scholarly journals Assessment of Vegetables and Soils from Minjingu Village-Tanzania using WDXRF Technique

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-14
Author(s):  
Yusuf I. Koleleni ◽  
Seriver Tafisa
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Matrix Effects ◽  
Heavy Metal Concentration ◽  
Low Back ◽  
Energy Agency ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Vegetable Samples ◽  
Back Ground ◽  
Phosphate Mines ◽  
The Mean

Wavelength dispersive x-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometer was used to analyze heavy metal concentration in soils and vegetables. The soil and vegetable samples were randomly collected from Minjingu village of Manyara region in Tanzania. The results indicate the soils to be contaminated with heavy metals with mean concentrations of 53±0.4 For Mn, 40±0.2 for Sr, 2059±4.2 for Fe, 760±2.7 for Al, 12±0.3 for Cs and 4±0.04 for Ni in mg/kg which was above the Maximum Tolerable Limits (MTLs). Except Cl was below MDL. While vegetables recorded the mean concentrations of 60±1.2 for Mn, 68±0.1 for Sr, 620±2.36 for Fe, 284±1,13 for Al, 56±0.5 for Cs, 13±0.1 for Ni and 714±0.7 for Cl in mg/kg. The reference and experimental results of soil and vegetables revealed that the optimized machine has given the best results, where the experimental data was very close to the reference values The reference material of soil 7 and International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) 395 for vegetables shows the deviation of less than 2%.The Minimum Detection Limit (MDL) for vegetables and soil of the WDXRF spectrometer was obtained under low back ground for different matrix effects. There were high correlation coefficient of heavy metals in soils and vegetables at 99% level. The findings indicate that Minjingu soils and grown vegetables were highly contaminated with heavy metals mainly from soils and polluted air, at levels able to pose detrimental health effects to the consumers. Thus need of regular monitoring of the grown vegetables around phosphate mines is recommended.

X-ray fluorescence spectrometric determination of heavy metals in selected rice samples sold on the Liberian market: a case study conducted in Paynesville City, Greater Monrovia

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
McClain James ◽  
PAYE Plenseh Diana ◽  
N’debewillie Kokolo ◽  
CHEA Sampson K. P. ◽  
Kiazolu J. Boima
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Heavy Metal ◽  
Cancer Risk ◽  
Hazard Index ◽  
Rice Sample ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Total Cancer Risk ◽  
Total Cancer ◽  
Rice Consumption ◽  
The Mean

Background: Environmental pollution with toxic heavy metals can be lead to the possible contamination of rice. Rice is a staple food widely consumed in the urban and rural parts of Liberia daily. Rice is cultivated in approximately 113 countries and a fundamental source for energy and protein. Objective: The study assesses selected heavy metals (As, Pb, Cd, Se, and Cr) concentration in selected imported rice and traditionally grown rice and bulgur wheat in Liberia. Methods: Six grade of imported rice, Bulgar wheat, and traditionally grown rice were purchased from the Duport Road and Red-Light markets in Greater Monrovia and analyze using X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometer. All data were analyzed using XLSTAT, and data was used to calculate the risk factor of each rice sample. Results: The mean concentration of heavy metal found in the rice as follow: As, 1.31ppm; Cd, 9.42ppm; Cr. 12.3ppm; Se, 5.73ppm; and Pb, 1.75ppm. The estimated daily intakes (EDIs) were calculated in combination with the rice consumption data. The mean intakes of As, Cd, Cr, Se, and Pb through rice were estimated to be 1.32, 9.42. 12.4. 5.74, and 1.75 mg/kg BW/day. Chromium has the average estimated daily intake. The combined hazard index for the heavy metals in each sample and the total cancer risk for each sample contributed most significantly to a cancer risk of rice consumption during adult life expectancy.Conclusion: The selected heavy metal concentration from the rice sample was above the FAO/WHO reference Standard but was within the range of the contaminant level except for chromium, which is above the accepted range. However, the hazard index and the total cancer risk indicate a potential non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risk.  

