scholarly journals Variances of Direct Genetic Effects, Maternal Genetic Effects, and Cytoplasmic Inheritance Effects for Milk Yield, Fat Yield, and Fat Percentage

1998 ◽  
Vol 81 (2) ◽  
pp. 544-549 ◽  
Author(s):  
L.G. Albuquerque ◽  
J.F. Keown ◽  
L.D. Van Vleck
2011 ◽  
Vol 54 (4) ◽  
pp. 338-347
Author(s):  
N. G. Hossein-Zadeh

Abstract. Calving records from the Animal Breeding Center of Iran collected from January 1990 to December 2007 and comprising 207 106 first calving events of Holsteins from 2 506 herds were analysed using linear sire models to estimate genetic trends for age at first calving (AFC) and milk traits. Genetic trends were obtained by regressing yearly mean estimates of breeding values on year of birth. In general, there were decreasing genetic trends for AFC, fat percentage and protein percentage over the years but there were increasing genetic trends for milk yield, mature-equivalent milk yield, fat yield, mature-equivalent fat yield, protein yield and mature-equivalent protein yield over the years. On the other hand, there was a decreasing phenotypic trend for AFC but estimates of phenotypic trends were positive for milk yield and compositions over the years. It seems that the decline in calving age in this study over time resulted primarily from increased turnover rate and increased culling of heifers that failed to get pregnant. On the other hand, increasing trend for yield traits over time in this study indicated that Iranian dairy producers were successful in choosing progressively better semen and sires from imported and local sources over the years.


2010 ◽  
Vol 53 (3) ◽  
pp. 256-265 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. G. Hossein-Zadeh

Abstract. Calving records from the Animal Breeding Center of Iran collected from January 1993 to December 2007 and comprising 1 163 594 Holstein calving events from 2 552 herds were used to evaluate reported perinatal calf mortality, 305-d milk yield, 305-d fat yield of milk and 305-d fat percentage of milk in single- and twin-births. A logistic regression model was constructed to analyze calf mortality between singletons and twins. Also statistical analyses of 305-d milk yield, 305-d fat yield of milk and 305-d fat percentage of milk were performed using the general linear models procedure. Greater odds of calf mortality existed for calves born from primiparous cows than from multiparous cows (P<0.001) and for calves born as twins than singletons. The odds of calf mortality increased over years from 4.2 % in calving year Y1 (1993–1997) to 5.1 % in calving year Y3 (2003–2007) (odds ratio [OR] = 1.14; P<0.001). The odds of calf mortality was greater after twin births, with 16.7 % of the twin calving events reporting calves as dead compared to 5.2 % for singleton births (OR=5.62; P<0.001). For same-sex twin pairs, the odds of calf mortality was greater (P<0.01; OR=1.72) for male than for female twin pairs. Also, twin-calved cows had greater 305-d milk production, fat yield and fat percentage of milk than single-calved cows (P<0.05). In general, development of practical management strategies to cope with the negative effects associated with twinning on dairies is critical, especially if the trend toward increased twinning in the dairy cattle population continues.


2020 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 60-70
Author(s):  
Gabrieli S Romano ◽  
Luis Fernando B Pinto ◽  
Altair A Valloto ◽  
José-Augusto Horst ◽  
Victor B Pedrosa

