scholarly journals INCLUSION OF GEORGIA INTO THE RUSSIAN EMPIRE AND PRESERVATION OF LOCAL LEGISLATION

ASJ. ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (56) ◽  
pp. 60-62
Author(s):  
M. Meskhishvili-Pruidze
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Future Development ◽  
Civil Law ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Civil Code ◽  
The Caucasus ◽  
Large Period ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Relationship

The topic of Georgia's inclusion in the Russian Empire is especially relevant, since the relationship between two historical neighbors today it is tense and it is necessary to especially carefully study the historical vicissitudes in order to realize the prospect of their future development. The article concerns the civil code of Russia and Georgia, the adaptation of the Georgian code of laws and the Code of King Vakhtang with all-Russian legislation. The authors consider a large period and cover the relationship between Russia and Georgia during the reign of Peter the First, Catherine the Second, Paul the First, Alexander the First and Alexander the Second. The authors analyze the process of systematization of the all-Russian legislation of 1826-1832 and the adoption of the Civil Code, which prompted local and central administrations to unify private and general imperial law. The authors investigate the use of Georgian civil law in private law relations in the Caucasus in the 19th century.

The Germans and their Jewish Neighbors on the Ukrainian Areas at the Second Half of the 19th Century

2020 ◽  
pp. 17-27
Author(s):  
D. Meshkov
Keyword(s):  
Everyday Life ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Early Years ◽  
Criminal Cases ◽  
South West ◽  
Multiethnic Population ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Relationship

The article presents some of the author’s research results that has got while elaboration of the theme “Everyday life in the mirror of conflicts: Germans and their neighbors on the Southern and South-West periphery of the Russian Empire 1861–1914”. The relationship between Germans and Jews is studied in the context of the growing confrontation in Southern cities that resulted in a wave of pogroms. Sources are information provided by the police and court archival funds. The German colonists Ludwig Koenig and Alexandra Kirchner (the resident of Odessa) were involved into Odessa pogrom (1871), in particular. While Koenig with other rioters was arrested by the police, Kirchner led a crowd of rioters to the shop of her Jewish neighbor, whom she had a conflict with. The second part of the article is devoted to the analyses of unty-Jewish violence causes and history in Ak-Kerman at the second half of the 19th and early years of 20th centuries. Akkerman was one of the southern Bessarabia cities, where multiethnic population, including the Jews, grew rapidly. It was one of the reasons of the pogroms in 1865 and 1905. The author uses criminal cases` papers to analyze the reasons of the Germans participation in the civilian squads that had been organized to protect the population and their property in Ackerman and Shabo in 1905.

scholarly journals Andrei Cușco, Între „orientalism” şi obiectivitate: etnografia rusă şi Basarabia în a doua jumătate a secolului al XIX-lea / Between “Orientalism” and Objectivity: Russian Ethnography and Bessarabia during the Second Half of the Nineteenth Century

2013 ◽  
Vol 1 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 104-119
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Objective Knowledge ◽  
Basic Goal ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Relationship

This paper discusses the interaction between the discourses of empire and nation as it emerged in the debates about the proper object of research and the criteria for legitimacy of the newly founded discipline of ethnography in the Russian Empire in the last decades of the 18th and throughout the 19th century. A special emphasis will be laid upon the particular features of the appearance and evolution of ethnographic preoccupations in the Russian Empire starting with the second half of the 18th century, when the first attempts at the synthesis and classification of ethnographic enquiries can be discerned, and spanning the first half of the 19th century. In this context, the case of Bessarabia represents an illustrative example of the uneasy interaction between the specialized and supposedly “objective” knowledge of learned experts and the agendas of the central and local authorities and officials. My basic goal has been to uncover the relationship between the “imperial” and the “universalistic” dimensions of Russian ethnography.

scholarly journals Protection of State Border in Caucasus at End of 19th Century: Karsk Border Brigade

2021 ◽  
pp. 413-426
Author(s):  
K, A. Pavlov ◽  
O. B. Klochkov
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
The State ◽  
Economic Interests ◽  
The Caucasus ◽  
Political Situation ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Military Units

The process of formation and development of the protection of the state border in the Caucasus at the end of the 19th century (using the example of the Karsk border brigade) is analyzed in the article. The relevance of the study is due to the fact that in historical research insufficient attention is paid to the protection of the state border in the Caucasus by border guard units at the end of the 19th century. It is shown that under the conditions of the introduction of protective customs duties, as a result of which smuggling activities began to develop actively, without specialized units, the Russian Empire was unable to protect its economic interests in the border space in the Caucasus. It is noted that the development of the state border guard system was carried out in a tense, unstable military-political situation, accompanied by constant armed clashes with bandit formations. It is indicated that in these conditions, the protection of the state border was carried out by the border guards together with military units, which in turn negatively affected the quality of the protection of the economic interests of the Russian Empire in the region. It is concluded that the development of the system for protecting the state border in the Caucasus was a consequence of the existing threats to national security in the region.

scholarly journals The right of emphyteusis in the history of the Russian state (the late 15th – early 20th century)

