scholarly journals Evaluating Plant Population and Replant Method Effects on Peanut Planted in Twin Rows

2017 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-25 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.M. Sarver ◽  
R.S. Tubbs ◽  
J.P. Beasley ◽  
A.K. Culbreath ◽  
T.L. Grey ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Yield Potential ◽  
Seeding Rate ◽  
Pod Yield ◽  
Arachis Hypogaea L ◽  
Method Effects ◽  
Plant Stand ◽  
Reduced Rate ◽  
Disease Pressure

ABSTRACT Achieving and maintaining an adequate plant stand is a major priority when making planting and early season management decisions in peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.). Unpredictable and often extreme weather and high disease pressure in the southeastern United States can contribute to poor emergence and below-optimum plant stands. When plant stand is affected, replanting may be agronomically justified. This study was designed to determine i) the effect of plant stand on pod yield, market grade, and disease incidence in peanut seeded in a twin row pattern, (ii) if replanting is a viable option in a field with a below adequate stand and, iii) the best method for replanting peanut when an adequate stand is not achieved. Field trials were established at two locations in south Georgia in 2012 and 2013 to evaluate peanut production at four plant stands (7.4, 9.8, 12.3, and 14.8 plants/m [total plants/m across both units, or ‘twins' of the twin row pattern) and four replant methods (no replant, destroy the original stand and replant at a full seeding rate, add a reduced rate of seed to supplement the original stand with a single row between the original rows, and supplement with two additional rows with one between and the other next to the original rows). Replanting occurred when the stand had been established, an average of 24 days after initial planting. Pod yield at a stand of 12.3 plants/m was 6.6 and 5.8% greater than at a stand of 7.4 and 9.8 plants/m, respectively, with no benefit from increasing plant stand beyond 12.3 plants/m. Market grade was also maximized at 12.3 plants/m. Disease incidence was unaffected by plant stand. Yield was increased by supplementing an initial stand of 9.8 plants/m in both a single additional row and in two additional rows by 8.3 and 6.6%, respectively. A full replant of the original stand always resulted in lower yield, while grade was slightly increased in the full replant treatment. While an initial stand of 12.3 plants/m was needed in order to maintain yield potential, replanting via supplemental seed addition can recover lost yield at stands below this level.

scholarly journals Plant Population and Replant Method Effects on Peanut Seeded in Single Rows

2016 ◽  
Vol 43 (2) ◽  
pp. 126-132
Author(s):  
J.M. Sarver ◽  
R.S. Tubbs ◽  
J.P. Beasley ◽  
A.K. Culbreath ◽  
T.L. Grey ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Linear Trend ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Yield Potential ◽  
Seeding Rate ◽  
Seed Addition ◽  
University Of Georgia ◽  
Plant Stand ◽  
Reduced Rate

ABSTRACT The University of Georgia Extension recommendation for optimum plant stand in peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) is 13.1 plants/m, although previous work has shown that yield potential can be maintained at lower plant stands. The unpredictable and often extreme weather and the ubiquity of pathogens in the region often contribute to poor emergence and poor plant stands. When plant stand is adversely affected, replanting the field may be a practical option. The objectives of this study were to determine i) the effect of plant stand on yield, grade and disease incidence, ii) at what plant stand peanut gains an advantage from replanting and iii) the best method for replanting peanut when an adequate stand is not achieved. Field trials took place in Plains, GA in 2011, 2012, and 2013; and Tifton, GA in 2012 and 2013 to evaluate peanut production at six plant stands (3.3, 4.9, 6.6, 8.2, 9.8, and 11.5 plants/m, in addition to a 13.1 plants/m control) in combination with three replant practices; i) no replant, ii) destroy the original stand and replant at a full seeding rate, and iii) add a reduced rate of seed to supplement the original stand) in a randomized complete block design. A positive linear trend for yield and a negative linear trend for tomato spotted wilt Tospovirus incidence were discovered as plant stand increased. Yield advantages from replanting occurred via supplemental seed addition to initial stands of 3.3 and 8.2 plants/m. Destroying the initial stand and completely replanting was never beneficial when compared to the other two replant practices. Replanting is warranted via supplemental seed addition at plant stands equal-to or below 8.2 plants/m.

