scholarly journals Assessment of landscape fires in 2020 in Russia

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-17 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. V. Glushkov ◽  
◽  
V. V. Lupachik ◽  
I. V. Zhuravleva ◽  
A. Yu. Yaroshenko ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Spatial Resolution ◽  
Satellite Images ◽  
Prescribed Burning ◽  
Public Domain ◽  
The Public ◽  
Burned Areas ◽  
Anthropogenic Vegetation ◽  
Main Factors ◽  
Sentinel 2

Landscape fires are one of the main factors of anthropogenic vegetation and soil transformation, as well as anthropogenic climate change. Despite this, until now there have been no detailed estimates of the scale of all types of landscape fires throughout Russia for a full calendar year. This work was aimed at providing such an assessment for landscape fires in 2020, as well as creating a publicly available map of these fires. The fires were mapped by experts and specially trained volunteers on the basis of Sentinel-2 MSI medium spatial resolution satellite images (20 m/pixel) for two periods — from January 1 to May 15, and from May 16 to December 31 inclusive. The total area of identified landscape fires was 25.84 million hectares. The division of the identified fires into presumably controlled (prescribed burning) and uncontrolled (actually fires) was not carried out within the framework of this work. However, the burned areas, corresponding to the area criterion established for single prescribed burnings (up to 10 hectares), account for only 0.96% of the total area of detected fires. The final map of landscape fires, compiled as a result of this work, is available in the public domain at https://maps.greenpeace.org/maps/gpru/fires_2020.

‘If You Want to Be Green Hold Your Breath’: Climate Change in British Theatre

2012 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 260-271 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julie Hudson
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Collaborative Work ◽  
Public Domain ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
The Public ◽  
Oxford University ◽  
An Inconvenient Truth ◽  
Dramatic Form ◽  
Crown Prince ◽  
The Relationship

With a rich mix of theatrical material to bring to the table, the climate-change debate playing out in the public domain would seem well adapted to the stage, and has often been presented in docu-dramatic form, as in Al Gore's well-known film An Inconvenient Truth. But until relatively recently climate change and the science relating to it have been conspicuous by their absence from the stage. Early movers on the climate-change theatre scene included Caryl Churchill's 2006 climate-change libretto for the London Proms, We Turned on the Light, and John Godber's 2007 play Crown Prince. Since then, interest has steadily increased. In 2009 came Steve Waters's double bill The Contingency Plan (On the Beach and Resilience). This was quickly followed by Earthquakes in London by Mike Bartlett in 2010, and by three further plays in the spring of 2011: Greenland, the collaborative work of Moira Buffini, Matt Charman, Penelope Skinner, and Jack Thorne; The Heretic by Richard Bean; and Wastwater by Simon Stephens. In this article Julie Hudson focuses on three of these works to explore how the plays engage with the debate through the medium of climate-change science. As her article suggests, these British climate-change plays make an important and occasionally subversive contribution to the long-running discourse on the relationship between science, the ecosystem, and human beings. In performance, they succeed in turning a subject that has been overplayed for effect in the public domain into compelling theatre. Julie Hudson is currently a visiting fellow at the Smith School of Enterprise and the Environment, Oxford University.

Data-fusion of satellite and ground sensors for river hydro-morphodynamics monitoring

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Nicolina Papa ◽  
Michael Nones ◽  
Carmela Cavallo ◽  
Massimiliano Gargiulo ◽  
Giuseppe Ruello
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Resolution ◽  
Satellite Data ◽  
Satellite Images ◽  
Sampling Rate ◽  
Ecological Status ◽  
Multispectral Images ◽  
Sar Images ◽  
Shoreline Changes ◽  
Fluvial Morphology ◽  
Sentinel 2

