Progress of cooperation for sustainable development of the greater Mekong subregion and Vietnam's contribution

The Greater Mekong Subregion (GMS) includes the territories of the following countries: China, Laos, Myanmar, Thailand, Cambodia and Vietnam, established in 1992 because of the common flow of the Mekong River. With the goal of sustainable development, the operation of GMS has made many positive contributions to the general development of the region as well as the socio-economic development of the member countries. The article presents the process of Vietnam joining the GMS since 1992 and being a founding member of this organization with its advantages and limitations. It is a country located in the lower Mekong River, very vulnerable and vulnerable if the GMS cooperation process takes place without sustainability. As a country with a position in the region, a responsible member to the international and regional community, Vietnam participates in the GMS process with the desire to build the GMS into a region of peace and stability and develop. Therefore, overcoming barriers and difficulties, Vietnam has actively enhanced multilateral and bilateral cooperation and has made many positive contributions to GMS cooperation programs and projects. Vietnam's contribution shows the spirit of positive and proactive international integration.

Children develop causatives despite pervasive ellipsis: Evidence from Turkish

Children use causative verbs in language to express causality. The learning of causatives relies on cues in children's interaction with caregivers. Argument structure has been widely posited as a facilitative cue for learning causatives. However, it may lack reliability due to ellipsis allowed in many languages, thus affecting children's acquisition of causatives. In this study, we investigate the role of object ellipsis in the learning of two prevalent types of causatives, namely lexical and morphological causatives. We take Turkish as a test case, which employs both types of causatives. The results show that the ellipsis in child-directed speech is pervasive in both causatives, with morphological causatives exhibiting a substantially lower proportion of ellipsis. However, by examining children's developmental trajectory, we show that lexical causatives develop with a pattern strikingly similar to the general development of verbs, whereas morphological causatives develop more slowly, despite less object ellipsis and explicit morphological marking. The findings suggest that argument structure may not play a major role in the learning of causatives. Our general conclusion is that children acquire causatives despite the challenge posed by pervasive ellipsis.

What does Kurort mean?

The article examines the evolvement of the Bulgarian word kurort in historical terms. The first part discusses the practices of using the healing power of nature from ancient times to the present day. Special attention is paid to balneology in Bulgaria as evidenced by numerous settlements named Banya, lit. ‘bath’. Next, an analysis is made of the word kurort and its dissimilarity from the corresponding English and French terms. The emergence of the concept of Kurort in the German language is associated with the general development of medicine from the XIV century onwards, when the medical terminology changed.

Local Sport Event Policies and Sustainability: A Puzzle Approach

As demands for more sustainable ways of living increase, organisers of sport events have come under increasing pressure to adapt. At the same time, more and more national and local event policies increase the demand for events. These two trends raise the question of how policy makers can combine the demand for events with a sustainable way of living; a question that so far has been subject to little research. The present paper analyses the conceptualisation of sustainability in all local policies relating to events in Norwegian municipalities. The paper is based on the analysis of policies covering 22 municipalities and includes both general development plans and more specific policies on events in its analysis. The analysis shows that all the municipalities have adopted a “broad” conceptualisation of sustainability, i.e., pursued a development, which should not limit the possibilities of future generations, in their general development plans. Although the general development plans serve as a basis for every other policy, the paper also shows that the municipalities in the specific policies for events often had “narrow” conceptualisation of sustainability, i.e., focusing on making local events reoccurring and/or increasing the capacity for hosting external events. The findings emphasise the relevance of looking at the local level when conducting future studies on events and sustainability and suggest that the practitioners acknowledge the complexity of reconciling demands for more events and increased sustainability.

Ceramics of Halychyna in the late 19th – early 20th centuries. Scientific and professional schools. Technologies. Personalities.

An analysis of numerous artefacts of the first third of the 20th century suggests that the production of many varieties of art-and-industrial ceramics developed in Halychyna, in particular architectural ceramic plastics, a variety of functional ceramics, decorative tiles, ceramic tiles, facing tiles, etc. The artistic features of Halychyna art ceramics, the richness of methods for decorating and shaping it, stylistic features, as well as numerous art societies, scientific and professional associations, groups, plants and factories specializing in the production of ceramics reflect the general development of this industry in the first half of the century and represent the prerequisites the emergence of the school of professional ceramics in Halychyna at the beginning of the 20th century. The purpose of the paper is to analyze the formation and development of scientific and professional schools of art-and-industrial ceramics of Halychyna in the late 19th – early 20th centuries. The research methodology was chosen, in accordance with the specific factual material, the goals and objectives set in the work, developed on the basis of a systematic approach and the principle of historicism, using the method of complex art analysis, synthesizing the research capabilities of comparative historical, functional, typological research methods. The principle of consistency assumed the consideration of certain issues, in accordance with the sequence of processes that took place in such a popular variety of professional decorative applied art as art ceramics. Due to this approach, the authors tried to focus on a detailed elucidation of the ways of building professional creativity in an inextricable relationship, taking into account the characteristics of a certain material, the needs of appropriate material support, and the establishment of technological processes. Furthermore, such a presentation of the paper material has provided a clearer indication of the possibilities and prospects for the development of the artistic ceramics art. In the process of work, the authors were aware that all the problems related to the art of the first half of the 20th century, including the development in the production of art ceramics in Halychyna, are only at a certain stage of thorough study. That is why this work is one of the stages on this path. In this regard, this study was interpreted by the authors not as one that should finally exhaust the chosen topic, but on the contrary – the work should create an opportunity for further more detailed study of individual phenomena, the work of artists, or the analysis of groups of specific pieces of art.