scholarly journals Comparison of Virginia and Runner-Type Peanut Cultivars for Development, Disease, Yield Potential, and Grade Factors in Eastern Virginia

2013 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-23 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Balota ◽  
P. Phipps
Keyword(s):  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Yield Potential ◽  
Economic Return ◽  
Federal Support ◽  
Pod Yield ◽  
Arachis Hypogaea L ◽  
Peanut Cultivars ◽  
High Yields ◽  
New Cultivars

ABSTRACT Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) is an important crop in the Virginia-Carolina (VC) region. Virginia-type cultivars are preferred vs. other peanut types because of the in-shell and gourmet markets that evolved in the VC region around this peanut type. Reduced federal support coupled with increased production costs for the virginia-type peanut vs. other peanut types and recently higher fuel and pesticide prices are good reasons for farmers to consider growing other peanut types than virginia-type in the VC region. Earlier research suggested that runner-type peanut can provide yield, gross value, and economic return similar with virginia-type when grown in the VC region. However, direct comparison of runner and virginia-type cultivars needs to be updated as new cultivars become available. In this study we compared four runner-types with five virginia-type cultivars for plant development, disease incidence, pod yield, pod brightness, grade factors, and gross value in 2009 and 2010. In agreement with earlier findings, the results show that runner-types can provide similar gross returns with virginia-type peanut cultivars when grown in the northern VC region. Florida 07 runner and Bailey virginia-type, currently the most popular cultivars in the VC region, had high yields and gross values in both years. However, Florida 07 and other runners matured later and pods were less bright when compared with the virginia-types. Therefore, growing runners in the northern VC region may be challenging due shorter seasons and reduced pod brightness if peanut is used for in-shell markets.

Comparative Effect of Groundnut (Arachis hypogea l.) Genotypes on Yield and N Fixation in Sudan and Northern Guinea Savannahs of Nigeria

2019 ◽  
pp. 61-67
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Research ◽  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Yield Potential ◽  
N Fixation ◽  
Maize Crop ◽  
Significant Interaction Effect ◽  
Pod Yield

Recognition of high yielding and nitrogen (N) fixing groundnut genotypes and desegregating them in the cereal-based cropping systems common in savannah regions will enhance food security and reduce the need for high N fertilizers hence, minimize the high cost and associated environmental consequences. Field trials were conducted during the 2015 growing season at the Research Farms of Bayero University Kano (BUK) and Institute for Agricultural Research (IAR), Ahmadu Bello University, Samaru-Zaria to assess the yield potential and Biolog- ical N fixation in 15 groundnut genotypes (ICG 4729, ICGV-IS 07823, ICGV-IS 07893, ICGV-IS 07908, ICGV- SM 07539, ICGV- SM 07599, ICGV-IS 09926, ICGV-IS 09932, ICGV-IS 09992, ICGV-IS 09994, SAMNUT-21, SAMNUT-22, SAMNUT-25, KAMPALA and KWANKWAS). The groundnut genotypes and reference Maize crop (SAMMAZ 29) were planted in a randomized complete block design in three replications. N difference method was used to estimate the amount of N fixed. The parameters determined were the number of nodules, nod- ule dry weight, shoot and root dry weights, pod, and haulm yield as well as N fixation. The nodule dry weight, BNF, haulm, and pod yield were statistically significant (P<0.01) concerning genotype and location. Similarly, their interac- tion effect was also highly significant. ICGV-IS 09926 recorded the highest nod- ule dry weight of 2.07mg /plant across the locations while ICGV-IS 09932 had the highest BNF value of 140.27Kg/ha. Additionally, KAMPALA had the high- est haulm yield, while ICGV-IS 07893 had the highest pod yield across the loca- tions with a significant interaction effect. The result shows that ICGV-IS 07893 and ICGV-IS 09932, as well as ICGV-IS 09994 and SAMNUT – 22, were the best genotypes concerning BNF, haulm and pod yield in the Northern Guinea and Sudan Savannahs of Nigeria respectively with the potential for a corresponding beneficial effect.