Background: Somatic cell score is an important parameter to predict milk quality and health of cows. However, in countries like Brazil, this trait is still not selected on a large scale, and no genetic parameters are reported in the literature. Objective: To estimate the variance components and genetic parameters for somatic cell score, milk yield, fat yield, protein yield, fat percentage, and protein percentage in Holstein cows. Methods: Records from 56,718 animals were used to estimate variance components, heritability, and genetic correlations using a multi-trait animal model by the REML method. Results: The heritability estimates were 0.19 for somatic cell score, 0.22 for milk yield, 0.26 for fat yield, 0.18 for protein yield, 0.61 for fat percentage, and 0.65 for protein percentage. The estimates of genetic correlations among analyzed traits ranged from -0.50 to 0.82. Conclusion: The low heritability observed for somatic cell score indicates that selection for this trait should result in benefits related to animal health and milk quality, but only in the long term. The low correlation between productive traits and somatic cell score indicates that inclusion of somatic cell score in animal breeding programs does not interfere negatively with the genetic selection for milk yield or solids.Keywords: Holstein; genetic correlation; genetic parameters; heritability; mastitis; milk quality; milk yield; multi-trait model; somatic cell score; variance components.  Resumen Antecedentes: El conteo de células somáticas es un parámetro importante para predecir la calidad de la leche y la salud de las vacas. Sin embargo, en países como Brasil, esta característica aún no se selecciona a gran escala y no se reportan parámetros genéticos en la literatura. Objetivo: Estimar los componentes de varianza y parámetros genéticos para el conteo de células somáticas, producción de leche, producción de grasa, producción de proteína, porcentaje de grasa y porcentaje de proteína en vacas de la raza Holstein. Métodos: Se usaron registros de 56.718 animales para estimar los componentes de la varianza, heredabilidad y correlaciones genéticas usando un modelo animal multicaracterístico por medio del método REML. Resultados: Las estimaciones de heredabilidad fueron 0,19 para el conteo de células somáticas, 0,22 para la producción de leche, 0,26 para la producción de grasa, 0,18 para producción de proteína, 0,61 para el porcentaje de grasa y 0,65 para el porcentaje de proteína. Las estimaciones de correlación genética entre las características analizadas variaron entre -0,50 a 0,82. Conclusión: La baja heredabilidad encontrada para conteo de células somáticas demostró que la selección para esta característica podría resultar en beneficios para la salud animal y calidad de la leche, pero sólo a largo plazo. La baja correlación genética existente entre las características productivas y el conteo de células somáticas indica que la inclusión del conteo de células somáticas en programas de selección no interfiere negativamente en la selección genética para la producción de leche o sólidos.Palabras clave: calidad de leche; correlación genética; conteo de células somáticas; componentes de varianza; heredabilidad; Holstein; mastitis; modelo multicaracteristico; parametros geneticos; producción de leche; selección genetica. Resumo Antecedentes: O escore de células somáticas é um parâmetro importante para a predição da qualidade do leite, bem como para a saúde das vacas. No entanto, em alguns países como o Brasil, essa característica não é selecionada em larga escala e não há parâmetros genéticos disponíveis na literatura. Objetivo: Estimar os componentes de variância e parâmetros genéticos para o escore de células somáticas, produção de leite, produção de gordura, produção de proteína, porcentagem de gordura e porcentagem de proteína em vacas da raça Holandesa. Métodos: Foi utilizado um total de 56.718 animais para estimar os componentes de variância, herdabilidade e correlações genéticas, considerando-se o modelo animal multicaracterística por meio do método REML. Resultados: As estimativas de herdabilidade foram de 0,19 para o escore de células somáticas, 0,22 para a produção de leite, 0,26 para a produção de gordura, 0,18 para produção de proteína, 0,61 para a porcentagem de gordura e 0,65 para a porcentagem de proteína. As estimativas de correlação genética entre as características analisadas variaram entre -0,50 a 0,82. Conclusão: A baixa herdabilidade encontrada para o escore de células somáticas demonstrou que a seleção para esta característica poderá resultar em benefícios para a saúde animal e qualidade do leite, porém, somente a longo prazo. A baixa correlação genética existente entre as características produtivas e o escore de células somáticas demonstrou que a inclusão do escore de células somáticas em programas de seleção não causa interferência negativa na seleção genética para a produção de leite ou sólidos.Palavras-chave: componentes de variância; correlação genéticas; escore de células somáticas; herdabilidade; mastite; modelo multicaracterística; parâmetros genéticos; produção de leite; qualidade do leite; raça Holandesa; seleção genética.


2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruike Jia ◽  
Yihan Fu ◽  
Lingna Xu ◽  
Houcheng Li ◽  
Yanhua Li ◽  
...  

Abstract Background Our preliminary work confirmed that, SLC22A7 (solute carrier family 22 member 7), NGFR (nerve growth factor receptor), ARNTL (aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator like) and PPP2R2B (protein phosphatase 2 regulatory subunit Bβ) genes were differentially expressed in dairy cows during different stages of lactation, and involved in the lipid metabolism through insulin, PI3K-Akt, MAPK, AMPK, mTOR, and PPAR signaling pathways, so we considered these four genes as the candidates affecting milk production traits. In this study, we detected polymorphisms of the four genes and verified their genetic effects on milk yield and composition traits in a Chinese Holstein cow population. Results By resequencing the whole coding region and part of the flanking region of SLC22A7, NGFR, ARNTL and PPP2R2B, we totally found 20 SNPs, of which five were located in SLC22A7, eight in NGFR, three in ARNTL, and four in PPP2R2B. Using Haploview4.2, we found three haplotype blocks including five SNPs in SLC22A7, eight in NGFR and three in ARNTL. Single-SNP association analysis showed that 19 out of 20 SNPs were significantly associated with at least one of milk yield, fat yield, fat percentage, protein yield or protein percentage in the first and second lactations (P < 0.05). Haplotype-based association analysis showed that the three haplotypes were significantly associated with at least one of milk yield, fat yield, fat percentage, protein yield or protein percentage (P < 0.05). Further, we used SOPMA software to predict a SNP, 19:g.37095131C > T in NGFR, changed the structure of NGFR protein. In addition, we used Jaspar software to found that four SNPs, 19:g.37113872C > G,19:g.37113157C > T, and 19:g.37112276C > T in NGFR and 15:g.39320936A > G in ARNTL, could change the transcription factor binding sites and might affect the expression of the corresponding genes. These five SNPs might be the potential functional mutations for milk production traits in dairy cattle. Conclusions In summary, we proved that SLC22A7, NGFR, ARNTL and PPP2R2B have significant genetic effects on milk production traits. The valuable SNPs can be used as candidate genetic markers for genomic selection of dairy cattle, and the effects of these SNPs on other traits need to be further verified.


