scholarly journals A Study of Entrance Surface Air Kerma for Patients Undergoing Chest and Abdomen from Digital Radiography at Chulabhorn Hospital

2019 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 51
Author(s):  
Atchara Promduang ◽  
Napapong Pongnapang ◽  
Napat Ritlumlert ◽  
Sutthirak Tangruangkiat ◽  
Monchai Phonlakrai
Keyword(s):  
Digital Radiography ◽  
Computed Radiography ◽  
Energy Agency ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Code Of Practice ◽  
Air Kerma ◽  
Technical Report Series ◽  
Male Patients ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Entrance Surface Air Kerma

Objective: The main purpose of this study was to investigate the typical dose for standard-sized patients in chest (posteroanterior; PA) and abdomen (anteroposterior; AP) digital radiography.Material and Methods: The air kerma was measured by the ionization chamber (Radical Corporation, model 10X6-6) in X-ray equipment manufactured by General Electric Healthcare Definium 8000 System for different kilovoltage peak (kVp) settings in each X-ray examination. The entrance surface air kerma (ESAK) was determined in 422 mediumsized patients in different projections: chest (PA) and abdomen (AP), according to the recommended protocol of the International Atomic Energy Agency Technical Report Series Number 457 (Technical Reports Series No. 457 “Dosimetry in Diagnostic Radiology: An International Code of Practice).Results: The mean entrance surface air kerma values for chest (PA) radiography in female and male patients were 0.08 milligray (mGy) and 0.09 mGy, respectively and for abdomen (AP) radiography for both genders were 0.98 mGy and 1.06 mGy, respectively.Conclusion: The mean entrance surface air kerma values of this study were less than the diagnostic reference levels from the IAEA 1996, Korea 2007, United Kingdom 2010 and Japan 2015, in all projections. Patient doses (ESAK) in chest (PA) and abdomen (AP) digital radiography at Chulabhorn Hospital were less than the other guidelines, because of the use of a high kVp technique for the chest and the automatic exposure control for the abdomen. Furthermore, Thai people are smaller than Westerners. We studied in digital radiography only that literally provides lowest radiation dose compares with screen film and computed radiography.

scholarly journals Comparison of entrance surface air kerma measurement with MTS-N (LiF: Mg, Ti) chips with a kilovoltage X-ray source

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 20-34
Author(s):  
Akintayo Daniel Omojola ◽  
Samuel Olaolu Adeneye ◽  
Michael Onoriode Akpochafor ◽  
Isiaka Olusola Akala ◽  
Azuka Anthonio Agboje
Keyword(s):  
Ionization Chamber ◽  
Radiation Detectors ◽  
Field Size ◽  
Peak Voltage ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Air Kerma ◽  
Image Distance ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Dose Accuracy ◽  
Entrance Surface Air Kerma

Objective: Radiation detectors are key components that ensure the accuracy and performances of dosimetry equipment. The study is aimed to compare the mean entrance surface air kerma (ESAK) between a DCT-10mm ionization chamber (IC) and MTS-N (LiF: Mg, Ti) chips when both detectors are exposed to ≤ 5mGy with a 10 by 10 field size, with an X-ray source and to determine the accuracy of the Thermoluminescent (TL) chips. Also, the dose will be compared to similar studies. Materials and Methods: A functional, Digital Radiography (DR) X-ray System was used. A DCT-10mm ionization chamber (IC) and an XR Multidetector was positioned at a Source to Image Distance (SID) of 100cm on polystyrene, about 20cm thick. An X-ray spectrum generated at a Practical Peak Voltage (PPV) of 60-107kV with Half Value Layer (HVL) of 2.4-4.3mmAl and filtration > 3mmAl was used. The same setup was used for the MTS-N chips. Results: The mean doses for 1-5 mGy with the MTS-N chips were 1.07±0.07, 1.60±0.13, 2.23±0.11, 2.58±0.07 and 3.45±0.10 mGy respectively, with accuracies of 7, 20, 26, 36 and 31%. Dose accuracy at 1and 2mGy was within 25% respectively. Dose accuracies at 3, 4 and 5mGy was within >25%. The correction factor for 1-5mGy was 0.94, 1.25, 1.35, 1.55 and 1.45 respectively. Conclusion: Validation of the MTS-N chips with the reference ionization chamber to this study was within 36%. The Radiation and Nuclear Safety Authority (STUK) recommends that ESAK be within 25% for entrance surface dose. ESAK accuracy mostly increased with dose as observed in this study.

