Neurotropic enteroviruses co-opt “fair-weather-friend” commensal gut microbiota to drive host infection and central nervous system disturbances

2019 ◽  
Vol 42 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin B. Clark
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Gut Bacteria ◽  
Infection Cycle ◽  
Fair Weather ◽  
Host Health ◽  
Microbe Interactions ◽  
Animal Hosts ◽  
Host Infection ◽  
Neuropsychiatric Conditions

Abstract Some neurotropic enteroviruses hijack Trojan horse/raft commensal gut bacteria to render devastating biomimicking cryptic attacks on human/animal hosts. Such virus-microbe interactions manipulate hosts’ gut-brain axes with accompanying infection-cycle-optimizing central nervous system (CNS) disturbances, including severe neurodevelopmental, neuromotor, and neuropsychiatric conditions. Co-opted bacteria thus indirectly influence host health, development, behavior, and mind as possible “fair-weather-friend” symbionts, switching from commensal to context-dependent pathogen-like strategies benefiting gut-bacteria fitness.

Neuropsychiatry of aggression

2020 ◽  
pp. 379-392
Author(s):  
Shoumitro (Shoumi) Deb ◽  
Tanya Deb
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Conduct Disorder ◽  
Personality Disorders ◽  
Assessment Methods ◽  
Mood Stabilizers ◽  
Psychological Issues ◽  
Intermittent Explosive Disorder ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Neuropsychiatric Conditions

Conditions affecting the central nervous system, such as trauma or degenerative illness, often lead to neurobehavioural disorders. One of the most difficult of these to treat is aggression. Outwardly directed aggression can be divided into two types—reactive and proactive—the first of which is less structured and generally presents with visible anger, while the latter is structured and premeditated. While there exists no specific diagnostic criteria for either type of aggression, the closest that exist are intermittent explosive disorder (IED) for the former and conduct disorder (CD), which has been known to evolve into personality disorders (PDs), for the latter. This chapter explores the relation between aggression and other neuropsychiatric conditions, beginning with its neurobiological underpinnings. It then describes assessment methods, such as the Behaviour itself, Medical/ organic issues, Person showing the behaviour, Psychiatric/psychological issues, and Social/ occupational/ personal issues (BMPPS) model, before discussing treatments, both pharmacological and non-pharmacological. For the former, the effectiveness of various medications is discussed, from antipsychotics to mood stabilizers.

scholarly journals Harnessing the microbiota to treat neurological diseases

2019 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 159-165 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Neurological Diseases ◽  
Clinical Samples ◽  
Pathogenic Role ◽  
Animal Models Of Disease ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Microbe Interactions ◽  
Host Microbe Interactions ◽  
Models Of Disease

Studies over the last decade have transformed our previously simplistic view of microbes, having only a pathogenic role in disease to a more robust understanding that they are critical for maintaining human health. Indeed, our microbiota—the collection of commensal organisms that live in and on each of us—contributes to nearly every facet of host physiology, from ontogeny of the immune system to neurological function to metabolism. Although the specific details of these host–microbe interactions are still being elucidated for most diseases, the coupling of clinical samples with animal models of disease have provided key insights. This review provides some general background on the microbiota, highlights a few examples of how the microbiota influences diseases of the central nervous system, and provides a perspective for how these findings may be clinically translatable.

scholarly journals Repurposing Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Agonists in Neurological and Psychiatric Disorders

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (10) ◽  
pp. 1025
Author(s):  
Claudia Sagheddu ◽  
Miriam Melis ◽  
Anna Lisa Muntoni ◽  
Marco Pistis
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Clinical Evidence ◽  
Peroxisome Proliferator ◽  
Brain Disorders ◽  
Peroxisome Proliferator Activated Receptor ◽  
Ppar Agonists ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Peroxisome Proliferator Activated Receptors ◽  
Neuropsychiatric Conditions

Common pathophysiological mechanisms have emerged for different neurological and neuropsychiatric conditions. In particular, mechanisms of oxidative stress, immuno-inflammation, and altered metabolic pathways converge and cause neuronal and non-neuronal maladaptative phenomena, which underlie multifaceted brain disorders. The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are nuclear receptors modulating, among others, anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective genes in diverse tissues. Both endogenous and synthetic PPAR agonists are approved treatments for metabolic and systemic disorders, such as diabetes, fatty liver disease, and dyslipidemia(s), showing high tolerability and safety profiles. Considering that some PPAR-acting drugs permeate through the blood–brain barrier, the possibility to extend their scope from the periphery to central nervous system has gained interest in recent years. Here, we review preclinical and clinical evidence that PPARs possibly exert a neuroprotective role, thereby providing a rationale for repurposing PPAR-targeting drugs to counteract several diseases affecting the central nervous system.

