scholarly journals The Models of Human Memory : On Working Memory and False Memory

2000 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 358-366
Author(s):  
Hiroshi TOYOTA
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
False Memory ◽  
Human Memory

scholarly journals In Human Memory, Good Can Be Stronger Than Bad

2020 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 86-91 ◽  
Author(s):  
Constantine Sedikides ◽  
John J. Skowronski
Keyword(s):  
False Memory ◽  
Psychological Impact ◽  
Human Memory ◽  
Negative Information ◽  
Negative Events ◽  
Regulatory Activity ◽  
Positive Information ◽  
Positive Events ◽  
Self Protection ◽  
Positive Content

Some researchers assert that the psychological impact of negative information is more powerful than that of positive information. This assertion is qualified in the domain of human memory, in which (a) positive content is often favored (in the strength of memories for real stimuli or events and in false-memory generation) over negative content and (b) the affect prompted by memories of positive events is more temporally persistent than the affect prompted by memories of negative events. We suggest that both of these phenomena reflect the actions of self-motives (i.e., self-protection and self-enhancement), which instigate self-regulatory activity and self-relevant processes.

scholarly journals Compressed Timeline of Recent Experience in Monkey Lateral Prefrontal Cortex

2018 ◽  
Vol 30 (7) ◽  
pp. 935-950 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zoran Tiganj ◽  
Jason A. Cromer ◽  
Jefferson E. Roy ◽  
Earl K. Miller ◽  
Marc W. Howard
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Sample Stimulus ◽  
Human Memory ◽  
Recent Experience ◽  
Lateral Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Elapsed Time ◽  
Cognitive Theories ◽  
Stimulus Identity ◽  
Neural Underpinnings

Cognitive theories suggest that working memory maintains not only the identity of recently presented stimuli but also a sense of the elapsed time since the stimuli were presented. Previous studies of the neural underpinnings of working memory have focused on sustained firing, which can account for maintenance of the stimulus identity, but not for representation of the elapsed time. We analyzed single-unit recordings from the lateral prefrontal cortex of macaque monkeys during performance of a delayed match-to-category task. Each sample stimulus triggered a consistent sequence of neurons, with each neuron in the sequence firing during a circumscribed period. These sequences of neurons encoded both stimulus identity and elapsed time. The encoding of elapsed time became less precise as the sample stimulus receded into the past. These findings suggest that working memory includes a compressed timeline of what happened when, consistent with long-standing cognitive theories of human memory.

scholarly journals Effects of 10 Hz rTMS on the Neural Efficiency of Working Memory

2010 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 447-456 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gilbert Preston ◽  
Erik Anderson ◽  
Claudio Silva ◽  
Terry Goldberg ◽  
Eric M. Wassermann
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Processing Speed ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Human Memory ◽  
Task Behavior ◽  
Main Effect ◽  
Dorsolateral Prefrontal ◽  
Broad Array ◽  
Neural Efficiency

Working memory (WM) has been described as short-term retention of information that is no longer accessible in the environment, and the manipulation of this information for subsequent use in guiding behavior. WM is viewed as a cognitive process underlying higher-order cognitive functions. Evidence supports a critical role for PFC in mediating WM performance. Studies show psychomotor processing speed and accuracy account for considerable variance in neural efficiency (Ne). This study compared the relative effects of active and sham 10 Hz rTMS applied to dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) on indices of Ne in healthy participants performing a WM paradigm that models the association between WM load and task behavior [Sternberg, S. High-speed scanning in human memory. Science, 153, 652–654, 1966]. Previous studies identified a relationship between diminished Ne and impaired WM across a broad array of clinical disorders. In the present study, the authors predicted there would be a main effect of stimulation group (STM) on accuracy (SCR) and processing speed (RT), hence, Ne. We observed a main effect of STM for RT without an effect on SCR; even so, there was a robust effect of STM on Ne.

Working memory affects false memory production for emotional events

2015 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-46 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chiara Mirandola ◽  
Enrico Toffalini ◽  
Alfonso Ciriello ◽  
Cesare Cornoldi
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
False Memory ◽  
Emotional Events

scholarly journals Context triggers the retrieval of long-term memories into working memory to guide attention

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sirawaj Itthipuripat ◽  
Geoffrey F Woodman
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Human Subjects ◽  
Brain Activity ◽  
Human Memory ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Behavioral Performance ◽  
Electrical Fields ◽  
Subject Variability ◽  
Transfer Of Information

SummaryHow do we know what we are looking for in familiar scenes and surroundings? Here we tested a novel hypothesis derived from theories of human memory that working memory (WM) buffers mnemonic contents retrieved from long-term memory (LTM) to control attention. To test this hypothesis, we measured the electrical fields recorded noninvasively from human subjects’ as they searched for specific sets of objects in learned contexts. We found that the subjects’ WM-indexing brain activity tracked the number of real-world objects people learned to search for in each context. Moreover, the level of this WM activity predicted the inter-subject variability in behavioral performance. Together, our results demonstrate that familiar contexts can trigger the transfer of information from LTM to WM to provide top-down attentional control.

