Performance of Flexible Pavement Maintenance Treatments in the Long-Term Pavement Performance SPS-3 Experiment

2003 ◽  
Vol 1823 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-54 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kathleen T. Hall ◽  
Carlos E. Correa ◽  
Amy L. Simpson
Keyword(s):  
Flexible Pavement ◽  
Pavement Performance ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
International Roughness Index ◽  
Pretreatment Condition ◽  
Pavement Maintenance ◽  
Crack Sealing ◽  
Long Term Effect ◽  
Chip Seals

A study was conducted to assess the relative performance of different flexible pavement maintenance treatments, including the influence of pretreatment condition and other factors. The data used in the study were drawn from the Long-Term Pavement Performance Studies' Specific Pavement Studies (SPS) SPS-3 experiment. The maintenance treatments used in the SPS-3 experiment are thin overlays, slurry seals, crack seals, and chip seals. The initial and long-term effects of the maintenance treatments on international roughness index (IRI), rutting, and cracking were analyzed, as were the influences of time, truck traffic, pretreatment condition, and climate. Thin overlays were found to be the most effective of the treatments studied, followed by chip seals and slurry seals. Crack sealing did not demonstrate any beneficial initial or long-term effect with respect to IRI, rutting, or cracking.

Performance of Flexible Pavement Rehabilitation Treatments in the Long-Term Pavement Performance SPS-5 Experiment

2003 ◽  
Vol 1823 (1) ◽  
pp. 93-101 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kathleen T. Hall ◽  
Carlos E. Correa ◽  
Amy L. Simpson
Keyword(s):  
Asphalt Pavement ◽  
Fatigue Cracking ◽  
Flexible Pavement ◽  
Asphalt Pavements ◽  
Pavement Performance ◽  
Recycled Asphalt ◽  
Pavement Rehabilitation ◽  
Pretreatment Condition ◽  
Asphalt Overlay

The results of a study conducted to assess the relative performance of different flexible pavement rehabilitation treatments, including the influence of pretreatment condition and other factors, are presented. The data used in the study were drawn from the Long-Term Pavement Performance Studies' Specific Pavement Study (SPS) SPS-5 and General Pavement Study (GPS) GPS-6B experiments. The rehabilitation treatments used in the SPS-5 experiment are 2- and 5-in. overlays with virgin or recycled asphalt concrete mixes with or without preoverlay milling. Overlay thickness and preoverlay roughness levels were the two factors that most influenced the performance of the asphalt overlays of asphalt pavements in the SPS-5 experiment with respect to roughness, rutting, and fatigue cracking. Over the long term, the 5-in. overlays outperformed the 2-in. overlays with respect to roughness, rutting, and fatigue cracking. Overlay mix type (virgin versus recycled) and preoverlay preparation (with or without milling) had slight and inconsistent effects. The average initial postoverlay international roughness index of an asphalt overlay of an asphalt pavement was found to be 0.98 m/km. The data show a slight but statistically significant tendency for asphalt pavements overlaid when they were rougher to have more initial roughness after overlay than asphalt pavements overlaid when they were smoother. The data show that, on average, about 6 mm of rutting develops in the first year or so after placement of an asphalt overlay of an asphalt pavement. This is presumably due to compaction of the mix by traffic and appears to be independent of the overlay thickness, mix type, preoverlay preparation, and preoverlay rutting level.

Performance of Rigid Pavement Rehabilitation Treatments in the Long-Term Pavement Performance SPS-6 Experiment

2003 ◽  
Vol 1823 (1) ◽  
pp. 64-72 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kathleen T. Hall ◽  
Carlos E. Correa ◽  
Amy L. Simpson
Keyword(s):  
Performance Studies ◽  
Concrete Pavement ◽  
Pavement Performance ◽  
International Roughness Index ◽  
Rigid Pavement ◽  
Pavement Rehabilitation ◽  
Pretreatment Condition ◽  
Diamond Grinding ◽  
Asphalt Overlays

