Analisis Kadar Tartrazin Dalam Hard Candy Di Kecamatan Tirto Kabupaten Pekalongan

Tartrazine is a synthetic dye that produces a lemon yellow color, and is often added to food or drinks. The addition of tartrazine in food and beverages aims to provide color, so it looks more attractive. The purpose of this research was to analyze content of tartrazine and determine concentration of tartrazine in hard candy. The method used in this research is qualitative and quantitative analysis. Qualitative analysis was carried out by color reaction using FeSO4 30% reagent solution. Quantitative analysis was carried out using UV-Vis spectrophotometry us a wavelength of 429 nm. The results showed that of the ten positive samples contained tartrazine. The concentration of tartrazine in the samples studied were sample A is 196.65 mg/kg, sample B is 75.57 mg/kg, sample C is 283.50 mg/kg, sample D is 89.83 mg/kg, sample E is 356.24 mg/kg, sample F is 73.80 mg/kg, sample G is 3.27 mg/kg, sample H is 308.98 mg/kg, sample I is 3.94 mg/kg, and sample J is 37.08 mg/kg. So from this research, it is known that concentration of tartrazine in samples of hard candy A, C, E and H are not safe because the levels exceed the maximum limit of the requirements set out in BPOM Regulation No. 11 of 2019.Keywords: Analysis; Concentration; Tartrazine; Dyes; UV-Vis Spectrophotometry AbstrakTartrazin merupakan zat pewarna sintesis yang menghasilkan warna kuning lemon, serta sering ditambahkan dalam makanan ataupun minuman. Penambahan tartrazin dalam makanan dan minuman bertujuan untuk memberikan warna, sehingga terlihat lebih menarik. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisis kandungan tartrazin dan mengetahui kadar tartrazin dalam hard candy. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini analisis kualitatif dan kuantitatif. Analisis kualitatif dilakukan dengan reaksi warna menggunakan larutan pereaksi FeSO4 30%. Analisis kuantitatif dilakukan dengan metode spektrofotometri UV-Vis pada panjang gelombang 429 nm. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa dari ke sepuluh sampel positif mengandung tartrazin. Kadar tartrazin dalam sampel yang diteliti yaitu sampel A sebanyak 196,65 mg/kg, sampel B sebanyak 75,57 mg/kg, sampel C sebanyak 283,50 mg/kg, sampel D sebanyak 89,83 mg/kg, sampel E sebanyak 356,24 mg/kg, sampel F sebanyak 73,80 mg/kg, sampel G sebanyak 3,27 mg/kg, sampel H sebanyak 308,98 mg/kg, sampel I sebanyak 3,94 mg/kg, dan sampel J sebanyak 37,08 mg/kg. Dari penelitian ini diketahui bahwa kadar tartrazin pada sampel permen keras A, C, E dan H tidak aman karena kadarnya melebihi batas maksimum dari persyaratan yang telah ditetapkan pada Peraturan BPOM No.11 Tahun 2019.Kata kunci: Analisis; Kadar; Tartrazin; Zat Pewarna; Spektrofotometri UV-Vis

MODELING THE OPERATION OF A GALVANIC BATH WITH ELECTRIC HEATERS AND OPTIMIZING ITS DESIGN BASED ON NUMERICAL SIMULATION

A model of the processes in a galvanic bath during heating is based on the finite element method. The processes of heating the air chamber and directly the reagent solution are simulated. Based on the constructed model, an automatic control system for heating elements is being developed, which provides a sufficient heating rate, a stable temperature and protects the heating elements from burnout. An application program has been created that allows performing the calculations without studying complex modeling systems.

Heap Leach Pad Surface Moisture Monitoring Using Drone-Based Aerial Images and Convolutional Neural Networks: A Case Study at the El Gallo Mine, Mexico

An efficient metal recovery in heap leach operations relies on uniform distribution of leaching reagent solution over the heap leach pad surface. However, the current practices for heap leach pad (HLP) surface moisture monitoring often rely on manual inspection, which is labor-intensive, time-consuming, discontinuous, and intermittent. In order to complement the manual monitoring process and reduce the frequency of exposing technical manpower to the hazardous leaching reagent (e.g., dilute cyanide solution in gold leaching), this manuscript describes a case study of implementing an HLP surface moisture monitoring method based on drone-based aerial images and convolutional neural networks (CNNs). Field data collection was conducted on a gold HLP at the El Gallo mine, Mexico. A commercially available hexa-copter drone was equipped with one visible-light (RGB) camera and one thermal infrared sensor to acquire RGB and thermal images from the HLP surface. The collected data had high spatial and temporal resolutions. The high-quality aerial images were used to generate surface moisture maps of the HLP based on two CNN approaches. The generated maps provide direct visualization of the different moisture zones across the HLP surface, and such information can be used to detect potential operational issues related to distribution of reagent solution and to facilitate timely decision making in heap leach operations.