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 16-31
Author(s):  
A. A. Sapunkov ◽  
N. A. Sapunkov
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Civil Law ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Political Processes ◽  
Russian State ◽  
The Law ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
The Right ◽  
The 19Th Century

The subject. The law of emphyteusis was studied in the Russian Empire in the middle of 19th – beginning of 20th century due to practical significance. The interest in this subject began to revive at the beginning of the 21st century, the first few publications appeared, but they were mostly replicas of Imperial period studies. The law of emphyteusis in Russia before the middle of the 19th century is not researched sufficiently. The purpose of the study is to confirm or disprove hypothesis that the law of emphyteusis was initially implemented in the system of Russian law as a legislative institution, but since the middle of the 19th century it has acquired the status of a local legal custom. The Russian state, having preserved the former system of civil law (the Lithuanian Statute) in the Western lands annexed from Lithuania and Poland, created the basis for the formation of a different system of legal awareness among a part of the population, thereby consolidating the dichotomy of the Empire and the Western provinces. Since the issue of land ownership is a key issue for feudal society, the law of emphyteusis is the most striking example of the split in the unity of the legal system of the Russian state. The methodology. The study is based on a combination of formal-legal and historical-legal methods: the methods of historicism, synchronous and diachronic comparison allow us to get an idea of the socio-political conditions in which the law of emphyteusis was formed and functioned. The main results, scope of application. The institute of emphyteusis (Latin – сensus, German – zins, Polish – czynsz) was formed on the basis of the reception of Roman and Byzantine law in the feudal law of a number of European States. Emphyteusis comes to the PolishLithuanian lands as an element of German law. The article describes the socio-political processes in the territories annexed by Russia from the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, where the right of emphyteusis was preserved in the middle of 17th - first half of the 19th century as a local civil law under the Lithuanian Statute system. After the abolition of the Statute of Lithuania (1840) an emphyteusis preserved as a regional legal custom. The analysis of legislation and law enforcement practice on the issue of emphyteusis on the borderlands of the Russian state is carried out. The ineffectiveness of the state policy on the elimination of emphyteusis is noted. Conclusions. The revealed specifics of the development of emphyteusis in the Russian Empire are extremely poorly studied, although they indicate far-reaching consequences in the system of forming the legal consciousness of Russian, Ukrainian, Belarusian, Jewish (Ashkenazi) and other peoples.

scholarly journals Marriage and Family Relations in Ryabinov’s Denomination in the First Half of the 19th Century

2020 ◽  
pp. 75-93
Author(s):  
Artem Krestyaninov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Family Relations ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Religious Communities ◽  
Marriage And Family ◽  
Old Believers ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
Ceremonial Life ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Relationship

Ryabinov’s denomination in historiography is a poorly studied Old Believers’ movement. It was spread in Kazan, Orenburg and Perm provinces of the Russian Empire. The only full-fledged article dedicated to their ritual life was written in the 19th century by professor of the Kazan Theological Academy N.I. Ivanovsky. Archival investigative cases about the Ryabinovites testify to their variety of religious life in the 1830s and 1850s. During the reign of Nicholas I, the authorities sought to strengthen disciplinary control over the Orthodox parish and to identify the “formal” Orthodox, who actually belonged to other religious communities. These measures would lead to a crisis in the relationship between the secular and spiritual authorities and Old Believers’ communities and to the heyday of investigative cases related to the apostasy of Orthodox parishioners split. Under these conditions, there is a confessionalization of the Old Believers’ denomination among the Rabinovites, aimed at separating their own community from the rest of the Orthodox parishioners and representatives of other Old Believers’ consent. Before the reign of Nicholas I, the Ryabinovites, like a number of other representatives of Old Believers’ denominations, were baptized and married in Orthodox parish churches. Thus, the authorities regarded them as “official” Orthodox. In the process of investigation, the ceremonial life of the Ryabinovites, in particular baptism and marriage, began to change dramatically. The work will show how Ryabinovites, abandoning any contact with the Orthodox Church, began to more actively perform their own rites of baptism and marriage.

Reasons for the Onset of the Uniat Clergy’s Movement Towards Orthodoxy in the Russian Empire in the Beginning of the 19th Century

2020 ◽  
Vol 58 ◽  
pp. 293-317
Author(s):  
Protopriest Alexander Romanchuk
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Government Policy ◽  
Catholic Church ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Latin Church ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
In The Beginning ◽  
Church Service ◽  
The 19Th Century

The article studies the system of pre-conditions that caused the onset of the uniat clergy’s movement towards Orthodoxy in the Russian Empire in the beginning of the 19th century. The author comes to the conclusion that the tendency of the uniat clergy going back to Orthodoxy was the result of certain historic conditions, such as: 1) constant changes in the government policy during the reign of Emperor Pavel I and Emperor Alexander I; 2) increasing latinization of the uniat church service after 1797 and Latin proselytism that were the result of the distrust of the uniats on the part of Roman curia and representatives of Polish Catholic Church of Latin church service; 3) ecclesiastical contradictions made at the Brest Church Union conclusion; 4) division of the uniat clergy into discordant groups and the increase of their opposition to each other on the issue of latinization in the first decades of the 19th century. The combination of those conditions was a unique phenomenon that never repeated itself anywhere.

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