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Published By S. Karger Ag

1421-976x, 0008-6568

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marwa M. Alhothali ◽  
Rob A.M. Exterkate ◽  
Maxim Lagerweij ◽  
A.J.P. Van Strijp ◽  
Mark J. Buijs ◽  
...  

This study compared the effect of topically applied fluoride products on dentine lesions in an in vitro experiment. Demineralized bovine dentine specimens were treated once with either SDF solution (35,400 ppm F), NaF varnish (22,600 ppm F), TiF4 solution (9,200 ppm F), SnF2 gel (1,000 ppm F), no treatment (control) or preserved as baseline lesions. After the application and subsequent removal of the fluoride products, the specimens were subjected to pH-cycling. Calcium loss and uptake in the de- and remineralization buffers were assessed daily. Fluoride release into the buffers was analyzed on day 1, 2, 3, 5, 8 and 13. After the pH-cycling period, mineral distribution throughout the lesion depth was analyzed using transversal microradiography (TMR). X-ray energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) examined the deposition of silver, titanium and tin after application of SDF, TiF4, and SnF2, respectively. Overall, calcium loss and uptake analysis in the de- and remineralization buffers revealed that the SDF product was the most effective in inhibiting lesion progression, followed by the TiF4, NaF, and SnF2 products. Fluoride analysis disclosed a steep reduction of the amount of fluoride released into de- and remineralization buffers with time. The fluoride effects on de- and remineralization continued beyond the days that fluoride was released into the buffers. TMR analysis showed significant remineralization in the outer zone of the dentine lesions for all fluoride products, with SDF giving hyper-mineralization in this zone. In the inner zone, lesions developed in all fluoride groups, with the smallest in the SDF group. EDS showed silver and titanium deposition in depth up to 85 μm and 8 μm, respectively, while no tin deposition was observed. The silver in the dentine lesions did not contribute significantly to the density of the TMR profiles in the SDF group. In conclusion, all topical fluoride products protected the dentine lesions against lesion progression, but at different degrees. SDF showed a superior effect in protection against further demineralization and enhancement of remineralization. This was probably attributed to its fluoride concentration that was the highest among the fluoride products.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Victor Zanetti Drumond ◽  
Gabriela Luíza Nunes Souza ◽  
Mateus José de Carvalho Pereira ◽  
Ricardo Alves Mesquita ◽  
Maryam Amin ◽  
...  

Objectives: To evaluate whether children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are more affected by dental caries than children without ADHD by means of a systematic review and meta-analysis. Design: Electronic searches was performed in four databases (PubMed, Embase, Scopus, and Web of Science) in July 2021. Grey literature search in OpenGrey, a search in Google Scholar, and searches in the reference list of included articles were also conducted. The eligibility criteria were observational studies in which children with ADHD were compared with children without ADHD with respect to the dental caries. Study selection, data extraction, and risk of bias assessment, applying the Joanna Briggs tool were performed by two reviewers independently. Meta-analysis and assessment of heterogeneity among studies were conducted with the meta-package of RStudio using the R programming language (R Core Team, Vienna, Austria). Results of meta-analysis were provided in mean difference (MD), odds ratio (OR), and confidence intervals (CI). For assessment of heterogeneity, Baujat plot and influence analysis plot were obtained. Results: Thirteen studies were included and 10 were incorporated into meta-analyses. The meta-analysis showed that children with ADHD had a higher decayed, missing, and filled teeth (DMFT) index than their peers without ADHD (I²=42%; MD=0.75 [0.38-1.13]). For decayed, missing, and filled surfaces (DMFS) (I²=0; MD=0.39 [-0.02-0.80]) and decayed surfaces (DS/ds) (I²=0%; MD=0.35 [-0.63-1.33]), no difference between groups was observed. In addition, children with ADHD had higher odds of having dental caries than their healthy peers (OR = 3.31 [1.25, 8.73]; I² = 0%). After assessment of heterogeneity among studies, sensitivity analysis was conducted for DMFT. One study was removed and the significant difference between groups remained. Children with ADHD had a significantly higher DMFT index than their peers without ADHD (MD = 0.98 [CI = 0.75, 1.20]; I² = 0%) Risk of bias ranged from low to high. Conclusion: The main shortcoming of the included studies is the high risk of bias regarding the strategies to deal with confounding factors. Within its limitations, this systematic review and meta-analysis demonstrated that children with ADHD were more likely to develop dental caries than their healthy counterparts. Funding: No funding Registration: CRD42021238923


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mauro Antonio Dall Agnol ◽  
Carla Battiston ◽  
Livia Maria Andalo Tenuta ◽  
Jaime Aparecido Cury