SEMANTIC AND STYLISTIC BASIS OF MORPHOLOGICAL DOUBLETS

Параллельные формы множественного числа в осетинском языке встречаются как у заимствованных слов, у которых могут быть приметой ассимилированности слова, так и в парадигме склонения исконных слов. Такие формы отмечены преимущественно в терминосистеме родства, анализ которых позволяет уточнить представления об этимологическом развитии отдельных слов и общегрупповых морфологических, семантических процессах в системе терминов родства. Экстраполяция данных других языков, а также диахронический анализ осетинского материала позволяет восполнить недостающие элементы матрицы. Вывод о языковой потребности маркировать морфологическим способом различные значения, оформлять собирательное плюрального, отмеченного в ряде языков для различения простого множественного и собирательного, а также обозначить стилистическую принадлежность той или иной формы основывается на сопоставлении параллельных форм множественного числа терминов родства. Особое внимание уделяется отсутствию регулярной формы множественного числа у осетинской лексемы ус “жена”. Наличие параллельных форм может отражать первоначальное существование паронимов, у которых, ввиду минимальности семантической дистанции между ними и высокой омонимичности, происходила контаминация парадигм склонения. Пароним, оформленный суффиксом терминов родства, мог обозначать “жена”, соответственно, пароним без форманта мог употребляться в значении “женщина”. На образование форм множественного числа могли оказывать влияние и другие языковые процессы. И возникновение, и утрата дублетных форм могли быть обусловлены экстралингвистическими факторами. Parallel plural forms in the Ossetian language are found both in the borrowed words, which may sign the degree of assimilation of a loan, and in the declension of the original words. Such forms are noted mainly in the system of kinship terms, their analysis makes it possible to clarify ideas about the etymological development of the individual words, about the general development of morphological system, and semantic processes in the system of terms of kinship. Extrapolation of data from other languages, as well as diachronic analysis of the Ossetian material, proper, makes it possible to fill in the missing elements of the matrix. Based on the comparison of the parallel forms of the plural of kinship terms, a conclusion is made about the linguistic need to mark different meanings in a morphological way, to indicate the collective plural, peculiar to a number of languages, to distinguish between the simple plural and the collective, and to designate the stylistic features of one form or another. Particular attention is paid to the absence of a regular plural form in the Ossetian lexeme of affinity "us" - "wife". The presence of parallel forms may reflect the initial existence of the paronyms, in which, due to the minimal semantic distance between them and the high homonymy, there was a contamination of two declination paradigms. The paronym, formed by the suffix of the terms of kinship, could have meant “wife”, respectively, the paronym without the formant could have been used in the meaning of “woman”. The formation of plural forms could also be influenced by other linguistic processes. Both the emergence and loss of doublet forms could be accounted for by extralinguistic factors.

Council liability for leaky buildings in New Zealand: An analysis of McNamara v Auckland City Council

<p>This paper discusses the Supreme Court decision in McNamara v Auckland City Council. As McNamara is on the fringes of the existing body of law, the Supreme Court had a difficult decision on whether to extend liability, in line with the general development of this area of law or to restrict liability and reverse the earlier trends. William Young, McGrath and Blanchard JJ in the majority held that the Auckland City Council was not in a proximate relationship. The Council owed no duty of care to inspect the procedural validity of the building certificates or the validity of the code compliance certificate in the LIM report. Joined by Tipping J, the majority further concluded the s50(3) good faith defence would also prevail in both situations. Elias CJ dissented on all issues. This paper analyses the decisions and available facts against the accepted negligence framework and analyses policy issues concluding that the approach of Elias CJ is to be preferred to harmonise defective building law.</p>

Council liability for leaky buildings in New Zealand: An analysis of McNamara v Auckland City Council

<p>This paper discusses the Supreme Court decision in McNamara v Auckland City Council. As McNamara is on the fringes of the existing body of law, the Supreme Court had a difficult decision on whether to extend liability, in line with the general development of this area of law or to restrict liability and reverse the earlier trends. William Young, McGrath and Blanchard JJ in the majority held that the Auckland City Council was not in a proximate relationship. The Council owed no duty of care to inspect the procedural validity of the building certificates or the validity of the code compliance certificate in the LIM report. Joined by Tipping J, the majority further concluded the s50(3) good faith defence would also prevail in both situations. Elias CJ dissented on all issues. This paper analyses the decisions and available facts against the accepted negligence framework and analyses policy issues concluding that the approach of Elias CJ is to be preferred to harmonise defective building law.</p>

Integrated Water Resource Management and Climate Change

The documentation of local progress assistances from climate change qualification is a likely inspiring feature to attain this. But, there is a deficiency of applied instances of how climate change qualification and progress priorities can be combined in general development procedures, chiefly in low- and internal-profits nations. Evolving information-based and practical climate change strategies requires creating science-policy lines through which information makers and politicians unite. Present investigation discloses that co-creation-depend lines conquered neither by information creators nor politicians prosper in enabling the alteration of information into policy. Amphibious vehicle is chiefly defenseless to climate changes that are predictable to source environment destruction and damage and, eventually, resident excisions. But, little is recognized about how the collaboration amongst climate change and destruction may delay the ability of amphibians to adjust to climate change.