scholarly journals Effects of Rootstock and Budding Height on Bacterial Canker in French Prune

Plant Disease ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 86 (5) ◽  
pp. 543-546 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. J. Sayler ◽  
S. M. Southwick ◽  
J. T. Yeager ◽  
K. Glozer ◽  
E. L. Little ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tree Mortality ◽  
Prunus Persica ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Fruit Trees ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Bacterial Canker ◽  
Prunus Domestica ◽  
Severity Of Disease ◽  
Prunus Cerasifera ◽  
Disease Pressure

Bacterial canker is one of the most economically important diseases of stone fruit trees, including ‘French’ prune (Prunus domestica). Field trials were conducted to evaluate the effect of rootstock selection and budding height on the incidence and severity of bacterial canker in four orchards with low to high disease pressure. Treatments included French prune scions low-grafted on ‘Lovell’ peach (Prunus persica) rootstocks as well as Myrobalan 29C (Prunus cerasifera) plum rootstocks grafted at 15, 50, and 90 cm above the rootstock crown. Another treatment consisted of growing Myrobalan 29C plum rootstocks in the field for one growing season, then field-grafting French prune buds onto rootstock scaffolds. Lovell peach rootstock provided the greatest protection from bacterial canker as measured by disease incidence and tree mortality in all orchards. Field-budded rootstocks and rootstocks grafted at the highest budding height provided moderate levels of resistance to bacterial canker. These treatments reduced the incidence but not the severity of disease.

Partial resistance of Southern Runner, Arachis hypogaea, to stem rot caused by Sclerotium rolfsii1

1990 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 65-67 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. B. Brenneman ◽  
W. D. Branch ◽  
A. S. Csinos
Keyword(s):  
Arachis Hypogaea ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Sclerotium Rolfsii ◽  
Field Tests ◽  
Stem Rot ◽  
Pod Yield ◽  
Industry Standard ◽  
Arachis Hypogaea L ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Disease Loci

Abstract The susceptibility of 16 peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) genotypes (eight Virginia and eight runner types) to southern stem rot (Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc.) was evaluated in field tests over three years. Mean disease incidence for all cultivars was 10.0, 15.4 and 16.4 disease loci per 12.2 m row and average yields were 3488, 2826 and 3569 kg/ha in 1986, 1987 and 1988, respectively. Disease incidence averaged 14.3 disease loci per 12.2 m of row for both market types. The mean yield for the eight Virginia types was 3287 kg/ha versus 3214 for the eight runner types. Culitvars within market types varied significantly in disease incidence and pod yield. Of the Virginia types, NC 6 and Florigiant were the most susceptible with NC 9, VA 81B and Early Bunch being the most resistant. Incidence of stem rot in runner cultivars was high except for Southern Runner and Langley which had about 50% less disease than the most susceptible entries. There was a highly significant correlation (P≤0.01) between yields and disease incidence all three years. Overall, Southern Runner had the lowest disease incidence and highest pod yield of any cultivar. Compared to Florunner, the current industry standard for runner types, Southern Runner had about 50% less disease and yields were 1346 kg/ha higher.

scholarly journals Reaction of Select Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) Lines to Southern Stem Rot and Pythium Pod Rot Under Varied Disease Pressure

1989 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
O. D. Smith ◽  
T. E. Boswell ◽  
W. J. Grichar ◽  
C. E. Simpson
Keyword(s):  
Arachis Hypogaea ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Sclerotium Rolfsii ◽  
Stem Rot ◽  
Resistant Parent ◽  
Breeding Lines ◽  
Arachis Hypogaea L ◽  
Significant Yield ◽  
Considerable Resistance ◽  
Disease Pressure