2017 ◽  
Vol 51 (3) ◽  
pp. 218-222 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bodin Wongpom ◽  
Skorn Koonawootrittriron ◽  
Mauricio A. Elzo ◽  
Thanathip Suwanasopee
Keyword(s):  

Genes ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 265 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bo Han ◽  
Yuwei Yuan ◽  
Ruobing Liang ◽  
Yanhua Li ◽  
Lin Liu ◽  
...  

Our initial RNA sequencing work identified that lipin 1 (LPIN1) was differentially expressed during dry period, early lactation, and peak of lactation in dairy cows, and it was enriched into the fat metabolic Gene Ontology (GO) terms and pathways, thus we considered LPIN1 as the candidate gene for milk production traits. In this study, we detected the polymorphisms of LPIN1 and verified their genetic effects on milk yield and composition in a Chinese Holstein cow population. We found seven SNPs by re-sequencing the entire coding region and partial flanking region of LPIN1, including one in 5′ flanking region, four in exons, and two in 3′ flanking region. Of these, four SNPs, c.637T > C, c.708A > G, c.1521C > T, and c.1555A > C, in the exons were predicted to result in the amino acid replacements. With the Haploview 4.2, we found that seven SNPs in LPIN1 formed two haplotype blocks (D′ = 0.98–1.00). Single-SNP association analyses showed that SNPs were significantly associated with milk yield, fat yield, fat percentage, or protein yield in the first or second lactation (p = < 0.0001–0.0457), and only g.86049389C > T was strongly associated with protein percentage in both lactations (p = 0.0144 and 0.0237). The haplotype-based association analyses showed that the two haplotype blocks were significantly associated with milk yield, fat yield, protein yield, or protein percentage (p = < 0.0001–0.0383). By quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR), we found that LPIN1 had relatively high expression in mammary gland and liver tissues. Furthermore, we predicted three SNPs, c.637T > C, c.708A > G, and c.1521C > T, using SOPMA software, changing the LPIN1 protein structure that might be potential functional mutations. In summary, we demonstrated the significant genetic effects of LPIN1 on milk production traits, and the identified SNPs could serve as genetic markers for dairy breeding.


2013 ◽  
Vol 56 (1) ◽  
pp. 873-881 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. G. Hossein-Zadeh

Abstract. Calving records of Holstein cows from January 1983 to December 2006 comprising 1,190 herds with 385,102 calving events were used to evaluate factors affecting the length of lactation and effect of current lactation length on the next productive and reproductive performances of Iranian Holsteins. Statistical analyses of productive and reproductive traits in this study were performed as linear mixed models. Lactation length (LL) of cows was grouped into 10 classes from <100 days through 500 days. Average LL was 314 days in Iranian Holsteins. Primiparous cows had the greatest LL and the mean of LL increased over the years from 1983 to 2006 and spring calvers had the longest LL (P<0.05). Cows within the LL class of 500 had the greatest unadjusted milk yield, adjusted milk yield, adjusted protein yield and adjusted fat yield and also had the longest calving intervals (P<0.05). Cows within the LL classes of 150–199 and 200–249 had the greatest values of adjusted protein percentage. Also, age at calving was the lowest for the LL class of 250–299 (P<0.05). There were linear and increasing trends for unadjusted milk yield, adjusted milk yield, adjusted protein yield and adjusted fat yield over the LL classes in this study, but a linear but decreasing trend was observed for adjusted protein percentage over LL classes. On the other hand, there were non-linear relationships between adjusted fat percentage, calving interval and age at calving with LL classes in the current study.


2006 ◽  
Vol 22 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 55-64 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jovanka Panic ◽  
Vitomir Vidovic

In this research 245 cows are included. They are daughters of ten sires and all of them realized 548 lactations in the period 2000 and 2003. Data used originated from two cattle farms, "Backa" and "Pobeda" that are on government property "Krivaja". During lactation lasting approximately 333 days cow produced 4521 kg of milk yield with 181 kg fat yield and 4,00% fat percentage in standard lactation. The values for heritability are estimated by using interclass correlation. It was low for duration of lactation (0,017) and for fat percentage (0,037). Also, it was medium for milk yield (0,227) and fat yield (0,214).The average values for heritability in the standard lactations were 0,317 for milk yield and 0,281 for fat yield. In other words, those are medium hereditary features. The values for heritability were low for fat percentage (0,031), or low hereditary feature.


2006 ◽  
Vol 22 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 11-20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jovanka Panic ◽  
V. Vidovic

In this research 245 cows were included. They are daughters of ten sires, and they realized 548 lactations in the period from year 2000 to 2003. Data were used from two cattle farms, "Backa" and "Pobeda" that are located on government property "Krivaja". In this research influences of systematic factors like farm, year, season or lactation have been included. Breading values are evaluated for all qualities (milk yield, fat yield, fat percentage and persistency of milk production). Sires are ranked based on average milk yield of his daughters.


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