scholarly journals PLOTTING A DIAGRAM OF NATURAL GAS INTERCHANGEABILITY FOR THE ENERGY MARKET OF GEORGIA

World Science ◽  
2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dimitri Namgaladze ◽  
Tornike Kiziria ◽  
Lena Shatakishvili ◽  
Tamaz Ghvanidze
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
Energy Market ◽  
Gas Industry ◽  
Natural Gases ◽  
Cost Of Energy ◽  
Gas Market ◽  
Wobbe Index ◽  
The Cost ◽  
First Time

The increase in the cost of energy and the appearance of gases of various qualities led to the fact that calculations in the gas industry began to be made by measuring thermal energy.  To this day, in Georgia, the calculation of the amount of natural gas when paying for the used gas is in cubic meters.  As for the study of processes and parameters in the Georgian gas sector, it turned out that these processes are clearly stochastic.  Therefore, the purpose of the work is to develop criteria for the interchangeability of natural gas, in particular, a diagram of the interaction between the Wobbe index in total proportions of propane and nitrogen equivalent for the Georgian gas market, based on stochastic processes.  Thus, for the first time, an original methodology for plotting the Wobbe Index (calorific value) of interchangeable natural gases supplied to Georgia was developed.

THE ECONOMICS AND STRATEGY OF LNG

1974 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 157
Author(s):  
D. T. Linnett
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
Growth Patterns ◽  
Peak Shaving ◽  
Gas Industry ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Natural Gas Industry ◽  
Wobbe Index ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Liquid Natural Gas

The natural gas industry in Australia is growing rapidly and this is an opportune time to look at the possible place for Liquid Natural Gas (LNG) in this expanding field.In general, as the demand for natural gas increases, and its distribution becomes more widespread, so the economics become more favourable for using LNG for peak shaving, standby purposes, or trucking to satellite vaporising stations. Apart from demand, however, a large number of other factors affect both the decision as to what type, if any, of LNG facility is warranted, and the selection of types and sizes of equipment for that facility. These factors include environmental considerations, calorific value (CV) and Wobbe Index limitations, purification problems, transport facilities, pipeline capacity limitations, climate, etc.In the United Kingdom, the use of LNG is now well established in a number of different roles, and much experience has been obtained in the planning, design, construction and operation of LNG installations. Whilst the growth patterns in Australia and the UK are similar, however, the requirements for storage are substantially different.It is concluded that, as the gas demand in Australia increases, and the distribution network becomes more widespread, LNG facilities may well become economic propositions to fulfil a number of combined roles.

Development in China’s Natural Gas Industry Regulation

2012 ◽  
Vol 524-527 ◽  
pp. 3058-3061
Author(s):  
Lin Jun Huang
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Clean Energy ◽  
Fundamental Rights ◽  
Regulation System ◽  
Gas Industry ◽  
Industry Development ◽  
Policy And Strategy ◽  
Natural Gas Industry ◽  
Gas Market ◽  
The Cost

With the growing interest in clean energy, and the natural gas market maturity in China, there is a strong need to introduce as soon as possible a regulation system covering the mid- and downstream natural gas business to ensure a harmonized approach to gas industry development. Adopting a consistent regulation system for the mid- and downstream natural gas industry that establishes the fundamental rights, obligations and regulatory principles would provide a clear legal expression of the government’s policy and strategy for gas industry development and the ground rules for the operation of the gas industry. Such a regulation system would, therefore, help create a more stable investment and operating environment, reduce uncertainty and investment risk, and consequently lower the cost of capital.

scholarly journals Split Sales of Gas

1971 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 496
Author(s):  
Robert C. Muir
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Gas Reservoir ◽  
Gas Industry ◽  
Natural Gas Industry ◽  
Gas Market

The Natural Gas Industry is highly competitive and once a gas reservoir is discovered the various producers are anxious to enter into Gas Purchase Contracts. The contracts are with different purchasers and on different terms giving rise to split stream deliveries - there would never be any split stream problems if all producers made simultaneous deliveries to one or more purchasers in exactly the same volumes at exactly the same price. This article examines the position of the producers in the gas reservoir in the absence of an agreement and then discusses different contractual methods which the producers may use to resolve the conflict between the Doctrine of Correlative Rights and the Rule of Capture, such as gas market sharing contracts, cash adjustments, gas balancing schemes and deferred production agreements. To further complicate the problems of 'the producer in dealing with split sales of gas, the lessee-producer must keep in mind the interests of the lessor-royalty owner. The article concludes with a consideration of the interest of the royalty owner in the prepayment received by the producer and in the price for which the producer is selling the gas.

