 97.7%. The extraction degree of silver, rhenium, zinc was respectively 98.0%, 99.0%; 98.5%.

An Improved Technique for the Exfoliation of Graphene Nanosheets and Utilization of their Nanocomposites as Fuel Cell Electrodes

2013 ◽  
Vol 543 ◽  
pp. 9-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuda Yürüm ◽  
Burcu Saner Okan ◽  
Firuze Okyay ◽  
Alp Yürüm ◽  
Fatma Dinç ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sulfuric Acid ◽  
Nitric Acid ◽  
Graphene Nanosheets ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Potassium Chlorate ◽  
Monolayer Graphene ◽  
Honeycomb Lattice ◽  
Graphene Sheets ◽  
Repeated Treatment ◽  
Fuming Nitric Acid

Graphene is a flat monolayer of carbon atoms tightly packed into a two-dimensional 2D honeycomb lattice. The graphene sheets in graphite interact with each other through van der Waals forces to form layered structure. The first graphene sheets were obtained by extracting monolayer sheets from the three-dimensional graphite using a technique called micromechanical cleavage in 2004 [. There are numerous attempts in the literature to produce monolayer graphene sheets by the treatment of graphite. The first work was conducted by Brodie in 1859 and GO was prepared by repeated treatment of Ceylon graphite with an oxidation mixture consisting of potassium chlorate and fuming nitric acid [. Then, in 1898, Staudenmaier produced graphite oxide (GO) by the oxidation of graphite in concentrated sulfuric acid and nitric acid with potassium chlorate [. However, this method was time consuming and hazardous. Hummers and Offeman found a rapid and safer method for the preparation of GO and in this method graphite was oxidized in water free mixture of sulfuric acid, sodium nitrate and potassium permanganate [.

Determination of Diarylamines in Rubber Compositions

1937 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 383-392
Author(s):  
David Craig
Keyword(s):  
Sulfuric Acid ◽  
Nitric Acid ◽  
Quantitative Methods ◽  
Essential Feature ◽  
Reagent Solution ◽  
Arsenic Acid ◽  
Detection And Estimation ◽  
General Behavior ◽  
Concentrated Sulfuric Acid

Abstract THIS paper deals with semi-quantitative methods for the determination of certain typical diarylamine age resisters—namely, diphenylamine, phenyl-α-naphthylamine, and N,N′-diphenyl-p-phenylenediamine. It serves as an essential feature of a study of the general behavior of these materials in rubber to be discussed in a subsequent communication. Previous methods for the detection and estimation of rubber age resisters have been of limited though of useful application. Thus Endo^ (3) described the colors produced by the action of sulfuric acid on a large number of commercial age resisters unmixed with rubber. Later Endo^ (4) published papers dealing with the action of concentrated nitric acid and Erdman reagent (solution of 0.5 ml. of concentrated nitric acid in 100 ml. of concentrated sulfuric acid) as well as of Mandelin reagent (solution of 1 gram of ammonium vansdate in 200 grams of concentrated sulfuric acid) and of concentrated sulfuric acid containing 1 per cent of arsenic acid.

Corrosion of Type 347 Stainless Steel and 1100 Aluminum In Strong Nitric and Mixed Nitric-Sulfuric Acids★

CORROSION ◽  
1956 ◽  
Vol 12 (12) ◽  
pp. 47-50 ◽  
Author(s):  
CHARLES P. DILLON
Keyword(s):  
Stainless Steel ◽  
Aluminum Alloy ◽  
Sulfuric Acid ◽  
Nitric Acid ◽  
Liquid Phase ◽  
Austenitic Stainless Steel ◽  
Metal Ion ◽  
Laboratory Tests ◽  
Total Acidity ◽  
Mixed Acid

Abstract Rapid corrosion of a Type 347 stainless steel-clad tank was encountered in the storage of a mixed acid of the composition 85 percent nitric acid-13.5 percent sulfuric acid-1.5 percent water. A laboratory investigation of the mechanisms of attack in this and similar acids shows severe vapor-phase corrosion of austenitic stainless steel above 95 percent total acidity. The attack was unaffected by chloride or metal ion contamination. 1100 aluminum has been found in both laboratory tests and in field experience to be an effective and economical substitute in this service. The aluminum alloy is corroded in the liquid phase at total acidities below 95 percent. 4.3.2

Study on Effects of Different Types of Acid Rain on Nutritional Quality of Pakchoi

2013 ◽  
Vol 634-638 ◽  
pp. 122-125 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chun Sheng Fang ◽  
De Long Wang ◽  
Shou Chao Wang ◽  
Sheng Nan Zhang ◽  
Zhi Qu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sulfuric Acid ◽  
Nitric Acid ◽  
Acid Rain ◽  
Nutritional Quality ◽  
Mixed Acid ◽  
Different Types

Spray sulfuric acid rain solution, nitric acid rain solution and mixed acid rain solution on pakchoi in the greenhouse. Strong acidic acid rain inhibits the formation of the nutrients in the cabbage. While week acidic acid rain promote the formation of the nutrients in the cabbage. Nitric acid rain has the greatest impact on the quality of pakchoi nutrition.

Decapsulation of Copper Bonded Plastic Encapsulated Integrated Circuits Utilizing Laser Ablation and Mixed Acid Chemistry

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jake E. Klein ◽  
Lucas Copeland
Keyword(s):  
Laser Ablation ◽  
Integrated Circuits ◽  
Failure Analysis ◽  
Packaging Material ◽  
Device Characterization ◽  
Mixed Acid ◽  
Root Cause ◽  
Analysis Methodology ◽  
Bond Wires ◽  
Root Cause Failure Analysis

Abstract By utilizing a NdYAG lamp pumped marking laser, along with unique mixes of specific acids, reproducible decapsulation of copper bonded devices without damage to the bond wires, packaging material, or to the silicon die circuitry itself can be achieved. With the copper bond wires, die, or substrate exposed, typical failure analysis methodology can then be applied to drive root cause failure analysis or device characterization.

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