Although fluoride varnish (FV) and acidulated phosphate fluoride gel (APF-gel) are considered clinically effective to reduce caries, in vitro studies have shown that FV reacts slowly with enamel because most NaF present in the formulation is not solubilized in the FV. Therefore, we conducted a clinical study to evaluate if the time that FV remains on dental surfaces could overcome its slower chemical reactivity when compared with APF-gel. Sixty-eight volunteers were randomly allocated into four groups: Negative control (Control, no treatment), APF -gel application (1.23% F applied for 4 min), and FV application (Duraphat®, 2.26 % F) for 4 h (FV-4h) or 24 h (FV-24h). To evaluate fluoride formed and retained on enamel, acid biopsies were made on the buccal surfaces of the maxillary central incisors before, at the end of the application of fluoride products (immediately after gel application, or after 4 or 24 h of varnish application) and after 7 and 28 days. Fluoride concentration in dental biofilm was also analyzed before and up to 28 days after initial application. The data were analyzed by 2-way ANOVA, considering treatment and time as factors. The APF-gel and FV-24h groups formed greater fluoride concentration on enamel than the FV-4h and the control group at the end of application (p=0.0001), with no difference from each other (p=0.99). The groups did not differ regarding fluoride in biofilm, fluid (p=0.73) and solids (0.40). In conclusion, fluoride varnish needs to remain in contact with the teeth for prolonged times (>4 h) to reach the same reactivity obtained by a 4-min application of APF-gel.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Deborah Rackel Caldas da Rocha ◽  
Antonio Pedro Ricomini Filho ◽  
Jaime Aparecido Cury

Fluoride chemically soluble in toothpaste is an indicator of fluoride bioavailability when the teeth are brushed and the same should be expected systemically when toothpaste is ingested. A four-phases study was conducted, in which eight participants were subjected in each phase to one of the assigned treatment groups: Group I: fresh sample of a Na2FPO3/CaCO3 toothpaste with 1,334 μg F/g of total soluble fluoride (TSF); groups II–IV: aged samples of toothpaste presenting TSF concentrations of 1,128, 808, and 687 μg F/g, respectively. In all phases, the participants ingested an amount of toothpaste equivalent to 70.0 µg F/kg body weight, as total fluoride (TF). Blood was collected before (baseline) and up to 180 min after toothpaste ingestion as indicator of fluoride bioavailability. Total urine (24 h before and 24 h after ingestion) was collected as indicator of absorbed fluoride that was excreted. F concentration in blood plasma and urine was determined with a fluoride ion-specific electrode. The areas under the curve of F concentration vs. time (AUC=ng F/ml x min) and the peaks of fluoride concentration in blood plasma (Cmax) were calculated. The net amount of fluoride excreted (mg/day) was calculated by subtraction. A significant correlation of the amount (mg) of TSF ingested was found between the AUC (r= 0.76; p<0.01) and Cmax (r= 0.86; p<0.01) in plasma, and the fluoride excreted (r= 0.65; p<0.01). For TF no statistical correlations were found (p>0.05). Data suggest that the concentration of TSF found in Na2FPO3/CaCO3-based toothpastes is a useful predictor of how much fluoride will be systemically bioavailable when this type of formulation is ingested.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harshini Nivetha Easwaran ◽  
Anitha Annadurai ◽  
M.S. Muthu ◽  
Aruna Sharma ◽  
Sneha S. Patil ◽  
...  

Identification of the association between Early Childhood Caries (ECC) and Iron Deficiency Anemia (IDA) will aid pediatricians and pediatric dentists to enhance health promotion measures to reduce the related morbidity in children. This systematic review aims to determine an evidence based association between ECC and IDA. A systematic search was carried out from MEDLINE via PubMed, EMBASE, LILACS, Cochrane Oral Health Group’s Specialised Register, CINAHL via EBSCO, Web of Science and Scopus up to May 2020. Hand searching and grey literature screening were also conducted. Cross-sectional, case-control and cohort studies in English language which assessed the association was included. Two reviewers independently assessed the study quality and extracted the outcome data. A total of 1434 studies were identified. Fourteen studies qualified for qualitative review and seven of them for a meta-analysis. In comparison with children not affected by ECC, those affected had an increased likelihood of IDA (OR = 6.07 (3.61, 10.21). The meta- analysis showed no statistical difference when comparing blood parameters (Hb, MCV and Serum ferritin) in children with and without ECC. This systematic review demonstrates an association between ECC and increased odds of IDA rather than it being the cause for IDA. Further longitudinal studies with robust methodology are required to determine an evidence based association.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juliana Campos Vieira ◽  
Jaime Aparecido Cury ◽  
Antonio Pedro Ricomini Filho