Cyclic voltammetry readout circuitry for DNA biosensor application

Cyclic voltammetry electrochemical biosensors reported a wide usage and applications for its fast response, able to be miniaturized and its sensitivity. However, the bulky, expensive and laboratory-based readout circuitry made it impossible to be used in the field-based environment. A miniaturized and portable readout circuitry for the DNA detection using hybridization technique had been design and developed in this work. It embedded with fabricated FR4 based sensor and produced respective current when the applied voltage was within the range of 0 to 0.5 V. The readout circuitry had been verified with five analysis environments. Bare Au with distilled water (dH2O), bare Au with ferricyanide reagent solution, DNA immobilization, DNA non-hybridization and DNA hybridization. All the results performed produced peak cathodic current when the applied input voltage is within 0.5 V to 3 V and hence proved that the miniaturized and portable readout circuitry is suitable to be implemented for cyclic voltammetry electrochemical biosensor.

EFEKTIVITAS FILTRAT BUAH MAHKOTA DEWA (Phaleria macro) SEBAGAI BIOINSEKTISIDA LARVA ULAT POLONG (Maruca testulalis) PADA TUMBUHAN KACANG PANJANG (Vigna unguiculata)

This study aims to determine the effectiveness of the fruit filtrate of the Phaleria macro as bioinsecticide for the larvae of Maruca testulalis in long bean plants Vigna unguiculata. This research was conducted at the Integrated Science Laboratory of STKIP Muhammadiyah Manokwari in June 2019. The population used in this study was 150 larvae of Maruca testulalis. 7 treatment groups were consisting of 4 replications. The P0 treatment group was given 0.1 ml of reagent solution, then for treatment P1, P2, P3, P4, P5, and P6 each was given the filtrate from the Phaleria macro with a concentration of 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%. The results of data analysis using the Kruskal-Wallis test 5.708 <12.591 so that there was no effect of the bioinsecticide of the crown of gods on the larvae of Phaleria macro these results are influenced by the dose concentration that is not quite right. However, if it is seen from the results of the research data, it can be seen that there is an effect of giving the Phaleria macro fruit filtrate on the mortality of Maruca testulalis larvae. This effect is due to the presence of saponin compounds found in the Phaleria macro.

Development and Validation of an LC–MS-MS Method for the Quantification of Cyanate in Rat Plasma and Its Application to Toxicokinetic Bioanalysis

Cyanate has been recognized as a uremic toxin, which can adversely affect the clinical status of patients with chronic kidney disease. Besides, its toxicity has been under investigation in mammalian toxicology. If such studies are supplemented with toxicokinetic sampling and bioanalysis, additional information can be acquired about the systemic exposure. In order to serve this need, a liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS-MS) method was elaborated and validated for the quantification of cyanate in rat plasma using its isotope-labeled analog for internal standard. Cyanate was converted to a product compatible with reverse-phase LC–MS-MS via a two-step derivatization reaction with the reagent—anthranilic acid. It was observed that this reagent solution contains the reaction products even if prepared freshly in ultrapure water. The phenomenon was interpreted as the presence of urea and its reactivity with anthranilic acid. Contrary to previous research results where fresh anthranilic acid solution was recommended to use, we have found that the aging of the reagent solution is a crucial factor to eliminate the interference. Thereafter, the optimal pH was selected for the plasma sample and processing conditions. Bioanalytical validation and incurred sample reanalysis confirmed the reliability of the method when the intermediate reaction product was used for detection. Only one freeze–thaw cycle stability could be proven, which highlighted the need to collect two sample aliquots whenever possible. Real samples were analyzed in a toxicity study to evaluate systemic exposure of potassium cyanate at three dose levels. Further on, this method might be adapted to provide additional information about the pathophysiological concentration of cyanate in patients with chronic kidney disease for therapeutic support.

Analysis of Chemical and Biochemical Parameters of Petrol-Contaminated Soil after Biostimulation with an Enzyme Reagent

This study aimed to assess the effect of petrol and the Fyre Zyme reagent on selected chemical and biochemical properties of loamy sand. The experiment was conducted under laboratory conditions. First, petrol was introduced into the soil at doses of 0 and 50 g k−1dry matter (DM). Next, 6% Fyre-Zyme enzyme reagent solution was added to the samples contaminated and uncontaminated with petrol, in the following combinations: 0 (control), once at 40 cm3 kg−1 DM, twice at 20 cm3 kg−1 DM at two-week intervals, and four times at 10 cm3 kg−1 DM at weekly intervals. Contamination of loamy sand with petrol caused slight changes in the determined chemical parameters and stimulated dehydrogenase activities, but inhibited the activity of phosphatases. The introduction of the enzyme reagent into the soil increased the Corg and Ntot content. The greatest changes were observed in the activity of phosphatases. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves revealed that the application of the enzyme reagent at the application of 4 × 10 cm3 kg−1 DM was the most beneficial. However, the results of the η2 analysis indicate that the greatest influence on the determined experimental parameters was found in the soil contaminated with petrol.