ESTIMATION OF ENTRANCE SURFACE AIR KERMA IN DIGITAL RADIOGRAPHIC EXAMINATIONS

2021 ◽  
Vol 193 (1) ◽  
pp. 16-23
Author(s):  
Chanchal Kaushik ◽  
Inderjeet Singh Sandhu ◽  
A K Srivastava ◽  
Mansi Chitkara
Keyword(s):  
Cervical Spine ◽  
Lumbar Spine ◽  
Dose Assessment ◽  
Dose Calculations ◽  
Energy Agency ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Air Kerma ◽  
Tube Output ◽  
Effective Doses ◽  
Entrance Surface Air Kerma

Abstract Purpose: Contribution of radiation doses from medical X-ray examination to collective dose is significant. Unusually, high doses may increase the risk of stochastic effects of radiations. Therefore, radiation dose assessment was performed in 241 digital X-ray examinations in the study and was compared with published dose reference levels (DRLs). Methods: Entrance surface air kerma (ESAK) was calculated in chest PA, cervical AP/Lat, abdomen AP, lumbar AP/Lat and pelvis AP digital radiographic examinations (119 male and 122 female) following the International Atomic Energy Agency recommended protocol. Initially, 270 digital examinations were selected, reject analysis was performed and final 241 examinations were enrolled in the study for dose calculations. The exposure parameters and X-ray tube output were used for dose calculations. Effective doses were estimated with the help of conversion coefficients from ICRP 103. Results: Median ESAK (mGy) and associated effective doses obtained were cervical spine AP (1.30 mGy, 0.045 mSv), cervical spine Lat (0.25 mGy, 0.005 mSv), chest PA (0.11 mGy, 0.014 mSv), abdomen AP (0.90 mGy, 0.118 mSv), lumbar spine AP (1.52 mGy, 0.177 mSv), lumbar spine Lat (7.76 mGy, 0.209 mSv) and pelvis AP (0.82 mGy, 0.081 mSv). Results were compared with the studies of UK, Oman, India and Canada. Conclusion: The calculated ESAK and effective dose values were less than or close to previously published literature except for cervical spine AP and lumbar spine Lat. The results reinforce the need for radiation protection optimization, improving examination techniques and appropriate use of automatic exposure control in digital radiography. ESAK values reported in this study could further contribute to establishing local DRLs, regional DRLs and national DRLs.

PROPOSED NATIONAL DIAGNOSTIC REFERENCE LEVELS FOR STANDARD RADIOGRAPHIC X-RAY PROCEDURES IN SUDAN

2020 ◽  
Vol 190 (4) ◽  
pp. 419-426
Author(s):  
Nada A Ahmed ◽  
E H Basheir ◽  
A B Farah ◽  
T S Mohammedzein ◽  
I I Suliman
Keyword(s):  
Lumbar Spine ◽  
Dose Optimization ◽  
Radiation Doses ◽  
Diagnostic Reference Levels ◽  
Reference Levels ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Air Kerma ◽  
Tube Output ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Entrance Surface Air Kerma

Abstract This study aimed to calculate patient radiation doses for adults during the seven most commonly performed conventional X-ray procedures, and to propose national diagnostic reference levels (DRLs). A representative sample of patients from 29 hospitals was included. The entrance surface air kerma (ESAK) was calculated by measuring X-ray tube output and the corresponding technical and exposure factors for each patient. Third-quartile values of the mean ESAK distributions were proposed as DRL values. The DRLs in mGy were as follows: 0.6 for chest postero–anterior (PA), 3.5 for skull AP, 1.7 for skull lateral (LAT), 2.7 for abdominal, 2.6 for pelvic AP, 3.7 for lumbar spine AP and 8 for lumbar spine LAT. Compared with literature, the maximum percentages increase were in chest PA (329%) and skull AP (187%). Since the suggested DRL for chest PA was higher than literature values, dose optimization and a review of its value is recommended.

The empirical formula for calculating the incident air Kerma in intraoral radiographic imaging

2021 ◽  
pp. 20210117
Author(s):  
Zoran Mirkov ◽  
Katarina M Rajković ◽  
Jovan B Stanković ◽  
Dario Faj
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Formula ◽  
Measurement Data ◽  
Radiographic Imaging ◽  
Relative Percentage ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Air Kerma ◽  
Final Formula ◽  
Average Patient ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Fitted Function

Objectives: The aim of this paper is to determine the empirical formula for calculating the incident air kerma (Ki), used as a patient dose descriptor in the intraoral radiographic imaging. Methods: The data for the formula were collected during the regular annual inspection of intraoral dental X-ray units in 2018, 2019 and early 2020. The measurement data of 50 X-ray units were processed to develop the formula. Exposure factors for imaging molars of the upper jaw of an average patient in a clinical setting were used in the measurement. The formula validity was statistically evaluated using coefficient of correlation, standard error of the fitted function and the mean relative percentage deviation. Results: measurement values of the radiation doses and calculated values obtained by using the final formula showed good agreement - the mean relative percentage deviation values less than ±15%. Conclusions: Although there are differences in X-ray units, voltages, manufacturers and device architectures (single-phase and high-frequency), the measurement data comply well with computed ones in all cases.

scholarly journals An Approach for Online Determining the Entrance Surface Air Kerma (ESAK) in Digital Radiology

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ibrahim Idris Suliman
Keyword(s):  
Interventional Radiology ◽  
Digital Imaging ◽  
Digital Information ◽  
Patient Exposure ◽  
Digital Radiology ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Air Kerma ◽  
Dicom Header ◽  
Area Product ◽  
Entrance Surface Air Kerma