Aluminium Distribution in Freeze-Dried Roots of Cabbage, Lettuce and Kikuyu Grass by Energy-Dispersive X-Ray Analysis

1980 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 101 ◽  
Author(s):  
DO Huett ◽  
RC Menary
Keyword(s):  
Emission Spectra ◽  
Energy Dispersive ◽  
Poor Correlation ◽  
Cortical Cells ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Freeze Dried ◽  
Back Ground ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Kikuyu Grass ◽  
And Control

The aluminium distribution in transverse sections of fractured and freeze-dried roots of cabbage, lettuce and kikuyu grass was studied by energy-dispersive X-ray analysis. The mean ratios of the integrated counts corresponding to Kα emission spectra for aluminium, phosphorus and silicon were recorded between aluminium and control treatments over three experiments. Peak-to-back- ground ratios (PA/B) were calculated and the aluminium ratios corrected for variations in the corresponding total silicon ratios. Aluminium was found to be uniformly distributed along roots of the three species. The highest peaks (PA) and peak-to-background ratios, suggesting higher concentrations, were recorded in the epidermis followed by the cortex. Aluminium was recorded in the stele of all species and in the protoplasm of cortical cells, with smaller amounts in the protoplasm of xylem parenchyma cells for lettuce and kikuyu grass. The distribution of aluminium supports the hypothesis that its entry to the stele can be achieved by transport both into meristematic cells and the symplasm via the cortex and hence bypassing the barrier at the endodermis. The latter evidence was supported by the presence of aluminium in the radial wall (and cytoplasm) of the endodermis for each species. There was a poor correlation between the distribution of aluminium and phosphorus.

Heavy Metal Concentration in Seawater at Villa Beach, Iloilo City, Philippines

2014 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
BRIAN GIL S. SARINAS
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Heavy Metal Concentration ◽  
The Philippines ◽  
Arts And Sciences ◽  
Ph Values ◽  
Physiochemical Parameters ◽  
Flame Atomic Absorption ◽  
Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Seawater Samples

This study was conducted due to the dearth of studies on heavy metals atVilla Beach, Iloilo City. It aimed to determine the presence and quantities ofavailable heavy metals specifically cadmium, chromium and lead in the watercolumn (surface, middle and bottom). Water physiochemical parameters weredetermined such as pH, salinity and temperature. Five sampling areas wereidentified in the shores of Villa Beach. One liter was collected in each layerof each sampling area for a total of 15 seawater samples and was immediatelytransported to the College of Arts and Sciences-Analytical Service Laboratory ofthe University of the Philippines Visayas, Miag-ao, Iloilo for the quantificationof heavy metals through flame atomic absorption spectrophotometer (FAAS). The pH values range from 7.513-7.933, 10.6-11.566 ppm for salinity and 27.5-31.233 °C for five sampling areas. Average dissolved chromium and lead werehighest at station four with 0.545 mg/L and 0.771 mg/L, respectively. Averagecadmium was highest at station one with 0.021 mg/L. The mean of Pb > Cr >Cd < Pb in the water column of the five sampling areas but was not significant. Available cadmium, chromium and lead exceeded the permissive value set by DENR AO No. 34 (1990). This study provides information and awareness tothe public about the present available heavy metals in Villa Beach, Iloilo City. Keywords - Heavy metals, cadmium, chromium, lead, flame atomic absorptionspectrophotometry, Philippines

scholarly journals Assessment of Heavy Metals in Some Vegetables Sold in Urban Open Markets of Kathmandu Valley

2015 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-44
Author(s):  
Pawan Raj Shakya ◽  
Neena Malla Khwaounjoo
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Brassica Oleracea ◽  
Metal Contamination ◽  
Heavy Metal Contamination ◽  
Kathmandu Valley ◽  
Vegetable Samples ◽  
Metal Levels ◽  
Safe Limits ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Open Markets

Present study describes the extent of heavy metal contamination in two vegetable types viz., cabbage (Brassica oleracea var capitata) and cauliflower (Brassica oleracea var botrytis) sold in urban open markets of Kathmandu valley. A total of 18 vegetable samples collected from various market sites of the valley were analyzed for heavy metals viz., As, Cd, Cu, Hg, Pb and Zn using atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS). Results revealed that the metal concentrations in both the vegetables tested were found in the order as Zn>Cu>Pb>Cd. The metal levels in cabbage leaves irrespective of the market sites, ranged between 0.91–2.05 mg/kg for Cd, 14.32-28.31 mg/kg for Cu, 7.29–14.70 mg/kg for Pb and 36.33–108.09 mg/kg for Zn respectively. Similarly, the metal levels in cauliflower varied from 0.81–1.50 mg/kg for Cd, 19.29–26.77 mg/kg for Cu, 10.82–21.23 mg/kg for Pb and 62.45–73.72 mg/kg for Zn respectively. However, As and Hg were found below the detection limits in both the vegetables tested. It was also found that while the mean concentrations of Cd and Pb exceeded the maximum permissible limits for vegetables, Cu and Zn were found within the safe limits as recommended by FAO/WHO. From the present study, we conclude that a regular monitoring of heavy metals in vegetables is necessary for safe consumption as well as to prevent excessive buildup of these metals in the human food chain.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njst.v15i1.12008 Nepal Journal of Science and TechnologyVol. 15, No.1 (2014) 39-44

scholarly journals A Study of Entrance Surface Air Kerma for Patients Undergoing Chest and Abdomen from Digital Radiography at Chulabhorn Hospital

