Spatial patterns of natural Pinus strobus L. regeneration in a Pinus resinosa Ait. stand1

2009 ◽  
Vol 136 (3) ◽  
pp. 369-379 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeri Lynn E. Peck ◽  
Eric K. Zenner
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Patterns ◽  
Pinus Strobus ◽  
Pinus Resinosa

Vegetation variation among mesic successional forest stands in northern lower Michigan

1988 ◽  
Vol 66 (6) ◽  
pp. 1080-1090 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark R. Roberts ◽  
Norman L. Christensen
Keyword(s):  
Quercus Rubra ◽  
Abies Balsamea ◽  
Acer Rubrum ◽  
Pinus Strobus ◽  
Pinus Resinosa ◽  
Fagus Grandifolia ◽  
Prunus Serotina ◽  
Stand Age ◽  
Site Conditions ◽  
Soil Variables

Vegetation composition of the shrub–tree and herb layers was sampled in 70 successional aspen (Populus tremuloides and Populus grandidentata) stands of different ages (1–90 years) on a variety of sites in northern lower Michigan. Physical and chemical characteristics of soil profiles were also measured at each site. Three stand groupings were identified based on site conditions and detrended correspondence analysis (DCA) ordination of the vegetation. Sandy dry-mesic soils support forests of Acer rubrum, Quercus rubra, Pinus resinosa, and Pinus strobus. On lowland sandy soils with a fluctuating water table, Pinus strobus, Abies balsamea, Viburnum lentago, and Viburnum cassinoides are important. Mesic soils with stratified calcareous layers or clay till substrates support Acer saccharum, Fagus grandifolia, Tilia americana, Fraxinus americana, Ostrya virginiana, and Acer pensylvanicum. Canonical correlation analysis (CCA) was used to compare DCA scores with soil variables; first-axis DCA scores were correlated with a suite of soil variables and stand age was correlated with second or third DCA axis scores. Separate DCA ordinations of the dry-mesic and mesic groups revealed successional relations on these sites. On dry-mesic sites, Pinus resinosa and Pinus strobus increase in importance with stand age, while Prunus serotina, Prunus virginiana, Prunus pensylvanica, and the aspens decrease. On mesic sites, early successional species include the aspens, Corylus cornuta, Prunus serotina, and Prunus pensylvanica. Fagus grandifolia, Acer pensylvanicum, Quercus rubra, Viburnum acerifolium, Betula papyrifera, Acer rubrum, and Tilia americana are more abundant in mature mesic-site stands. Ordinations of the herb data were remarkably similar to those for trees and shrubs except on dry-mesic sites. Much of the residual variability in vegetation not accounted for by site conditions and stand age is probably related to historical factors such as the nature of disturbance and variations in seed rain.

scholarly journals RESPONSES OF CONOPHTHORUS SPP. (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE) TO BEHAVIORAL CHEMICALS IN FIELD TRIALS: A TRANSCONTINENTAL PERSPECTIVE

2000 ◽  
Vol 132 (6) ◽  
pp. 925-937 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nancy Gillette Rappaport ◽  
John D. Stein ◽  
Adolfo Arturo del Rio Mora ◽  
Gary DeBarr ◽  
Peter de Groot ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Ponderosa ◽  
Behavioral Responses ◽  
Pinus Strobus ◽  
Pinus Resinosa ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Pinus Monticola ◽  
Baited Traps ◽  
Host Phylogeny ◽  
Pinus Pseudostrobus ◽  
Male Beetle

AbstractWe tested six behavioral chemicals, pityol, conophthorin, 4-allylanisole, verbenone, 2-hexenol, and α-pinene, in a series of field trials directed at six combinations of Conophthorus Hopkins – Pinus L. spp. (Pinaceae) in sites distributed across North America. Beetle – host tree combinations included Conophthorus ponderosae Hopkins on Pinus ponderosa Laws., C. ponderosae on Pinus monticola Dougl., Conophthorus conicolens Wood on Pinus pseudostrobus Lindl., Conophthorus teocotum Wood on Pinus teocote Schl. & Cham., Conophthorus coniperda (Schwarz) on Pinus strobus L., and Conophthorus resinosae Hopkins on Pinus resinosa Ait. trans-Verbenol was tested only on C. resinosae on P. resinosa. Traps baited with pityol caught more beetles than unbaited traps in nearly all of the assays, and conophthorin consistently inhibited male beetle response to pityol for all species tested. Behavioral responses of species of Conophthorus to α-pinene appeared to parallel host phylogeny, inasmuch as beetles using Haploxylon pines as hosts utilized α-pinene as a synergist for the beetle-produced pityol, whereas beetles using Diploxylon pines as hosts did not. α-Pinene was a synergist for pityol in C. ponderosae on P. monticola and C. coniperda on P. strobus, but not for species of Conophthorus on any other pines tested. Conophthorus ponderosae on P. ponderosa was the only beetle–host combination tested where verbenone was a synergist for pityol, but this effect was not consistent in all years of testing. It was also the only beetle–host combination in which 4-allylanisole was a repellent. For all other beetle–host combinations, verbenone was neutral to slightly repellent and 4-allylanisole was either synergistic or neutral in pityol-baited traps. Promising synergists and interruptants/repellents were identified for implementation in pest-management regimes, including conophthorin as an interruptant for all species of Conophthorus tested, 4-allylanisole as an interruptant for C. ponderosae on P. ponderosa, α-pinene as a synergist for pityol in all species tested on Haploxylon pines, and 4-allylanisole as a synergist for pityol in C. conicolens and C. coniperda.