We have hypothesized that the association between human milk and caries in breastfeeding children could be explained by the combination of a diurnal cariogenic diet with the nocturnal lactose fermentation, conditions simulated in this experimental study. Cariogenic biofilm was formed on bovine enamel slabs, which were exposed 8x/day for 3 min to a 10% sucrose solution, simulating a highly cariogenic diurnal diet, or 50 mM NaCl solution (control). Simulating the nocturnal retention of milk in mouth, biofilms were transferred to culture medium containing 0.7% lactose for 2 h, or only to culture medium (control). Four groups were designed (n=12): Ctrl, no exposure to diurnal sucrose or nocturnal lactose; Lac, only nocturnal exposure to lactose (2 h); Suc, only diurnal exposure to sucrose (8x/day); and Suc→Lac, diurnal exposure to sucrose (8x/day) followed by nocturnal exposure to lactose (2 h). The medium was changed 3x/day, at the beginning of the day, and after diurnal and nocturnal exposures. Calcium in the medium was determined as chemical indicator of partial demineralizations occurred during the diurnal and the nocturnal treatments; the medium pH was also determined. After 96 h of growth, biofilms were harvested to evaluate CFU, biomass, and extracellular polysaccharides, soluble and insoluble. The percentage of enamel surface hardness loss (%SHL) was evaluated as cumulative demineralization. Data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA, Tukey’s test (α=5%). Highest %SHL (p<0.05) was found for Suc→Lac (40.6%) group when compared to Suc (32.1%), Lac (7.7%), and Ctrl (3.8%). Calcium released during the diurnal and nocturnal treatments were respectively: Suc→Lac=Suc>Lac=Ctrl and Suc→Lac=Lac>Suc=Ctrl (p<0.05). Regarding Ctr group, calcium released from nocturnal lactose fermentation by Suc→Lac group was 4-fold greater than that provoked by Lac group. The findings were supported by the pH of the media. The data suggest that the biofilm formed under diurnal exposure to sucrose enhances the cariogenicity of nocturnal exposure to lactose.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lethycia Almeida Santos ◽  
Tatiana Martini ◽  
João Victor Frazão Câmara ◽  
Fabiana Navas Reis ◽  
Adriana de Cássia Ortiz ◽  
...  

The effect of solutions and gels containing a sugarcane-derived cystatin (CaneCPI-5) on the protection against enamel and dentin erosion in vitro was evaluated. Bovine enamel and dentin specimens were divided into two groups (n=135 and 153/group for enamel and dentin, respectively) that were treated with solutions or chitosan gels containing 0.1 or 0.25 mg/ml CaneCPI-5. The positive controls for solutions and gels were Elmex Erosion Protection™ solution and NaF gel (12,300 ppm F), respectively. Deionized water and chitosan gel served as controls, respectively. The solutions were first applied on the specimens for 1 min and the gels for 4 min. Stimulated saliva was collected from 3 donors and used to form a 2 h acquired pellicle on the specimens. Then, the specimens were submitted to an erosive pH cycling protocol 4 times/day for 7 days (0.1% citric acid pH 2.5/90s, artificial saliva/2h, artificial saliva overnight). The solutions and gels were applied again during pH cycling, 2 times/day for 1 min and 4 min, respectively, after the first and last erosive challenges. Enamel and dentin losses (µm) were assessed by contact profilometry. Data were analyzed by 2-way ANOVA and Tukey´s test (p <0.05). All the treatments significantly reduced enamel and dentin loss in comparison with controls. Both CaneCPI-5 concentrations had a similar protective effect against enamel erosion, but only the higher concentration was as effective against dentin erosion as the positive control. Regarding the vehicles, only the 0.1 mg/ml gel performed worse than the positive control for dentin. CaneCPI-5 reduced enamel and dentin erosion to a similar extent as the fluoride-containing vehicles. However, dentin requires higher CaneCPI-5 concentrations, in the case of gels. Solutions or gels containing CaneCPI-5 might be a new approach to protect against dental erosion.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emanuelle Karine Prado Nalin ◽  
Marcelle Danelon ◽  
Emanuel Soares da Silva ◽  
Thayse Yumi Hosida ◽  
Juliano Pelim Pessan ◽  
...  

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Crystal Marruganti ◽  
Nicola Discepoli ◽  
Carlo Gaeta ◽  
Giovanni Franciosi ◽  
Marco Ferrari ◽  
...  

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