Cost saving allocation of horizontal cooperation in restructured natural gas distribution network

Kybernetes ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 47 (6) ◽  
pp. 1217-1241 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jafar Razmi ◽  
Anis Hassani ◽  
Ashkan Hafezalkotob
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Cooperative Game ◽  
Distribution Network ◽  
Cost Savings ◽  
Gas Distribution ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Horizontal Cooperation ◽  
Gas Market ◽  
Yazd City ◽  
The Cost

Purpose Over the past two decades, in developed countries a trend towards the liberalization and restructuring of the gas market has been observed. Today, restructuring is an ongoing process. In this study, a restructured natural gas market has been considered in which several regional distribution companies have ownership of the network and are competing against each other to gain more benefits. The main purpose of this study is to achieve efficiency and economic rationality in such a market through horizontal cooperation. Design/methodology/approach A restructured natural gas distribution network is modeled as a cooperative game to estimate the potential cost savings for various collaboration scenarios. In addition, the cost savings’ allocation among collaborating companies is evaluated using the cooperative game theory. Findings The results reveal validity and efficiency of the solution of the proposed model and capabilities of the cooperative game theory for reduction in gas distribution costs and improvement in the service level. Research limitations/implications This study is limited to natural gas in one region of Yazd City in Iran. Moreover, one segment of the natural gas network (i.e. distribution network) is modeled. Moreover, long-term cooperation between companies relies on fair distribution of cooperation benefits to the participants. Practical implications For the purpose of comparison and to get an insight into properties of the cost savings game, the real case study of one region of Yazd city in Iran is implemented. Originality/value This study contributes to the competitive models in the restructured gas market, particularly, in gas distribution network. The main contribution is to provide potential benefits for the participants via the horizontal cooperation.

World Gas Supplies for the Future: Questions and Answers

1993 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 540-568 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Tissot ◽  
M. Valais
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Economic Viability ◽  
Critical Question ◽  
Gas Industry ◽  
Political Issues ◽  
The Future ◽  
Questions And Answers ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Substantial Rise

The abundance of the worldwide resources of natural gas and its qualities as a “clean” fuel make it a major energy option for the future. However, the increasing distance of resources in relation to the major consuming zones should bring about a considerable development of international gas trade and also a very substantial rise in the cost of future supplies to major markets. Will these markets accept a new scale of value for natural gas in relation to other fossil fuels in order to ensure the economic viability of the formidable investments required in the coming decades is the most critical question of the gas industry, among many other technical, economic and political issues.

Financial Outlook for the Canadian Gas Industry

1995 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 545-552
Author(s):  
Brent Friedenberg
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Supply And Demand ◽  
Gas Industry ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Gas Price

The financial outlook for the Canadian gas industry depends on the outlook for gas prices at Canadian producing basins, the cost of producing in Canada and the volume of production of Canadian natural gas. Price, cost and volume determine the health of the Canadian industry. Industry's costs are the basis of the supply (volume) offered on the market and price is determined by the interaction of supply and demand.

MANAGING CONFIDENTIALITY AND CONFLICTS OF INTEREST IN A COMPETITIVE ENERGY MARKET

1996 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 594
Author(s):  
P.D. Slattery ◽  
K. Stammer
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Joint Venture ◽  
Conflicts Of Interest ◽  
Petroleum Industry ◽  
Good Faith ◽  
Energy Market ◽  
Gas Industry ◽  
Competitive Activity ◽  
Exploration And Production

Producers and other participants in the petroleum industry are in the midst of an increasingly competitive energy market. It is now the case that throughout Australia producers of natural gas are competing not just with substitute sources of energy but with one another. No longer do producers only compete for prospective tenements, rather their competitive activity extends from acreage acquisition through to the burner tip. The emergence of deregulation in the gas industry and the opportunities for competitive activity have been discussed at recent APEA conferences.1The aim of this paper is to examine where conflicts between interest and duty may arise between joint venturers who are now directly, or through affiliated companies, competing for marketing opportunities. We examine how and why such conflicts may arise and whether it is possible to manage them while still participating in traditional forms of joint venture exploration, production and in some cases marketing.For example, are producers able to satisfy their obligations of good faith and preserve confidentiality in joint venture exploration and production activities without compromising their ability to independently pursue the marketing of their share of production?