Long-term mortality rates and spatial patterns in an old-growth Pinus resinosa forest

2013 ◽  
Vol 43 (9) ◽  
pp. 809-816 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emily J. Silver ◽  
Shawn Fraver ◽  
Anthony W. D’Amato ◽  
Tuomas Aakala ◽  
Brian J. Palik
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Pattern ◽  
Spatial Patterns ◽  
Pinus Banksiana ◽  
Tree Mortality ◽  
Stand Structure ◽  
Pinus Resinosa ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Stand Age ◽  
Initial Population ◽  
Dead Trees

Understanding natural mortality patterns and processes of forest tree species is increasingly important given projected changes in mortality owing to global change. With this need in mind, the rate and spatial pattern of mortality was assessed over an 89-year period in a natural-origin Pinus resinosa (Aiton)-dominated system to assess these processes through advanced stages of stand development (stand age 120–209 years). Average annual mortality rates fluctuated through time, yet were within the range reported in other studies (0.60%–3.88% depending on species and sampling interval). Tree mortality was attributed to multiple agents, including the senescence of the short-lived Pinus banksiana Lamb., windthrow, root-rot fungi (Armillaria ostoyae (Romagn.) Herink), and perhaps infrequent droughts. Despite the often contagious nature of many disturbance agents, the overall spatial pattern of mortality events (the arrangement of dead trees within the fixed initial population of live trees) was random at all scales tested. Similarly, the current spatial pattern of dead trees was predominantly random, despite clustering at small scales (2–4 m). These findings underscore the importance of studying mortality rates, agents, and spatial patterns over long time periods to avoid misinterpreting stochastic mortality events, and their influence on longer term stand structure and development.

A NEW PSYCHROPHILIC FUNGUS CAUSING GERMINATION FAILURE OF CONIFER SEEDS

1964 ◽  
Vol 42 (12) ◽  
pp. 1589-1604 ◽  
Author(s):  
Z Epners
Keyword(s):  
Root Rot ◽  
Picea Glauca ◽  
Pinus Strobus ◽  
Pinus Resinosa ◽  
Infested Soil ◽  
Damping Off ◽  
Conifer Seeds ◽  
Psychrophilic Fungus ◽  
Favorable Conditions ◽  
Germinated Seeds

The germination of coniferous seeds has been very low for several years at the Province of Ontario Nurseries located at Midhurst and Orono, in extreme cases being reduced to only 2%.Between 1959 and 1963 seeds which had failed to germinate were collected from beds of Pinus resinosa Sol., Pinus sylvestris L., Pinus strobus L., and Picea glauca (Moench.) Voss. From all such seeds tested a psychrophilic fungus was isolated, which grows between −1 and 27 °C but does not grow at 30 °C. In such non-germinated seeds the fungus is found in all cells of the endosperm and embryo, but instead of rotting the seeds, it mummifies them. The fungus was found in a viable state in infected seed [Formula: see text] years after these were sown.The fungus has not yet been identified and no record has been found of its previous isolation. In this work it has been called the seed-fungus (S-fungus). It is not a damping-off fungus since it does not kill the seedlings before or as they emerge from the soil and, even when seedling stems are soft and succulent, it does not cause root rot or top killing. Under favorable conditions the fungus may kill 100% of conifer seeds in infested soil. Control was achieved through pelleting the seeds with Captan.The fungus produces sympodiospores and has some affinity with the genera Costantinella and Nodulisporium, but differs significantly from them.

Effect of Prescribed Burning on the Ectomycorrhizal Infectivity of a Forest Soil

1994 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 95 ◽  
Author(s):  
DG Herr ◽  
LC Duchesne ◽  
R Tellier ◽  
RS Mcalpine ◽  
RL Peterson
Keyword(s):  
Prescribed Burning ◽  
Seedling Survival ◽  
Lateral Roots ◽  
Unit Length ◽  
Pinus Strobus ◽  
Pinus Resinosa ◽  
Fire Intensity ◽  
Health Index ◽  
Ectomycorrhizal Roots ◽  
Secondary Roots

Ectomycorrhizae formation, seedling health index, and seedling survival were assessed for two-year-old nursery-grown seedlings of Pinus resinosa and Pinus strobus two months after planting in clear-cuts that had received prescribed burning under different fire intensities. Controls consisted of seedlings planted in unburned clear-cuts. Fire intensity positively correlated with percent ectomycorrhizal roots for P. strobus but not for P. resinosa. Seedling health index and survival were highest in burned-over sites as compared to control sites for both pine species. Fire intensity correlated with seedling health index for P. strobus but not for P. resinosa. Fire intensity correlated with seedling survival for both species. Colonization of seedlings by ectomycorrhizal fungi did not correlate with seedling health index or seedling survival. P. resinosa seedlings planted in burned-over sites had a smaller number of lateral roots per unit length primary/secondary roots compared to seedlings planted in control plots.

