the Mechanism Based on the "Brain-gut (Bacteria) -Lung" Axis of Preventing and Controlling SAP

The gut-brain-microbiota axis consists of a bilateral communication system that enables gut microbes to interact with the brain, and the latter with the gut. Gut bacteria influence behavior, and both depression and anxiety symptoms are directly associated with alterations in the microbiota. Psychobiotics are defined as probiotics that confer mental health benefits to the host when ingested in a particular quantity through interaction with commensal gut bacteria. The action mechanisms by which bacteria exert their psychobiotic potential has not been completely elucidated. However, it has been found that these bacteria provide their benefits mostly through the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, the immune response and inflammation, and through the production of neurohormones and neurotransmitters. This review aims to explore the different approaches to evaluate the psychobiotic potential of several bacterial strains and fermented products. The reviewed literature suggests that the consumption of psychobiotics could be considered as a viable option to both look after and restore mental health, without undesired secondary effects, and presenting a lower risk of allergies and less dependence compared to psychotropic drugs.

Download Full-text

Does the brain listen to the gut?

eLife ◽

10.7554/elife.17052 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 5 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Thomas Kuntz ◽

Jack Gilbert

Keyword(s):

Mouse Strain ◽

Gut Bacteria ◽

Change Behavior ◽

The Brain

Transplanting gut bacteria from one mouse strain to another can override genetics and change behavior.

Download Full-text

Gut Bacteria Seize Control of the Brain to Prevent Epilepsy

Cell Host & Microbe ◽

10.1016/j.chom.2018.06.014 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 24 (1) ◽

pp. 3-5 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Sean W. Dooling ◽

Mauro Costa-Mattioli

Keyword(s):

Gut Bacteria ◽

The Brain

Download Full-text

d-glutamate and Gut Microbiota in Alzheimer’s Disease

International Journal of Molecular Sciences ◽

10.3390/ijms21082676 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 21 (8) ◽

pp. 2676 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Chun-Hung Chang ◽

Chieh-Hsin Lin ◽

Hsien-Yuan Lane

Keyword(s):

Alzheimer’S Disease ◽

Alzheimer's Disease ◽

Gut Microbiota ◽

Cochrane Collaboration ◽

Gut Bacteria ◽

Pilot Studies ◽

Excitatory Neurotransmitter ◽

Glutamate Signaling ◽

Dementia Patients ◽

The Brain

Background: An increasing number of studies have shown that the brain–gut–microbiota axis may significantly contribute to Alzheimer’s disease (AD) pathogenesis. Moreover, impaired memory and learning involve the dysfunction neurotransmission of glutamate, the agonist of the N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor and a major excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain. This systematic review aimed to summarize the current cutting-edge research on the gut microbiota and glutamate alterations associated with dementia. Methods: PubMed, the Cochrane Collaboration Central Register of Controlled Clinical Trials, and Cochrane Systematic Reviews were reviewed for all studies on glutamate and gut microbiota in dementia published up until Feb 2020. Results: Several pilot studies have reported alterations of gut microbiota and metabolites in AD patients and other forms of dementia. Gut microbiota including Bacteroides vulgatus and Campylobacter jejuni affect glutamate metabolism and decrease the glutamate metabolite 2-keto-glutaramic acid. Meanwhile, gut bacteria with glutamate racemase including Corynebacterium glutamicum, Brevibacterium lactofermentum, and Brevibacterium avium can convert l-glutamate to d-glutamate. N-methyl-d-aspartate glutamate receptor (NMDAR)-enhancing agents have been found to potentially improve cognition in AD or Parkinson’s disease patients. These findings suggest that d-glutamate (d-form glutamate) metabolized by the gut bacteria may influence the glutamate NMDAR and cognitive function in dementia patients. Conclusions: Gut microbiota and glutamate are potential novel interventions to be developed for dementia. Exploring comprehensive cognitive functions in animal and human trials with glutamate-related NMDAR enhancers are warranted to examine d-glutamate signaling efficacy in gut microbiota in patients with AD and other neurodegenerative dementias.

Download Full-text

Neurotropic enteroviruses co-opt “fair-weather-friend” commensal gut microbiota to drive host infection and central nervous system disturbances

Behavioral and Brain Sciences ◽

10.1017/s0140525x18002741 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 42 ◽

Author(s):

Kevin B. Clark

Keyword(s):

Central Nervous System ◽

Nervous System ◽

Gut Bacteria ◽

Infection Cycle ◽

Fair Weather ◽

Host Health ◽

Microbe Interactions ◽

Animal Hosts ◽

Host Infection ◽

Neuropsychiatric Conditions

Abstract Some neurotropic enteroviruses hijack Trojan horse/raft commensal gut bacteria to render devastating biomimicking cryptic attacks on human/animal hosts. Such virus-microbe interactions manipulate hosts’ gut-brain axes with accompanying infection-cycle-optimizing central nervous system (CNS) disturbances, including severe neurodevelopmental, neuromotor, and neuropsychiatric conditions. Co-opted bacteria thus indirectly influence host health, development, behavior, and mind as possible “fair-weather-friend” symbionts, switching from commensal to context-dependent pathogen-like strategies benefiting gut-bacteria fitness.

Download Full-text