<p>Changes in fluvial morphology, such as the migration of channels and sandbars, are driven by many factors e.g. water, woody debris and sediment discharges, vegetation and management practice. Nowadays, increased anthropic pressure and climate change are accelerating the natural morphologic dynamics. Therefore, the monitoring of river changes and the assessment of future trends are necessary for the identification of the optimal management practices, aiming at the improvement of river ecological status and the mitigation of hydraulic risk. Satellite data can provide an effective and cost-effective tool for the monitoring of river morphology and its temporal evolution.</p><p>The main idea of this work is to understand which remote sensed data, and particularly which space and time resolutions, are more adapt for the observation of sandbars evolution in relatively large rivers. To this purpose, multispectral and Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) archive data, with different spatial resolution, were used. Preference was given to satellite data freely available. Moreover, the observations extracted by the satellite data were compared with ground data recorded by a fixed camera.</p><p>The study case is a sandy bar (area about 0.4 km<sup>2 </sup>and maximum width about 350 m) in a lowland reach of the Po River (Italy), characterized by frequent and relevant morphological changes. The bar shoreline changes were captured by a fixed video camera, installed on a bridge and operating for almost two years (July 2017 - November 2018). To this purpose, we used: Sentinel-2 multispectral images with a spatial resolution of 10 m, Sentinel-1 SAR images with a resolution of 5 x 20 m and CosmoSkyMed SAR images with a resolution of 5 m. It is worth noting that the Sentinel data of the Copernicus Programme are freely available while the CosmoSkyMed data of the Italian Space Agency (ASI) are freely distributed for scientific purpose after the successful participation to an open call. In order to validate the results provided by Sentinel and CosmoSkyMed data, we used very high resolution multispectral images (about 50 cm).</p><p>Multispectral images are easily interpreted, but are affected by the presence of cloud cover. For instance, in this analysis, the expendable multispectral images were equal to about 50% of the total archive. On the other hand, the SAR images provide information also in the presence of clouds and at night-time, but they have the drawback of more complex processing and interpretation. The shorelines extracted from the satellite images were compared with those extracted from photographic images, taken on the same day of the satellite acquisition. Other comparisons were made between different satellite images acquired with a temporal mismatch of maximum two days.</p><p>The results of the comparisons showed that the Sentinel-1 and Sentinel-2 data were both adequate for the shoreline changes observation. Due to the higher resolution, the CosmoSkyMed data provided better results. SAR data and multispectral data allowed for automatic extraction of the bar shoreline, with different degree of processing burden. The fusion of data from different satellites gave the opportunity of highly increase the sampling rate.</p>

scholarly journals A note on a Comparison of Starting Points for the Generation of D-optimal Second-order Designs

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 1001-1008
Author(s):  
Ngozi Chizoma Umelo-Ibemere
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Mathematical Analysis ◽  
Field Data ◽  
Satellite Images ◽  
Cultivated Land ◽  
Temporal And Spatial ◽  
Land Surfaces ◽  
Optical Satellite Images ◽  
Agricultural Areas ◽  
Sentinel 2

Agricultural monitoring has become an absolute necessity in the Sahel countries, especially with climate change which constitutes a real threat for this sector. The aim of this work is to develop a methodology for identifying crops and mapping agricultural areas using Sentinel-2 data from the Copernicus program. The purpose of this work consisted in discriminating the crops of millet, maize and peanuts. This is to analyse the scientific and technical obstacles related to this problem. For this, we have made a mathematical analysis of optical satellite images. High temporal and spatial resolution images (10m to 60m) of Sentinel 2 sensors were used in this work. This unique set of data coupled with field data, has permitted to carry out a diagnosis of land cover and cultivated land surfaces, and evaluating the contribution of this type of data for crop forecast

scholarly journals Exploitation of Sentinel-2 Time Series to Map Burned Areas at the National Level: A Case Study on the 2017 Italy Wildfires

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 622 ◽  
Author(s):  
Federico Filipponi
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
Spatial Resolution ◽  
Satellite Data ◽  
High Spatial Resolution ◽  
National Level ◽  
Burned Area ◽  
Commission Error ◽  
Burned Areas ◽  
Sentinel 2

Satellite data play a major role in supporting knowledge about fire severity by delivering rapid information to map fire-damaged areas in a precise and prompt way. The high availability of free medium-high spatial resolution optical satellite data, offered by the Copernicus Programme, has enabled the development of more detailed post-fire mapping. This research study deals with the exploitation of Sentinel-2 time series to map burned areas, taking advantages from the high revisit frequency and improved spatial and spectral resolution of the MSI optical sensor. A novel procedure is here presented to produce medium-high spatial resolution burned area mapping using dense Sentinel-2 time series with no a priori knowledge about wildfire occurrence or burned areas spatial distribution. The proposed methodology is founded on a threshold-based classification based on empirical observations that discovers wildfire fingerprints on vegetation cover by means of an abrupt change detection procedure. Effectiveness of the procedure in mapping medium-high spatial resolution burned areas at the national level was demonstrated for a case study on the 2017 Italy wildfires. Thematic maps generated under the Copernicus Emergency Management Service were used as reference products to assess the accuracy of the results. Multitemporal series of three different spectral indices, describing wildfire disturbance, were used to identify burned areas and compared to identify their performances in terms of spectral separability. Result showed a total burned area for the Italian country in the year 2017 of around 1400 km2, with the proposed methodology generating a commission error of around 25% and an omission error of around 40%. Results demonstrate how the proposed procedure allows for the medium-high resolution mapping of burned areas, offering a benchmark for the development of new operational downstreaming services at the national level based on Copernicus data for the systematic monitoring of wildfires.