scholarly journals Composition and Physical Properties of the Natural Gas Supplied for Domestic Use through the Distribution Network

2018 ◽  
pp. 1-15
Author(s):  
M. C. Fernández-Feal ◽  
B. Sánchez-Fernández ◽  
L. R. Sánchez-Fernández ◽  
J. R. Pérez-Prado
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Relative Density ◽  
Distribution Network ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
Entry Points ◽  
Domestic Use ◽  
Wobbe Index ◽  
Superior Calorific Value

Aims: To assess the composition of the Natural Gas (NG) supplied for domestic consumption through the distribution network to correlate the physical properties linked to it were to be determined in order to investigate their fluctuations. Study Design:  The samples were analyzed in accordance with the method described in the ISO 6974‑4 standard, “Natural Gas. Determination of Composition with Defined Uncertainty by Gas Chromatography”. Place and Duration of Study: Center of Technology Research, Fuels Laboratory, between January and December 2016. Methodology: Over the course of the year, a total of eighty-four samples of natural gas for domestic use were analyzed.  These were collected at a rate of one per month in seven cities in the geographical zone under study (Galicia_Spain), in which the number of users is significant. Results and Conclusion: The protocols for technical management of the Gas System have a section on quality specifications for Natural Gas at entry points to the system.  This sets limits for only three of the physical properties of natural gas: Wobbe index, superior calorific value and relative density. The figures obtained for Wobbe index, superior calorific value and relative density from the eighty-four samples studied showed that the quality of the Natural Gas distributed remained steadily within the acceptable limits throughout the whole year. The values for standard deviations bore witness to the fact that any variations did not significantly alter the quality of the Natural Gas supplied. The concentrations of the odorant, THT, were always above the recommended value of 18.0 mg/Nm3, the fluctuations noted over the course of the year were such as to make it possible to see them as excessive. In some instances, a high concentration of odorant may lead users to erroneous impressions, so that they come to think that there are leaks from the gas-pipes or even that the gas is not burning properly.

scholarly journals Technical aspects of natural gas energy metering implementation

2021 ◽  
pp. 21-25
Author(s):  
Mykola Kuz ◽  
Leonid Zamikhovskyi ◽  
Vitalii Shulha
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
Indirect Measurement ◽  
Measuring Instruments ◽  
Regulatory Requirements ◽  
Indirect Methods ◽  
Energy Metering ◽  
Gas Market ◽  
Energy Conversion Devices

In modern conditions, the issue of the quality of natural gas, including the development of gas energy measuring instruments, is becoming increasingly relevant. The Law of Ukraine “On the natural gas market” establishes the need for instrumental metering of natural gas “in order to obtain and register reliable information about the volumes and quality of natural gas during its transportation, distribution, supply, storage and consumption”. In accordance with the “Rules of natural gas supply” in force in Ukraine, settlements with consumers for natural gas should be carried out in cubic meters, reduced to standard conditions and expressed in energy units. However, this contradicts the requirement of the “Technical Regulations on measuring instruments”, which state that settlements with consumers should be based on the results of measuring gas volumes read from the indicating device. However, the indicating devices of gas meters that are operated in Ukraine reflect the measured volumes of gas in cubic meters. Currently, the requirements of the above regulatory documents are partially implemented, in particular, in full-scale industry and partly in the municipal sphere, the readings of measuring the volume of gas by the meters are being adjusted depending on the temperature and pressure of the gas. The purpose of this work is to assess the regulatory requirements and technical possibilities of introducing natural gas metering in energy units in Ukraine. It is proposed to use energy conversion devices to determine the energy of natural gas. A methodology has been developed for measuring natural gas energy by indirect methods based on measurements of the consumed gas volumes, air temperature around the gas meter and the results of measuring the calorific value of gas. The assessment of the metrological characteristics of the indirect measurement of natural gas energy has been carried out.   Keywords: natural gas; energy; volume conversion device.

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