2019 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 51
Author(s):  
Atchara Promduang ◽  
Napapong Pongnapang ◽  
Napat Ritlumlert ◽  
Sutthirak Tangruangkiat ◽  
Monchai Phonlakrai
Keyword(s):  
Digital Radiography ◽  
Computed Radiography ◽  
Energy Agency ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Code Of Practice ◽  
Air Kerma ◽  
Technical Report Series ◽  
Male Patients ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Entrance Surface Air Kerma

Objective: The main purpose of this study was to investigate the typical dose for standard-sized patients in chest (posteroanterior; PA) and abdomen (anteroposterior; AP) digital radiography.Material and Methods: The air kerma was measured by the ionization chamber (Radical Corporation, model 10X6-6) in X-ray equipment manufactured by General Electric Healthcare Definium 8000 System for different kilovoltage peak (kVp) settings in each X-ray examination. The entrance surface air kerma (ESAK) was determined in 422 mediumsized patients in different projections: chest (PA) and abdomen (AP), according to the recommended protocol of the International Atomic Energy Agency Technical Report Series Number 457 (Technical Reports Series No. 457 “Dosimetry in Diagnostic Radiology: An International Code of Practice).Results: The mean entrance surface air kerma values for chest (PA) radiography in female and male patients were 0.08 milligray (mGy) and 0.09 mGy, respectively and for abdomen (AP) radiography for both genders were 0.98 mGy and 1.06 mGy, respectively.Conclusion: The mean entrance surface air kerma values of this study were less than the diagnostic reference levels from the IAEA 1996, Korea 2007, United Kingdom 2010 and Japan 2015, in all projections. Patient doses (ESAK) in chest (PA) and abdomen (AP) digital radiography at Chulabhorn Hospital were less than the other guidelines, because of the use of a high kVp technique for the chest and the automatic exposure control for the abdomen. Furthermore, Thai people are smaller than Westerners. We studied in digital radiography only that literally provides lowest radiation dose compares with screen film and computed radiography.

scholarly journals Study of Atmospheric Pollution and Health Risk Assessment: A Case Study for the Sharjah and Ajman Emirates (UAE)

Atmosphere ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (11) ◽  
pp. 1442
Author(s):  
Yousef Nazzal ◽  
Nadine Bou Orm ◽  
Alina Barbulescu ◽  
Fares Howari ◽  
Manish Sharma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Heavy Metal ◽  
Health Risk ◽  
Population Health ◽  
United Arab Emirates ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Hazard Quotient ◽  
Heavy Metal Concentration ◽  
Background Values ◽  
The Mean

Dust is a significant pollution source in the United Arab Emirates (UAE) that impacts population health. Therefore, the present study aims to determine the concentration of heavy metals (Cd, Pb, Cr, Cu, Ni, and Zn) in the air in the Sharjah and Ajman emirates’ urban areas and assesses the health risk. Three indicators were used for this purpose: the average daily dose (ADD), the hazard quotient (HQ), and the health index (HI). Data were collected during the period April–August 2020. Moreover, the observation sites were clustered based on the pollutants’ concentration, given that the greater the heavy metal concentration is, the greater is the risk for the population health. The most abundant heavy metal found in the atmosphere was Zn, with a mean concentration of 160.30 mg/kg, the concentrations of other metals being in the following order: Ni > Cr > Cu > Pb > Cd. The mean concentrations of Cd, Pb, and Cr were within the range of background values, while those of Cu, Ni, and Zn were higher than the background values, indicating anthropogenic pollution. For adults, the mean ADD values of heavy metals decreased from Zn to Cd (Zn > Ni > Cr > Cu > Pb > Cd). The HQ (HI) suggested an acceptable (negligible) level of non-carcinogenic harmful health risk to residents’ health. The sites were grouped in three clusters, one of them containing a single location, where the highest concentrations of heavy metals were found.

