scholarly journals Genetic and phenotypic trends for age at first calving and milk yield and compositions in Holstein dairy cows

2011 ◽  
Vol 54 (4) ◽  
pp. 338-347
Author(s):  
N. G. Hossein-Zadeh
Keyword(s):  
Milk Yield ◽  
The Other ◽  
Protein Yield ◽  
Fat Percentage ◽  
Milk Traits ◽  
Age At First Calving ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Fat Yield ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Genetic Trends

Abstract. Calving records from the Animal Breeding Center of Iran collected from January 1990 to December 2007 and comprising 207 106 first calving events of Holsteins from 2 506 herds were analysed using linear sire models to estimate genetic trends for age at first calving (AFC) and milk traits. Genetic trends were obtained by regressing yearly mean estimates of breeding values on year of birth. In general, there were decreasing genetic trends for AFC, fat percentage and protein percentage over the years but there were increasing genetic trends for milk yield, mature-equivalent milk yield, fat yield, mature-equivalent fat yield, protein yield and mature-equivalent protein yield over the years. On the other hand, there was a decreasing phenotypic trend for AFC but estimates of phenotypic trends were positive for milk yield and compositions over the years. It seems that the decline in calving age in this study over time resulted primarily from increased turnover rate and increased culling of heifers that failed to get pregnant. On the other hand, increasing trend for yield traits over time in this study indicated that Iranian dairy producers were successful in choosing progressively better semen and sires from imported and local sources over the years.

scholarly journals Estimation of genetic parameters for milk traits in Romanian local sheep breed

2014 ◽  
pp. 4033-4040 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pelmus RS ◽  
Pistol GC ◽  
Lazar C ◽  
Gras MA ◽  
Ghita E
Keyword(s):  
Milk Yield ◽  
Genetic Parameters ◽  
Protein Yield ◽  
Likelihood Method ◽  
Phenotypic Correlation ◽  
Fat Percentage ◽  
Milk Traits ◽  
Sheep Population ◽  
Protein Percentage ◽  
Fat Yield

ABSTRACTObjective. Estimate the genetic parameters for milk traits in a Romanian local sheep population Teleorman Black Head. Material and methods. Records of 262 sheep belonging to 17 rams and 139 ewes were used in the study. The following traits were investigated: milk yield, fat yield, protein yield, fat percentage and protein percentage. The genetic parameters were estimated using the Restricted Maximum Likelihood method, with a model including maternal effects. Results. The results from our study revealed that direct heritability estimates were moderate for milk yield (0.449), fat yield (0.442), protein yield (0.386) while for protein percentage (0.708) and fat percentage (0.924) were high. The high direct and maternal genetic correlation was between milk yield and protein yield (0.979, 0.973) and between protein yield and fat yield (0.952, 0.913) while the phenotypic correlation between the milk yield and fat yield (0.968), the milk yield and protein yield (0.967), fat yield and protein yield (0.936) was high and positive. Conclusions. The genetic parameters are important in selection program on this breed for genetic improvement.

scholarly journals Factors affecting lactation length and effect of current lactation length on the subsequent production and reproduction in Iranian Holsteins

2013 ◽  
Vol 56 (1) ◽  
pp. 873-881 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. G. Hossein-Zadeh
Keyword(s):  
Milk Yield ◽  
Reproductive Traits ◽  
Protein Yield ◽  
Fat Percentage ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Protein Percentage ◽  
Lactation Length ◽  
Linear Relationships ◽  
Fat Yield ◽  
Increasing Trends

Abstract. Calving records of Holstein cows from January 1983 to December 2006 comprising 1,190 herds with 385,102 calving events were used to evaluate factors affecting the length of lactation and effect of current lactation length on the next productive and reproductive performances of Iranian Holsteins. Statistical analyses of productive and reproductive traits in this study were performed as linear mixed models. Lactation length (LL) of cows was grouped into 10 classes from <100 days through 500 days. Average LL was 314 days in Iranian Holsteins. Primiparous cows had the greatest LL and the mean of LL increased over the years from 1983 to 2006 and spring calvers had the longest LL (P<0.05). Cows within the LL class of 500 had the greatest unadjusted milk yield, adjusted milk yield, adjusted protein yield and adjusted fat yield and also had the longest calving intervals (P<0.05). Cows within the LL classes of 150–199 and 200–249 had the greatest values of adjusted protein percentage. Also, age at calving was the lowest for the LL class of 250–299 (P<0.05). There were linear and increasing trends for unadjusted milk yield, adjusted milk yield, adjusted protein yield and adjusted fat yield over the LL classes in this study, but a linear but decreasing trend was observed for adjusted protein percentage over LL classes. On the other hand, there were non-linear relationships between adjusted fat percentage, calving interval and age at calving with LL classes in the current study.

scholarly journals The Breeding Values of German Holstein Sires and the <i>DGAT1</i> Polymorphism

2007 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 136-146
Author(s):  
J. Citek ◽  
V. Rehout ◽  
E. Hradecka ◽  
L. Vecerek ◽  
L. Panicke
Keyword(s):  
Milk Yield ◽  
Genetic Background ◽  
Protein Yield ◽  
Breeding Value ◽  
Fat Percentage ◽  
Female Population ◽  
Breeding Values ◽  
Dgat1 Gene ◽  
Milk Performance ◽  
Fat Yield