Abstract Eight breeding lines, three parents, and the cultivar Florunner were compared under two levels of disease pressure induced by Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc., or Pythium myriotylum Drechs. at each of two locations for three years to ascertain the effectiveness of the host plant resistance to each pathogen. Varied disease pressures were created by application of fungicides and supplement of fungal inoculum. Mean Florunner pod yields varied more than 1000 kg/ha as a result of the S. rolfsii treatments but the yields of the resistant TxAG-3 were not affected. Disease incidence, as measured by frequency of S. rolfsii infection sites and diseased pods, was much higher for Florunner than TxAG-3. Breeding lines for which TxAG-3 was a parent sustained significant yield reductions. The disease incidence in these lines was higher than the resistant parent, equal or less than Tamnut 74, their other parent, and less than Florunner. The grades of TxAG-3 and its derivatives were lower than Florunner. Pod rot incidence differed for the P. myriotylum treatments but pod yields were not different. TxAG-3 and Toalson sustained less pod disease than Florunner and Tamnut 74. The percent of diseased pod tissue for one derivative of Toalson was lower than Toalson and TxAG-3, and that of one TxAG-3 derivative was equal to its best parent. The breeding lines varied in reaction to the two diseases and some lines showed considerable resistance to both organisms.

scholarly journals Selection Indices for Simultaneous Selection for Pod Yield and Leafspot Resistance in Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.)1

1987 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-54 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. N. Iroume ◽  
D. A. Knauft
Keyword(s):  
Arachis Hypogaea ◽  
Breeding Value ◽  
Direct Selection ◽  
Index Selection ◽  
Cercospora Arachidicola ◽  
Pod Yield ◽  
Arachis Hypogaea L ◽  
Yield Gain ◽  
Selection For ◽  
Disease Pressure

Abstract The objective of this study was to investigate the possibility of index selection for pod yield and leafspot resistance, causal organisms Cercospora arachidicola Hori and Cercosporidium personatum (Berk. and Curt.) Deighton, in peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.). Eleven crosses were evaluated in the S1 and S2 generations under natural disease pressure for pod yield and disease reaction. Leafspot severity was measured by leaf necrotic area and defoliation. Variances for each trait and covariances between traits were estimated by progeny analysis. Economic weights assigned to the different characters were derived as the ratio of the pod yield for a genotype to the theoretical pod yield gain from leafspot resistance. Indices were constructed and their efficiency both as predictor of the breeding value and relative to individual selection for either trait was evaluated. Index selection for increased pod yield and reduced leafspot susceptibility was between 87% and 100% as efficient as direct selection for either trait. Combining several leafspot severity readings with pod yield did not improve the efficiency of the index. Fourteen to 17% of the breeding value of the population was accounted for by the traits combined in various indices. This indicated that there is potential for improvement of these indices.

scholarly journals Efficacy of Fungicide Seed Treatments in Controlling Blackleg of Canola

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 160-164
Author(s):  
Sudha GC Upadhaya ◽  
Venkataramana Chapara ◽  
Mukhlesur Rahman ◽  
Luis E. del Río Mendoza
Keyword(s):  
Seed Treatment ◽  
Leaf Growth ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Leptosphaeria Maculans ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Management Tool ◽  
Blackleg Disease ◽  
Seed Treatments ◽  
Spring Canola ◽  
Plant Stand

The efficacy of five fungicide seed treatments as a management tool against blackleg on spring canola was evaluated under greenhouse and field conditions in North Dakota. Blackleg, caused by Leptosphaeria maculans, inflicts the greatest yield losses when infecting seedlings before they reach the six-leaf growth stage. In greenhouse studies, 10-day-old seedlings were inoculated with L. maculans spore suspensions and evaluated 12 days later and at maturity or inoculated 12, 20, or 28 days after planting and evaluated at maturity. In field trials conducted in 2017 and 2018, severity was assessed at maturity. In the greenhouse, all fungicide seed treatments reduced (P = 0.05) disease severity at the seedling stage, but only the protection provided by Obvius (fluxapyroxad + pyraclostrobin + metalaxyl) and Helix Vibrance (mefenoxam + fludioxonil + sedaxane + difenoconazole + thiamethoxam) reduced (P < 0.05) severity at the adult stage; however, none of them provide effective protection when plants were inoculated 20 days after planting or later. In field trials, none of the treatments significantly (P > 0.05) improved plant stand and yield or reduced disease incidence and severity. Although fungicide seed treatment is a valuable tool, it should not be used as the only method to manage blackleg disease.