The development, structure, and histochemistry of sclerotia of ectomycorrhizal fungi. I. Pisolithus tinctorius

1985 ◽  
Vol 63 (8) ◽  
pp. 1402-1411 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. J. Grenville ◽  
R. L. Peterson ◽  
Y. Piché
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Pinus Strobus ◽  
Pinus Resinosa ◽  
Pisolithus Tinctorius ◽  
Root Tips ◽  
Outer Cortex ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Development Structure ◽  
Large Deposits

Sclerotia were produced by growing Pisolithus tinctorius (Pers.) Coker and Couch in association with Pinus strobus L. and Pinus resinosa Ait. in plastic growth pouches. Developing and mature sclerotia were collected, fixed, and embedded for light microscopy and scanning and transmission electron microscopy. They were found to consist of an outer pigmented rind, an inner and outer cortex, and a large central medulla. Cortical and medullary areas were comprised of pseudoparenchyma which contained large deposits of glycogen, as well as protein and lipids. The structure of these sclerotia indicates that they are persistent propagules. Sclerotia may be important in nature for the recolonization of root tips after environmental stresses. They may also be useful for storing valuable strains of P. tinctorius and as a source of inoculum for experimental studies.

Effets du brûlage dirigé et du scarifiage sur l'établissement des semis et sur leur interaction avec la végétation concurrente

1995 ◽  
Vol 71 (5) ◽  
pp. 621-626 ◽  
Author(s):  
Renée Tellier ◽  
Luc C. Duchesne ◽  
Robert S. McAlpine ◽  
Jean-Claude Ruel
Keyword(s):  
Survival Rate ◽  
Key Words ◽  
Seedling Survival ◽  
Pinus Strobus ◽  
Pinus Resinosa ◽  
Red Pine ◽  
Fire Intensity ◽  
Competition Index ◽  
White Pine ◽  
Clear Cut

In 1990, a jack pine forest was clear-cut on an 15 ha area and divided into 40 plots. In 1991, ten plots were burned-over under varying conditions to obtain different fire intensities and ten plots were scarified. Each plot was planted in 1992 with red pine (Pinus resinosa Ait.) and white pine (P. strobus L.) seedlings. Survival rate and health of the seedlings was evaluated for the first two years after planting and the non-crop vegetation was assessed using a competition index developed for conifer management in Ontario. Our results show seedling survival rate, health, biomass and height to be improved when planted on burned-over or scarified sites and that fire intensity influences certain of those characteristics. Key words: scarification, fire, Pinus resinosa, Pinus strobus, competition

The development, structure, and histochemistry of sclerotia of ectomycorrhizal fungi. II. Paxillus involutus

1985 ◽  
Vol 63 (8) ◽  
pp. 1412-1417 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. J. Grenville ◽  
R. L. Peterson ◽  
Y. Piché
Keyword(s):  
Structural Characteristics ◽  
Pinus Strobus ◽  
Pinus Resinosa ◽  
Cortical Layer ◽  
Paxillus Involutus ◽  
Tree Roots ◽  
Cortical Cells ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Development Structure ◽  
Large Deposits

Sclerotia of Paxillus involutus (Batsch) Fr. were produced in association with Pinus strobus L. and Pinus resinosa Ait. in plastic growth pouches and on agar-solidified nutrient medium. They were fixed and embedded for light microscopy and scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Sclerotia consisted of an outer pigmented rind, a thin cortical layer, and a large central medulla of isodiametric cells. Large deposits of glycogen, as well as smaller deposits of protein and lipid, were present in medullary and cortical cells. Structural characteristics indicate that these sclerotia are persistent propagules which may function to reinfect tree roots following environmental stresses. Since they can be produced in pure culture, it may be possible to inoculate seedlings directly with sclerotia.

A NEW LEPIDOPTEROUS INSECT INJURIOUS TO VEGETATION

1877 ◽  
Vol 9 (9) ◽  
pp. 161-163 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. R. Grote
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Strobus ◽  
Pinus Resinosa ◽  
The Body ◽  
Red Pine ◽  
Main Stem ◽  
Small Larva ◽  
White Pine

In the months of June and July the Red Pine (Pinus resinosa) and the white Pine (Pinus strobus) show by the exuding pitch that they are suffering from the attacks of an insect. The wounds occur on the main stem below, the insertion of the branch. On cutting into the bark the injury is found to be caused by a small larva, which, when full grown, measures 16 to 18 millimetres. The head is shining chestnut brown with black mandibles. The body is livid or blackish green, naked, with series of black dots, each dot giving rise to a single, rather stout, bristle.

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