Individual Differences in Value-Directed Remembering

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Blake L. Elliott ◽  
Samuel M. McClure ◽  
Gene Arnold Brewer
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Individual Differences ◽  
Episodic Memory ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Working Memory Capacity ◽  
Human Memory ◽  
Memory Capacity ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Memory Encoding ◽  
Capacity Limits

Prioritized encoding and retrieval of valuable information is an essential component of human memory due to capacity limits. Individual differences in value-directed encoding may derive from variability in stimulus valuation, memory encoding, or from strategic abilities related to maintenance in working memory. We collected multiple cognitive ability measures to test whether variation in episodic memory, working memory capacity, or both predict differences in value-directed remembering among a large sample of participants (n=205). Confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation modeling was used to assess the contributions of episodic and working memory to value sensitivity in value-directed remembering tasks. Episodic memory ability, but not working memory capacity, was predictive of value-directed remembering. These results suggest that cognitive processes may be differentially related to value-based memory encoding.

Understanding Cognitive Processes in Educational Hypermedia

2006 ◽  
pp. 648-651
Author(s):  
Patricia M. Boechler
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Instructional Design ◽  
Cognitive Load ◽  
Cognitive Load Theory ◽  
Cognitive Theory ◽  
Cognitive Architecture ◽  
Cognitive Activity ◽  
Human Memory ◽  
Load Theory ◽  
Educational Hypermedia

Cognitive load theory (CLT) is currently the most prominent cognitive theory pertaining to instructional design and is referred to in numerous empirical articles in the educational literature (for example, Brünken, Plass, & Leutner, 2003; Chandler & Sweller, 1991; Paas, Tuovinen, Tabbers, & Van Gerven, 2003; Sweller, van Merri¸nboer, & Paas, 1998). CLT was developed to assist educators in designing optimal presentations of information to encourage learning. CLT has also been extended and applied to the design of educational hypermedia and multimedia (Mayer & Moreno, 2003). The theory is built around the idea that the human cognitive architecture has inherent limitations related to capacity, in particular, the limitations of human working memory. As Sweller et al. (pp. 252-253) state: The implications of working memory limitations on instructional design cannot be overstated. All conscious cognitive activity learners engage in occurs in a structure whose limitations seem to preclude all but the most basic processes. Anything beyond the simplest cognitive activities appear to overwhelm working memory. Prima facie, any instructional design that flouts or merely ignores working memory limitations inevitably is deficient. It is this factor that provides a central claim to cognitive load theory. In order to understand the full implications of cognitive load theory, an overview of the human memory system is necessary.

scholarly journals What You See Is What You Remember: Visual Chunking by Temporal Integration Enhances Working Memory

2017 ◽  
Vol 29 (12) ◽  
pp. 2025-2036 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elkan G. Akyürek ◽  
Nils Kappelmann ◽  
Marc Volkert ◽  
Hedderik van Rijn
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Target Stimulus ◽  
Sensory Input ◽  
Temporal Integration ◽  
Visual Presentation ◽  
Human Memory ◽  
Actual Number ◽  
Attentional Processing ◽  
Single Target ◽  
Lower Amplitude

Human memory benefits from information clustering, which can be accomplished by chunking. Chunking typically relies on expertise and strategy, and it is unknown whether perceptual clustering over time, through temporal integration, can also enhance working memory. The current study examined the attentional and working memory costs of temporal integration of successive target stimulus pairs embedded in rapid serial visual presentation. ERPs were measured as a function of behavioral reports: One target, two separate targets, or two targets reported as a single integrated target. N2pc amplitude, reflecting attentional processing, depended on the actual number of successive targets. The memory-related CDA and P3 components instead depended on the perceived number of targets irrespective of their actual succession. The report of two separate targets was associated with elevated amplitude, whereas integrated as well as actual single targets exhibited lower amplitude. Temporal integration thus provided an efficient means of processing sensory input, offloading working memory so that the features of two targets were consolidated and maintained at a cost similar to that of a single target.

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