Effects of Hyperoxia on Lung Utrastructure

1970 ◽  
Vol 28 ◽  
pp. 26-27
Author(s):  
Gladys Harrison
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Light Microscopy ◽  
Oxygen Effects ◽  
Age Dependent ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Space Age ◽  
Alveolar Septa ◽  
Extensive Damage

With the advent of the space age and the need to determine the requirements for a space cabin atmosphere, oxygen effects came into increased importance, even though these effects have been the subject of continuous research for many years. In fact, Priestly initiated oxygen research when in 1775 he published his results of isolating oxygen and described the effects of breathing it on himself and two mice, the only creatures to have had the “privilege” of breathing this “pure air”.Early studies had demonstrated the central nervous system effects at pressures above one atmosphere. Light microscopy revealed extensive damage to the lungs at one atmosphere. These changes which included perivascular and peribronchial edema, focal hemorrhage, rupture of the alveolar septa, and widespread edema, resulted in death of the animal in less than one week. The severity of the symptoms differed between species and was age dependent, with young animals being more resistant.

Emigration of neutrophils in the central nervous system

1983 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
pp. 788-789
Author(s):  
John L.Beggs ◽  
John D. Waggener ◽  
Wanda Miller ◽  
Jane Watkins
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Osmium Tetroxide ◽  
White Blood Cells ◽  
Arterial Perfusion ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Intracisternal Injection ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Brain And Spinal Cord ◽  
Interendothelial Junctions

Studies using mesenteric and ear chamber preparations have shown that interendothelial junctions provide the route for neutrophil emigration during inflammation. The term emigration refers to the passage of white blood cells across the endothelium from the vascular lumen. Although the precise pathway of transendo- thelial emigration in the central nervous system (CNS) has not been resolved, the presence of different physiological and morphological (tight junctions) properties of CNS endothelium may dictate alternate emigration pathways.To study neutrophil emigration in the CNS, we induced meningitis in guinea pigs by intracisternal injection of E. coli bacteria.In this model, leptomeningeal inflammation is well developed by 3 hr. After 3 1/2 hr, animals were sacrificed by arterial perfusion with 3% phosphate buffered glutaraldehyde. Tissues from brain and spinal cord were post-fixed in 1% osmium tetroxide, dehydrated in alcohols and propylene oxide, and embedded in Epon. Thin serial sections were cut with diamond knives and examined in a Philips 300 electron microscope.

Mammalian Bone Marrow Acetylcholinesterase

1982 ◽  
Vol 40 ◽  
pp. 44-45
Author(s):  
Ezzatollah Keyhani
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Bone Marrow ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Common Property ◽  
Extracellular Medium ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Common ◽  
Mammalian Bone

Acetylcholinesterase (EC 3.1.1.7) (ACHE) has been localized at cholinergic junctions both in the central nervous system and at the periphery and it functions in neurotransmission. ACHE was also found in other tissues without involvement in neurotransmission, but exhibiting the common property of transporting water and ions. This communication describes intracellular ACHE in mammalian bone marrow and its secretion into the extracellular medium.

Confocal laser microscopy of impregnated central nervous system tissue

1988 ◽  
Vol 46 ◽  
pp. 94-95
Author(s):  
J.N. Turner ◽  
M. Siemens ◽  
D. Szarowski ◽  
D.N. Collins
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Dimensional Structure ◽  
Confocal Laser ◽  
High Contrast ◽  
Central Nervous System Tissue ◽  
Tissue Samples ◽  
Reflected Light

A classic preparation of central nervous system tissue (CNS) is the Golgi procedure popularized by Cajal. The method is partially specific as only a few cells are impregnated with silver chromate usualy after osmium post fixation. Samples are observable by light (LM) or electron microscopy (EM). However, the impregnation is often so dense that structures are masked in EM, and the osmium background may be undesirable in LM. Gold toning is used for a subtle but high contrast EM preparation, and osmium can be omitted for LM. We are investigating these preparations as part of a study to develop correlative LM and EM (particularly HVEM) methodologies in neurobiology. Confocal light microscopy is particularly useful as the impregnated cells have extensive three-dimensional structure in tissue samples from one to several hundred micrometers thick. Boyde has observed similar preparations in the tandem scanning reflected light microscope (TSRLM).

Postsynaptic neuronal geometry and synaptic effectiveness

1987 ◽  
Vol 45 ◽  
pp. 690-697
Author(s):  
C.J. Wilson
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Synaptic Function ◽  
Postsynaptic Neuron ◽  
Synaptic Inputs ◽  
Partial Analysis ◽  
Postsynaptic Cell ◽  
Neuronal Geometry ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Complex Scale

Most central nervous system neurons receive synaptic input from hundreds or thousands of other neurons, and the computational function of such neurons results from the interactions of inputs on a large and complex scale. In most situations that have yielded to a partial analysis, the synaptic inputs to a neuron are not alike in function, but rather belong to distinct categories that differ qualitatively in the nature of their effect on the postsynaptic cell, and quantitatively in the strength of their influence. Many factors have been demonstrated to contribute to synaptic function, but one of the simplest and best known of these is the geometry of the postsynaptic neuron. The fundamental nature of the relationship between neuronal shape and synaptic effectiveness was established on theoretical grounds prior to its experimental verification.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document