Impact of seeding rate and depth on mycosphaerella blight and seed yield of field pea

2006 ◽  
Vol 86 (3) ◽  
pp. 845-853 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. F. Hwang ◽  
R. L. Conner ◽  
K. F. Chang ◽  
B. D. Gossen ◽  
H. Su ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Seed Yield ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Field Pea ◽  
Yield Potential ◽  
Mycosphaerella Pinodes ◽  
Western Canada ◽  
Seedling Density ◽  
Seeding Rate ◽  
Foliar Fungicide ◽  
The Impact

Mycosphaerella blight (Mycosphaerella pinodes) occurs throughout western Canada and can severely reduce field pea (Pisum sativum) seed yield. Field trials were conducted at two sites (Edmonton, AB, and Morden, MB) from 2001 to 2003 to assess the impact of seeding rate and seeding depth on blight severity. Mycosphaerella blight severity in the canopy was greater at higher seeding rates; treatments seeded at 30 plants m-2 had lower levels of disease than those seeded at more than 100 seeds m-2. However, yield potential was reduced at low seeding densities. Depth of seeding did not affect seedling density, disease severity, yield or final seed weight. In addition, field trials were conducted at Edmonton to quantify yield losses associated with mycosphaerella blight in Alberta. In trials inoculated with M. pinodes, application of a foliar fungicide (chlorothalonil) increased yield by about 20% over the unprotected control. Key words: Pisum, Mycosphaerella, fungicide, crop management, yield loss

scholarly journals Agronomic Aspects of Normal and Abnormal Root Formation in Peanuts (Arachis hypogaea L.)

1981 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-30
Author(s):  
G. R. Ablett ◽  
R. C. Roy ◽  
J. W. Tanner
Keyword(s):  
Arachis Hypogaea ◽  
Root Systems ◽  
Random Selection ◽  
Yield Reduction ◽  
Pod Yield ◽  
Commercial Seed ◽  
Arachis Hypogaea L ◽  
Tap Root ◽  
Plant Stand ◽  
Selection Of

Abstract Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) research in Ontario, Canada has focused on the problems inherent in growing a crop in an area where it had previously not been grown. It had been observed that a significant percentage of germinating seeds developed abnormal root systems. Many of these abnormal seedlings did not emerge; others emerged but failed to produce vigorous plants. Four peanut cultivars, each from two distinct sources, commercial and hand-harvested seeds were compared on the basis of pod yield, plant stand, and percentage of plants with normal root systems. A normal root system was designated as one which had a long straight tap root with many laterals. Among all cultivars, pod yield, and plant stand from hand-harvested seed exceeded that of commercial seed. In addition, the percentage of plants with normal root systems was greater for hand-harvested seed than for commercial seed with two of the cultivars. Field grown plants of three peanut genotypes were examined to determine the relative percentages of plants with normal or abnormal root systems. An abnormal root system was classified as having a curvature of the hypocotyl or the hypocotyl and tap root or no main tap root. High percentages (50–60%) of plants with abnormal root systems were found for two genotypes and for each of the three genotypes it was determined that an abnormal plant was capable of producing approximately 50% as many pods as a normal plant. Four sources of seeds were collected for each of the three genotypes: (a) normal-rooted plants, (b) abnormally-rooted plants, (c) a random selection of plants, and (d) a random selection of plants, combine-harvested. The seeds were grown in a growth cabinet study and in two field trials. In all cases, the data were consistent in that selection for normal-rooted plants did not increase the percentage of normal-rooted plants over the random selection or the abnormal selection in the following generation. Combine-harvesting caused a dramatic reduction in the percentage of plants with normal roots. In two genotypes this reduction led to a significant yield reduction when compared to the hand-harvested selections. Seed from a commercial seed lot for one of the genotypes produced a very low percentage of plants with normal roots, which also resulted in a yield reduction. The overall results demonstrated that the use of high quality seed was an extremely important facet of peanut production in this environment and that additional research in the area of seed quality is justified.

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