Resolution Enhancement for Large-Scale Land Cover Mapping via Weakly Supervised Deep Learning

2021 ◽  
Vol 87 (6) ◽  
pp. 405-412
Author(s):  
Qiutong Yu ◽  
Wei Liu ◽  
Wesley Nunes Gonçalves ◽  
José Marcato Junior ◽  
Jonathan Li
Keyword(s):  
Neural Network ◽  
Remote Sensing ◽  
Land Cover ◽  
Spatial Resolution ◽  
Satellite Images ◽  
Land Cover Mapping ◽  
Fusion Method ◽  
The Public ◽  
Land Cover Map ◽  
Weakly Supervised

Multispectral satellite imagery is the primary data source for monitoring land cover change and characterizing land cover globally. However, the consistency of land cover monitoring is limited by the spatial and temporal resolutions of the acquired satellite images. The public availability of daily high-resolution images is still scarce. This paper aims to fill this gap by proposing a novel spatiotemporal fusion method to enhance daily low spatial resolution land cover mapping using a weakly supervised deep convolutional neural network. We merge Sentinel images and moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer (MODIS )-derived thematic land cover maps under the application background of massive remote sensing data and the large spatial resolution gaps between MODIS data and Sentinel images. The neural network training was conducted on the public data set SEN12MS, while the validation and testing used ground truth data from the 2020 IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Society data fusion contest. The proposed data fusion method shows that the synthesized land cover map has significantly higher spatial resolution than the corresponding MODIS-derived land cover map. The ensemble approach can be implemented for generating high-resolution time series of satellite images by fusing fine images from Sentinel-1 and -2 and daily coarse images from MODIS.

Fire regimes and post-fire evolution of burned areas in selected plant biomes of the planet studying the phenology of the landscape with time series of satellite images

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nikos Koutsias ◽  
Anastasia Karamitsou ◽  
Foula Nioti ◽  
Frank Coutelieris
Keyword(s):  
Remote Sensing ◽  
Time Series ◽  
Satellite Imagery ◽  
Satellite Images ◽  
Fire History ◽  
Fire Regime ◽  
Fire Regimes ◽  
Burned Areas ◽  
History Of ◽  
Sentinel 2

<p>Plant biomes and climatic zones are characterized by a specific type of fire regime which can be determined from the history of fires in the area and it is a synergy mainly of the climatic conditions and the functional characteristics of the types of vegetation. They correspond also to specific phenology types, a feature that can be useful for various applications related to vegetation monitoring, especially when remote sensing methods are used. Both the assessment of fire regime from the reconstruction of fire history and the monitoring of post-fire evolution of the burned areas can be studied with satellite remote sensing based on satellite time series images. The free availability of (i) Landsat satellite imagery by US Geological Survey (USGS, (ii) Sentinel-2 satellite imagery by ESA and (iii) MODIS satellite imagery by NASA / USGS allow low-cost data acquisition and processing (eg 1984-present) which otherwise would require very high costs. The purpose of this work is to determine the fire regime as well as the patterns of post-fire evolution of burned areas in selected vegetation/climate zones for the entire planet by studying the phenology of the landscape with time series of satellite images. More specifically, the three research questions we are negotiating are: (i) the reconstruction of the history of fires in the period 1984-2017 and the determination of fire regimes with Landsat and Sentinel-2 satellite data , (ii) the assessment of pre-fire phenological pattern of vegetation and (iii) the monitoring and comparative evaluation of post-fire evolution patterns of the burned areas.</p><p><strong>Acknowledgements</strong></p><p>This research has been co-financed by the Operational Program "Human Resources Development, Education and Lifelong Learning" and is co-financed by the European Union (European Social Fund) and Greek national funds.</p><p> </p>

scholarly journals Mapping Burned Areas of Mato Grosso State Brazilian Amazon Using Multisensor Datasets

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (22) ◽  
pp. 3827
Author(s):  
Yosio Edemir Shimabukuro ◽  
Andeise Cerqueira Dutra ◽  
Egidio Arai ◽  
Valdete Duarte ◽  
Henrique Luís Godinho Cassol ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Fire Severity ◽  
Brazilian Amazon ◽  
Landsat 8 ◽  
Mato Grosso ◽  
Burned Areas ◽  
Active Fire ◽  
Brazilian Amazon Region ◽  
Fraction Images ◽  
Sentinel 2