The results of a study conducted to assess the relative performance of different jointed rigid pavement rehabilitation treatments, including the influence of pretreatment condition and other factors, are presented. The data used in the study were drawn from the Long-Term Pavement Performance Studies' Specific Pavement Study (SPS) SPS-6 and General Pavement Study (GPS) GPS-7B experiments. The rehabilitation treatments used in the SPS-6 experiment were minimal and intensive nonoverlay repair, 4-in. asphalt overlays with minimal and intensive preoverlay preparation, 4-in. overlays with sawed and sealed joints, and 4- and 8-in. asphalt overlays of cracked and seated concrete slabs. Overall, the rigid pavement rehabilitation treatments in the SPS-6 experiment could be ranked from most to least effective in the following order: 8-in. overlay of cracked or broken and seated pavement, 4-in. overlay (of either intact or cracked or broken and seated pavement, with or without sawing and sealing of joints and with either minimal or intensive preoverlay repair), concrete pavement restoration with diamond grinding, and concrete pavement restoration without diamond grinding. Concrete pavement restoration with diamond grinding yielded an initial posttreatment international roughness index (IRI) of 1.05 m/km, on average, whereas restoration without diamond grinding yielded no benefit in IRI and in fact tended to leave the pavement rougher than before. In the long term, both restoration and overlay treatments reduced long-term roughness, rutting, and cracking levels compared with those on the control sections, but the conditions of the restored test sections are approaching those of the control sections faster than those of the overlay sections.

scholarly journals Long-Term Effect of Interferon on Keratinocytes That Maintain Human Papillomavirus Type 31

2002 ◽  
Vol 76 (17) ◽  
pp. 8864-8874 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yijan E. Chang ◽  
Loren Pena ◽  
Ganes C. Sen ◽  
Jung K. Park ◽  
Laimonis A. Laimins
Keyword(s):  
Human Papillomavirus ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Human Keratinocytes ◽  
Inducible Promoter ◽  
Interferon Treatment ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Long Term Effect ◽  
High Doses ◽  
Rates Of Growth

ABSTRACT The long-term effects of interferon treatment on cell lines that maintain human papillomavirus type 31 (HPV-31) episomes have been examined. High doses and prolonged interferon treatment resulted in growth arrest of HPV-positive cells, with a high percentage of cells undergoing apoptosis. These effects were not seen with interferon treatment of either normal human keratinocytes or cells derived from HPV-negative squamous carcinomas, which exhibited only slight decreases in their rates of growth. Within 2 weeks of the initiation of treatment, a population of HPV-31-positive cells that were resistant to interferon appeared consistently and reproducibly. The resistant cells had growth and morphological characteristics similar to those of untreated cells. Long-term interferon treatment of HPV-positive cells also resulted in a reduction in HPV episome levels but did not significantly decrease the number of integrated copies of HPV. Cells that maintained HPV genomes lacking E5 were sensitive to interferon, while cells expressing only the E6/E7 genes were resistant. In contrast, cells that expressed E2 from a tetracycline-inducible promoter were found to be significantly more sensitive to interferon treatment than parental cells. This suggests that at least a portion of the sensitivity to interferon could be mediated through the E2 protein. These studies indicate that cells maintaining HPV episomes are highly sensitive to interferon treatment but that resistant populations arise quickly.

scholarly journals Nutritional deficiencies and later behavioural development

2000 ◽  
Vol 59 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-54 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. M. Grantham-McGregor ◽  
S. P. Walker ◽  
S. Chang
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Context ◽  
School Achievement ◽  
Protein Energy Malnutrition ◽  
Term Effect ◽  
Nutritional Deficiencies ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Protein Energy ◽  
Long Term Effect ◽  
Long Term Follow Up

The literature on the long-term effects of nutritional deficiencies in early life is reviewed. The severity and duration of the deficiency, the stage of the children’s development, the biological condition of the children and the socio-cultural context may all modify the effect. There is substantial evidence that reduced breast-feeding, small-for-gestational-age birth weight, Fe and I deficiency, and protein-energy malnutrition (PEM) are associated with long-term deficits in cognition and school achievement. However, all these conditions are associated with poverty and poor health, which may account for the association. It is difficult to establish that the long-term relationship is causal, as it requires a randomized treatment trial with long-term follow-up. Such studies are only available for I deficiency in utero and early childhood PEM. Results from these studies indicate that I deficiency has a long-term effect and PEM probably has a long-term effect.