Abstract An online method is proposed to determine the entrance surface air kerma (ESAK) in digital radiology from console-displayed kerma area product (PKA) data. ESAK values were calculated from X-ray tube outputs and patient exposure factors across five X-ray examinations. The corresponding PKAvalues were taken from the Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine (DICOM) header. Using linear regression between ESAK and values, the slope and intercept coefficients for each type of X-ray equipment and procedure were determined. The coefficient to determine ESAK from ranged from 59% for a posteroanterior chest to 88% for anteroposterior lumbar spine view X-ray procedures. The results demonstrated the possibility of online estimates of ESAK from a console that displayed using readily available digital information in radiology. The results may have important implications in interventional radiology, where ESAK values are crucial for preventing skin injuries due to prolonged fluoroscopy times.

scholarly journals Assessment of Vegetables and Soils from Minjingu Village-Tanzania using WDXRF Technique

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-14
Author(s):  
Yusuf I. Koleleni ◽  
Seriver Tafisa
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Matrix Effects ◽  
Heavy Metal Concentration ◽  
Low Back ◽  
Energy Agency ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Vegetable Samples ◽  
Back Ground ◽  
Phosphate Mines ◽  
The Mean

Wavelength dispersive x-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometer was used to analyze heavy metal concentration in soils and vegetables. The soil and vegetable samples were randomly collected from Minjingu village of Manyara region in Tanzania. The results indicate the soils to be contaminated with heavy metals with mean concentrations of 53±0.4 For Mn, 40±0.2 for Sr, 2059±4.2 for Fe, 760±2.7 for Al, 12±0.3 for Cs and 4±0.04 for Ni in mg/kg which was above the Maximum Tolerable Limits (MTLs). Except Cl was below MDL. While vegetables recorded the mean concentrations of 60±1.2 for Mn, 68±0.1 for Sr, 620±2.36 for Fe, 284±1,13 for Al, 56±0.5 for Cs, 13±0.1 for Ni and 714±0.7 for Cl in mg/kg. The reference and experimental results of soil and vegetables revealed that the optimized machine has given the best results, where the experimental data was very close to the reference values The reference material of soil 7 and International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) 395 for vegetables shows the deviation of less than 2%.The Minimum Detection Limit (MDL) for vegetables and soil of the WDXRF spectrometer was obtained under low back ground for different matrix effects. There were high correlation coefficient of heavy metals in soils and vegetables at 99% level. The findings indicate that Minjingu soils and grown vegetables were highly contaminated with heavy metals mainly from soils and polluted air, at levels able to pose detrimental health effects to the consumers. Thus need of regular monitoring of the grown vegetables around phosphate mines is recommended.

scholarly journals Dosimetric evaluation of X-ray examinations of paranasal sinuses in pediatric patients

2016 ◽  
Vol 49 (2) ◽  
pp. 79-85 ◽  
Author(s):  
Beatriz de Lucena Villa-Chan Cantalupo ◽  
Aline Carvalho da Silva Xavier ◽  
Clemanzy Mariano Leandro da Silva ◽  
Marcos Ely Almeida Andrade ◽  
Vinícius Saito Monteiro de Barros ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Paranasal Sinuses ◽  
Pediatric Patients ◽  
Radiological Examination ◽  
Patient Exposure ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Thermoluminescent Dosimeters ◽  
Air Kerma ◽  
Radiosensitive Organs ◽  
The City ◽  
Entrance Surface Air Kerma

Abstract Objective: To estimate the entrance surface air kerma (Ka,e) and air kerma in the region of radiosensitive organs in radiographs of pediatric paranasal sinuses. Materials and Methods: Patient data and irradiation parameters were collected in examinations of the paranasal sinuses in children from 0 to 15 years of age at two children's hospitals in the city of Recife, PE, Brazil. We estimated the Ka,e using the X-ray tube outputs and selected parameters. To estimate the air kerma values in the regions of the eyes and thyroid, we used thermoluminescent dosimeters. Results: The Ka,e values ranged from 0.065 to 1.446 mGy in cavum radiographs, from 0.104 to 7.298 mGy in Caldwell views, and from 0.113 to 7.824 mGy in Waters views. Air kerma values in the region of the eyes ranged from 0.001 to 0.968 mGy in cavum radiographs and from 0.011 to 0.422 mGy in Caldwell and Waters views . In the thyroid region, air kerma values ranged from 0.005 to 0.932 mGy in cavum radiographs and from 0.002 to 0.972 mGy in Caldwell and Waters views. Conclusion: The radiation levels used at the institutions under study were higher than those recommended in international protocols. We recommend that interventions be initiated in order to reduce patient exposure to radiation and therefore the risks associated with radiological examination of the paranasal sinuses.

DÜRR NDT: a Leading German Manufacturer of Digital Radiography Equipment

NDT World ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 14-16
Author(s):  
Oliver Ruzek ◽  
Uli Pöhler ◽  
Kirill Bagaev
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Digital Radiography ◽  
Computed Radiography ◽  
Flat Panel ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Flat Panel Detectors ◽  
Unique Green ◽  
Mobile Use

DÜRR NDT provides ultra-high resolution computed radiography (CR) scanners, flat panel detectors, innovative software solutions and X-ray film processors for mobile use plus DÜRR NDT’s unique ‘green’ X-ray chemistry.

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