Quantifying forest fires remain a challenging task for the implementation of public policies aimed to mitigate climate change. In this paper, we propose a new method to provide an annual burned area map of Mato Grosso State located in the Brazilian Amazon region, taking advantage of the high spatial and temporal resolution sensors. The method consists of generating the vegetation, soil, and shade fraction images by applying the Linear Spectral Mixing Model (LSMM) to the Landsat-8 OLI (Operational Land Imager), PROBA-V (Project for On-Board Autonomy–Vegetation), and Suomi NPP-VIIRS (National Polar-Orbiting Partnership-Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite) datasets. The shade fraction images highlight the burned areas, in which values are represented by low reflectance of ground targets, and the mapping was performed using an unsupervised classifier. Burned areas were evaluated in terms of land use and land cover classes over the Amazon, Cerrado and Pantanal biomes in the Mato Grosso State. Our results showed that most of the burned areas occurred in non-forested areas (66.57%) and old deforestation (21.54%). However, burned areas over forestlands (11.03%), causing forest degradation, reached more than double compared with burned areas identified in consolidated croplands (5.32%). The results obtained were validated using the Sentinel-2 data and compared with active fire data and existing global burned areas products, such as the MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer product) MCD64A1 and MCD45A1, and Fire CCI (ESA Climate Change Initiative) products. Although there is a good visual agreement among the analyzed products, the areas estimated were quite different. Our results presented correlation of 51% with Sentinel-2 and agreement of r2 = 0.31, r2 = 0.29, and r2 = 0.43 with MCD64A1, MCD45A1, and Fire CCI products, respectively. However, considering the active fire data, it was achieved the better performance between active fire presence and burn mapping (92%). The proposed method provided a general perspective about the patterns of fire in various biomes of Mato Grosso State, Brazil, that are important for the environmental studies, specially related to fire severity, regeneration, and greenhouse gas emissions.

scholarly journals Generating Red-Edge Images at 3 M Spatial Resolution by Fusing Sentinel-2 and Planet Satellite Products

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 1422 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wei Li ◽  
Jiale Jiang ◽  
Tai Guo ◽  
Meng Zhou ◽  
Yining Tang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Spatial Resolution ◽  
Satellite Images ◽  
Satellite Image ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Red Edge ◽  
Quantitative Remote Sensing ◽  
High Resolution Satellite Images ◽  
Fused Image ◽  
Sentinel 2

High-resolution satellite images can be used to some extent to mitigate the mixed-pixel problem caused by the lack of intensive production, farmland fragmentation, and the uneven growth of field crops in developing countries. Specifically, red-edge (RE) satellite images can be used in this context to reduce the influence of soil background at early stages as well as saturation due to crop leaf area index (LAI) at later stages. However, the availability of high-resolution RE satellite image products for research and application globally remains limited. This study uses the weight-and-unmixing algorithm as well as the SUPer-REsolution for multi-spectral Multi-resolution Estimation (Wu-SupReME) approach to combine the advantages of Sentinel-2 spectral and Planet spatial resolution and generate a high-resolution RE product. The resultant fused image is highly correlated (R2 > 0.98) with Sentinel-2 image and clearly illustrates the persistent advantages of such products. This fused image was significantly more accurate than the originals when used to predict heterogeneous wheat LAI and therefore clearly illustrated the persistence of Sentinel-2 spectral and Planet spatial advantage, which indirectly proved that the fusion methodology of generating high-resolution red-edge products from Planet and Sentinel-2 images is possible. This study provided method reference for multi-source data fusion and image product for accurate parameter inversion in quantitative remote sensing of vegetation.

Rewritten or Reused? Originality, Intertextuality, and Reuse in the Writings of a Buddhist Visionary in Contemporary Tibet

2017 ◽  
Vol 33 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 203-231
Author(s):  
Antonio Terrone
Keyword(s):  
Public Domain ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Way

The study of Buddhist texts can inform us of the way scriptures were composed, as well as illuminate the reasons behind their production. This study examines the phenomenon of borrowing and reusing portions of texts without attributing them to their ‘legitimate authors’ within the Buddhist world of contemporary Tibet. It shows that not only is such a practice not at all infrequent and is often socially accepted, but that it is used in this case as a platform to advance specific claims and promote an explicit agenda. Therefore, rather than considering these as instances of plagiarism, this essay looks at the practice of copying and borrowing as an exercise in intertextuality, intended as the faithful retransmission of ancient truths, and as an indication of the public domain of texts in Tibet.

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