Seed Modulus Generation Algorithm for Backcalculation of Flexible Pavement Moduli

2005 ◽  
Vol 1905 (1) ◽  
pp. 117-127 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. F. Fwa ◽  
Thakur Swapna Rani
Keyword(s):  
Closed Form ◽  
Flexible Pavements ◽  
Flexible Pavement ◽  
Pavement Performance ◽  
Program Performance ◽  
Generation Algorithm ◽  
User Input ◽  
Pavement Structures ◽  
Performance Project

The seed moduli chosen for backcalculation analysis of multilayer flexible pavements can have significant impacts on the performance of backcalculation software and, sometimes, the final solutions of the backcalculated moduli. Practically all backcalculation programs provide internally generated seed moduli for backcalculation analysis. However, as the internally generated seed moduli do not always produce satisfactory results, the use of user-input seed moduli is generally encouraged. With the aim of providing useful guidance in the choice of seed moduli, a seed modulus generation algorithm, 2L-BACK, for multilayer flexible pavements based on a closed-form modulus backcalculation solution for two-layer flexible pavement structures was developed. The proposed algorithm does not require any subjective judgment by the user. An evaluation analysis of the effectiveness of the proposed procedure is presented by the use of two types of backcalculation software, MICHBACK and EVERCALC, and is based on measured and computed data for flexible pavement segments from the Long-Term Pavement Performance project. A comparison was made of the backcalculation program performance and the computed moduli of solutions obtained from internally generated seed moduli and those obtained from seed moduli generated by the proposed algorithm. It was found that the proposed seed modulus generation algorithm led to enhanced program performance of MICHBACK with respect to convergence characteristics and the accuracies of the backcalculated solutions. In comparison, the corresponding improvements for the case of EVERCALC were less. The proposed seed modulus generation algorithm does not suffer from the location and pavement type transferability constraints of most regression-based seed modulus generation methods. The results of the study suggest that the algorithm can be effectively incorporated into backcalculation software for multilayer flexible pavements.

Brassinosteroid-induced de-etiolation of Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings resembles the long-term effects of cytokinins

1998 ◽  
Vol 25 (6) ◽  
pp. 719 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jie Luo ◽  
Ji-Chu Chen ◽  
Yu-Ju Zhao
Keyword(s):  
Arabidopsis Thaliana ◽  
Term Effect ◽  
Hypocotyl Elongation ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Expression Of Genes ◽  
Long Term Effect ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
Positive Regulators

Cytokinins can cause de-etiolation of Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh. seedlings growing in the dark. Brassinosteroids (BRs) have been considered to regulate negatively the de-etiolation in dark-grown Arabidopsis seedlings. We show here that epi-brassinolide (epi-BL) can partially produce the phenotype of de-etiolation as caused by treatment with cytokinins in the dark, including the development of leaves and epicotyls in the wild-type and the BR-deficient mutant det2. But BRs cannot inhibit hypocotyl elongation, nor restore all the inhibition caused by cytokinins and light. We have found that there are distinct short term and long term phases of induction of de-etiolation by cytokinins. The short-term effect is probably coupled to ethylene in the inhibition of the hypocotyl elongation; the long-term effect causes morphogenesis of leaves and epicotyls. BRs can only regulate de-etiolation in the long term. We propose that the inhibition of hypocotyl elongation of det2 in darkness is caused by the absence of BR-dependent elongation rather than the inhibition caused by the expression of genes for photomorphogenesis. We propose that BRs resemble cytokinins in regulating de-etiolation as positive regulators, and that the inhibition of hypocotyl elongation and the development of leaves and epicotyls in de-etiolation are independent processes.

Long-term regulation of hexose uptake by isoproterenol in cultured 3T3 adipocytes

1985 ◽  
Vol 248 (6) ◽  
pp. E706-E711 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. P. van Putten ◽  
H. M. Krans
Keyword(s):  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Prolonged Exposure ◽  
Term Effect ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Fat Cell ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Long Term Effect ◽  
Short Term Exposure ◽  
Hexose Uptake

Catecholamines are known to have short-term regulatory effects on fat cell hexose uptake. We examined the long-term effects of catecholamines on the insulin-sensitive 2-deoxyglucose (dGlc) uptake in cultured 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Prolonged exposure (48 h) to isoproterenol (beta-adrenergic agonist) stimulated the basal dGlc uptake up to 90%. The effect was specific, time, concentration, and protein synthesis dependent and reversible. The effect of insulin was unaltered and superimposed on the increase in basal dGlc uptake. The long-term effect of isoproterenol was mimicked by epinephrine, dibutyryl cAMP (DBcAMP), and 1-methyl-3-isobutylxanthine (IBMX). By contrast, short-term exposure to isoproterenol (and epinephrine) induced a protein synthesis-independent increase in basal dGlc uptake (30%) not accompanied by an increase in insulin responsiveness. Moreover, on short-term basis, DBcAMP and IBMX suppressed both the basal and insulin-stimulated uptake up to 50%. Determination of the intracellular nonphosphorylated dGlc during the uptake and of the hexokinase activity revealed that the long-term effect of isoproterenol was most likely due to alterations low in dGlc transport. In conclusion, long-term regulators of hexose uptake are in cultured 3T3-L1 adipocytes, isoproterenol, and other cAMP stimulators. The long-term effect is independent from the short-term regulatory effect of the agents and from the effect of insulin.