Designing Calorimeter Made from Various Wastes

<p>A research has been conducted which aims to design a waste-based calorimeter as an alternative to measuring heat for chemistry practicum in schools. Research products developed through the steps of design-based research comprising the steps of analysis, design, and development. The resulting product is a waste-based calorimeter equipped with an automatic stirrer. The container to store the reagent solution on the calorimeter is made of Styrofoam, paper, plastic, melamine, PVC and bamboo. Optimization tool was conducted to determine the heat capacity of the calorimeter and the enthalpy of neutralization. The highest accuracy calorimeter value between 78-97%. Bamboo calorimeter has the highest accuracy value (97%). Styrofoam calorimeter has the lowest accuracy values (78%). Based on the results of the validation and feasibility test it can be concluded that the product is declared valid and feasible.</p>

RESEARCH OF THE EFFECT OF CARBON TETRACHLORIDE ON NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RELAXATION CHARACTERISTICS OF LIQUID RAPESEED LECITHINS

Исследовано влияние четыреххлористого углерода на ядерно-магнитные релаксационные характеристики протонов, содержащихся в рапсовых лецитинах (РЛ). Выявлено, что добавление CCl4 в многокомпонентную систему, которую представляет собой жидкий РЛ, приводит к ослаблению и разрыву межмолекулярных связей, а при достижении определенного соотношения масс РЛ и CCl4 происходит максимальный разрыв межмолекулярных связей и в системе устанавливается равновесие. Установлено, что при увеличении в системе РЛ–CCl4 массовой доли CCl4 с 1 до 4 происходит перераспределение содержащихся в РЛ четырех компонент: на 33% увеличивается доля 1-й компоненты; доля 2-й снижается на 14,5%; на 1,3% увеличивается доля 3-й; на 17,1% снижается доля 4-й по сравнению с контролем – образцом жидкого РЛ без добавки CCl4. Таким образом, предварительное растворение РЛ в четыреххлористом углероде при соотношении масс 1 : 4 соответственно позволяет максимально высвободить из мицелл содержащиеся в лецитине молекулы фосфолипидов, проявляющих кислотные свойства, и молекулы свободных жирных кислот, что в значительной степени сократит время их взаимодействия с раствором щелочного реагента при определении кислотного числа жидких РЛ. The effect of carbon tetrachloride on the nuclear magnetic relaxation characteristics of protons contained in rapeseed lecithins (RL) has been studied. It is revealed that the addition of CCl4in a multicomponent system, which is a liquid RL, leads to the weakening and rupture of intermolecular bonds, and when a certain mass ratio of RL and CCl4is reached, the maximum rupture of intermolecular bonds occurs and the equilibrium is established in the system. It was found that the redistribution of the four components contained in the RL occurs by increasing the mass fraction of CCl4in the system RL–CCl4from 1 to 4: the share of the 1st component increases by 33%; the share of the 2nd component decreases by 14,5%; the share of the 3rd component increases by 1,3%; the share of the 4th component decreases by 17,1% compared with the control sample of liquid RL without CCl4additive. Thus, the preliminary dissolution of RL in carbon tetrachloride at a mass ratio of 1: 4, respectively, allows the maximum release from the micelles contained in lecithin phospholipids molecules exhibiting acidic properties, and molecules of free fatty acids, which greatly reduce the time of their interaction with the alkaline reagent solution in determining the acid number of liquid RL.

Colorimetric Detection of Mercury Ions in Water with Capped Silver Nanoprisms

The emission of mercury (II) from coal combustion and other industrial processes may have impacts on water resources, and the detection with sensitive but rapid testing methods is desirable for environmental screening. Towards this end, silver nanoprisms were chemically synthesized resulting in a blue reagent solution that transitioned towards red and yellow solutions when exposed to Hg2+ ions at concentrations from 0.5 to 100 µM. A galvanic reduction of Hg2+ onto the surfaces is apparently responsible for a change in nanoprism shape towards spherical nanoparticles, leading to the change in solution color. There were no interferences by other tested mono- and divalent metal cations in solution and pH had minimal influence in the range of 6.5 to 9.8. The silver nanoprism reagent provided a detection limit of approximately 1.5 µM (300 µg/L) for mercury (II), which compared reasonably well with other reported nanoparticle-based techniques. Further optimization may reduce this detection limit, but matrix effects in realistic water samples require further investigation and amelioration.