Spatial Distribution and Assessment of Soil Heavy Metals in Suburb Cropland, Suzhou City, Anhui, China

2013 ◽  
Vol 712-715 ◽  
pp. 457-460
Author(s):  
Qi Li
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Pollution Index ◽  
Light Pollution ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Pollution Levels ◽  
Suzhou City ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Fluorescence Spectrometer ◽  
Interpolation Analysis

In this paper, concentrations and spatial distribution of four heavy metals (Cu, Pb, Zn, As) in cropland soil from suburb area of Suzhou city were determined and analysed by X-Ray fluorescence spectrometer and interpolation analysis. Then based on integrated pollution index (IPI), pollution levels of the heavy metals were assessed. The results indicate that the mean concentrations of As was higher than the value of Anhui soil background, while the others were lower; Spatial distribution of Pb and Zn were affected by traffic pollution, Cu was related with the emissions of garbage and waste, As was came from the use of pesticides; The IPI of heavy metals belonged to light pollution levels, and As was higher than the others.

scholarly journals Analysis of Heavy Metals Composition in Some of the Vegetables from Waste Dump Soils in Selected Urban Areas of Benue State

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Food Production ◽  
Waste Dump ◽  
Clear Trend ◽  
Dump Site ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Vegetable Samples ◽  
Waste Dumps ◽  
The Mean

Vegetables are highly consumed in all the states across Northern Nigeria where they constitute a major source of nutritious food. Some of the vegetables that grow fast and successfully are used as source of food by all categories of households. Soil being the natural source of for food production is often contaminated with heavy metals and other toxins as result of human activities. This study was conducted to determine the presence, concentration and bioaccumulation of selected heavy metals in some of the varieties of the vegetables grown on soils containing waste dumps. The selected heavy metals were analyzed using AAS. The levels of the heavy Metals in both vegetables and their soils were generally low with Fe and Co having the highest and lowest mean values respectively. The values were within the acceptable standards indicating that the vegetable is safe for consumption. Significant differences were observed at P<0.05 between the mean values of Cu and Cr in amaranth samples and Fe in the soil samples. The Transfer Factor values were generally less than 1.00 except for Cr in samples from sites Ma and Gb and for Co in samples from site OT. Except for Cr, the TF values obtained did not provide a clear trend on the movement of the selected heavy metals from soil to the study vegetable samples. Therefore the use of soils from waste dump site for cultivation of vegetables did not impact much on the heavy metal analyzed in the vegetable samples studied.

Isomorphous replacement in electron diffraction of wet crystals of rat hemoglobin

1983 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
pp. 446-447
Author(s):  
William F. Tivol ◽  
Murray Vernon King ◽  
D. F. Parsons
Keyword(s):  
Electron Diffraction ◽  
Heavy Atom ◽  
Isomorphous Substitution ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Salt Solutions ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Isomorphous Replacement ◽  
Structure Factors ◽  
Diffraction Structure ◽  
The Mean

Feasibility of isomorphous substitution in electron diffraction is supported by a calculation of the mean alteration of the electron-diffraction structure factors for hemoglobin crystals caused by substituting two mercury atoms per molecule, following Green, Ingram & Perutz, but with allowance for the proportionality of f to Z3/4 for electron diffraction. This yields a mean net change in F of 12.5%, as contrasted with 22.8% for x-ray diffraction.Use of the hydration chamber in electron diffraction opens prospects for examining many proteins that yield only very thin crystals not suitable for x-ray diffraction. Examination in the wet state avoids treatments that could cause translocation of the heavy-atom labels or distortion of the crystal. Combined with low-fluence techniques, it enables study of the protein in a state as close to native as possible.We have undertaken a study of crystals of rat hemoglobin by electron diffraction in the wet state. Rat hemoglobin offers a certain advantage for hydration-chamber work over other hemoglobins in that it can be crystallized from distilled water instead of salt solutions.

Long-period modulated superstructures in Pd-12.5 at.%Ce and Pd-15 at.%Ce alloys

1990 ◽  
Vol 48 (4) ◽  
pp. 164-165
Author(s):  
Noriyuki Kuwano ◽  
Masaru Itakura ◽  
Kensuke Oki
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Heavy Elements ◽  
Arc Furnace ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Long Period ◽  
Ultra High Purity ◽  
Heat Treated ◽  
Atomic Scattering ◽  
The Mean

Pd-Ce alloys exhibit various anomalies in physical properties due to mixed valences of Ce, and the anomalies are thought to be strongly related with the crystal structures. Since Pd and Ce are both heavy elements, relative magnitudes of (fcc-fpd) are so small compared with <f> that superlattice reflections, even if any, sometimes cannot be detected in conventional x-ray powder patterns, where fee and fpd are atomic scattering factors of Ce and Pd, and <f> the mean value in the crystal. However, superlattices in Pd-Ce alloys can be analyzed by electron microscopy, thanks to the high detectability of electron diffraction. In this work, we investigated modulated superstructures in alloys with 12.5 and 15.0 at.%Ce.Ingots of Pd-Ce alloys were prepared in an arc furnace under atmosphere of ultra high purity argon. The disc specimens cut out from the ingots were heat-treated in vacuum and electrothinned to electron transparency by a jet method.

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