scholarly journals Long-Term Effect of Erythritol on Dental Caries Development during Childhood: A Posttreatment Survival Analysis

2016 ◽  
Vol 50 (6) ◽  
pp. 579-588 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gwen Falony ◽  
Sisko Honkala ◽  
Riina Runnel ◽  
Jana Olak ◽  
Rita Nõmmela ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mixed Dentition ◽  
Primary School Children ◽  
Tooth Surface ◽  
Second Grade ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Daily Consumption ◽  
Dentin Caries ◽  
Long Term Effect

Objective: To assess the effect of daily consumption of erythritol, xylitol, and sorbitol candies on caries development in mixed dentition during a 3-year intervention and 3 years after the intervention. Methods: 485 Estonian first- and second-grade primary school children participated. Children were randomly allocated to an erythritol, xylitol, or sorbitol (control) group. Polyol-containing candies were administered on school days with a daily polyol consumption of 3 × 2.5 g. Yearly, caries development was assessed by calibrated dentists using the ICDAS criteria. Six years after initiation of the study and 3 years after cessation of daily polyol consumption, 420 participants were re-examined to identify potential long-term effects of polyol consumption. Survival curves were generated at the end of the intervention period and 3 years after intervention. The model included age of the subjects, schools, tooth surface ages and years of surface exposure to intervention. ICDAS scoring system-based events included enamel/dentin caries development, dentin caries development, increase in caries score, and dentist intervention. Results: At the end of the intervention, time to enamel/dentin caries development, dentin caries development, increase in caries score, and dentist intervention were significantly longer in the erythritol group as compared to the sorbitol group. Except for increase in caries score, all effects persisted 3 years after cessation of daily polyol consumption. Conclusions: A caries-preventive effect of 3-year erythritol consumption as compared to sorbitol was established in children with mixed dentition. The effect persisted up to 3 years after the end of the intervention.

A Performance-Specified and Reliability-Based Approach for Life-Cycle Cost Analysis of Long Term Pavement Maintenance Contracts

2013 ◽  
Vol 723 ◽  
pp. 721-728
Author(s):  
Jih Chiang Lee ◽  
Jyh Dong Lin ◽  
Chin Rung Chiou ◽  
Han Yi Wang
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Cost Analysis ◽  
Life Cycle Cost ◽  
Risk Estimation ◽  
Life Cycle Cost Analysis ◽  
International Roughness Index ◽  
Pavement Maintenance ◽  
Performance Specification ◽  
Pavement Deterioration

The objectives of this paper are to present the feasibility of utilizing reliability-based method to quantify life-cycle cost associated with performance specification. And a framework develops for quantifying the life-cycle cost. The framework consists of three components: (1) the pavement deterioration performance prediction; (2) the reliability-based risk estimation; and (3) the life-cycle cost analysis. An example is illustrated using the International Roughness Index (IRI) data to demonstrate how the approach works. The approach has potential for use in valuation of long term pavement maintenance contracts.

The Long-Term Effects of Price Promotions on Category Incidence, Brand Choice, and Purchase Quantity

2002 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 421-439 ◽  
Author(s):  
Koen Pauwels ◽  
Dominique M. Hanssens ◽  
S. Siddarth
Keyword(s):  
Brand Choice ◽  
Term Effect ◽  
Dynamic Effects ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Price Promotions ◽  
Perishable Product ◽  
Long Term Effect ◽  
Purchase Quantity ◽  
Scanner Panel

To what extent do price promotions have a long-term effect on the components of brand sales, namely, category incidence, brand choice, and purchase quantity? The authors answer this question by using persistence modeling on weekly sales data of a perishable and a storable product derived from a scanner panel. Their analysis reveals, first, that permanent promotion effects are virtually absent for each sales component. Next, the authors develop and apply an impulse response approach to estimate the promotional adjustment period and the total dynamic effects of a price promotion. Specifically, they calculate the long-term equivalent of Gupta's (1988) 14/84/2 breakdown of promotional effects. Because of positive adjustment effects for incidence but negative adjustment effects for choice, the authors find a reversal of the importance of category incidence and brand choice: 66/11/23 for the storable product and 58/39/3 for the perishable product. The authors discuss the implications of the findings and suggest some areas for further research.

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