Abstract. The effect of the genotypes and alleles at nucleotide positions 10433 and 10434 of the DGAT1 gene on the breeding values for milk performance of German Holstein sires born in 1993 (n=66), and in 1998-2001 (n=200) was analyzed. The differences in breeding values had in both years the same trend. In the younger sires, the breeding value for fat percentage was higher by 0.42 % in the Lysine homozygotes compared to the Alanine homozygotes (P<0.001). A higher milk breeding value in the Alanine homozygotes (811 kg) was found compared to the Lysine homozygotes (256 kg) (P<0.001), and the fat yield breeding value was higher in the Lysine sires (DGAT1K/DGAT1K 29.6, DGAT1A/DGAT1A 15.9). The breeding value for the protein percentage was higher in the sires carrying the Lysine variant (0.02) than in the Alanine homozygotes (- 0.03, P<0.05), and the protein yield was higher in the Alanine homozygotes (DGAT1K/DGAT1K 10.9, DGAT1A/DGAT1A 25.0, P<0.001). Because of the high emphasis of the index on the protein yield, the relative breeding value for milk was 110 among Alanine homozygotes, and 104 among Lysine. Comparing old and young sires, the genetic background against which the effect of DGAT1 is evaluated has changed. The selection on breeding value for protein yield increased the prevalence of DGAT1A/DGAT1A genotypes in protein and milk yield, and in relative breeding value for milk. In the old group, there was the highest protein yield in the heterozygous sires DGAT1KA, it could be explained by another genetic background of the tested female population. Because the breeding value for fat percentage of heterozygous sires has lain within the values of homozygotes in both old and young sires, we assume the intermediary heredity on the locus. The differences of genotypic and allelic frequencies among old and young sires were not significant, however, there was certain tendency of increase of allele A (0.60 old sires, 0.64 young). On the results of this paper, the locus of DGAT1 offers information for evaluation of breed animals.

scholarly journals Variability and heritability of milk traits of Holstein-Frisian bull dams and their progeny

Genetika ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 243-251
Author(s):  
Marina Lazarevic ◽  
Dragan Stanojevic ◽  
Vladan Bogdanovic ◽  
Vlada Pantelic ◽  
Nevena Maksimovic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Protein Content ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Fat Content ◽  
Protein Yield ◽  
Milk Traits ◽  
Holstein Friesian ◽  
Fat Yield ◽  
Calving Season ◽  
The Impact

The research was performed on Holstein-Friesian and Black and White bull dams reared on five farms of Agricultural Corporation of Belgrade - PKB. The study included 575 lactations of cows selected as bull dams and their progeny calved in the period from 2007 - 2014 and represent progeny of 24 bulls. The following dairy traits were analysed in a standard lactation (305 days): milk yield (kg) - MY, milk fat content (%) - % MF, milk fat yield (kg) - MFY, protein content (%) - % PC and protein yield (kg) - PY. Holstein-Friesian bull dams and their progeny, in standard lactation, produced on average 9239.84 ? 1607.64 kg of milk, with a milk fat content of 3.44 ? 0.20 and protein content of 3.21 ? 0.12. The impact of bull - sire, year of birth, lactation order, farm, year and calving season was present at different levels of statistical significance on yield traits, while the genetic group had no influence on any of the milk traits. Bull - sire, year of birth, lactation order and calving season did not influence the variability of milk fat and protein content. Heritability of observed milk traits was medium to low. The content of milk fat and protein had the lowest values of heritability, 0.014, and 0.024, respectively. The heritability of milk yield, milk fat yield and protein yield was 0.293, 0.319 and 0.273, respectively.

Correspondances étymologiques, lexicales et sémantiques dans le processus de féminisation de noms de profession, métiers et activités dans les sociétés française et roumaine

2020 ◽  
Vol 65 (4) ◽  
pp. 401-422
Author(s):  
Estelle Variot
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Roman World ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The One ◽  
Over Time

"Etymological, Lexical and Semantic Correspondences in the Process of Feminization of Professional Names, Trades and Activities in French and Romanian Societies. The feminization of thought represented by language and of its varieties in the Roman World has allowed to highlight some convergences that come from a common linguistic heritage, often from Greek and Latin and some hesitation about adapting society to its realities. The feminization of some words which comes from an ancient process illustrates on the one hand the potential of the language and on the other hand some constraints sometimes linked to the society itself, which creates transitional periods, between matching grammatical correction and the evolution of linguistic uses over time. The possibilities of lexical enrichment (internal creation or loan) show the means available in French and Romanian and some convergences in the area of derivation, of lexical units and their etymologies. The grammatical perspective and word constructing methods make it possible to give keys for the feminization of names of trades or professions. Likewise, recording entries in the lexicon, their evolution, their assimilation or sometimes their forgetfulness, for the benefit of new constructions highlight the existence of objective and subjective criteria which teach us a lot about society as a whole. Keywords: feminization of professions, internal and external enrichment, suffixal match, use of words, grammar, lexicon, French and Romanian."

Typological shift in lexicalizing motion events: The case of Wenzhou

2020 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jingxia Lin
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Head Motion ◽  
Motion Events ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Chinese Dialect ◽  
Chinese Dialects ◽  
Motion Verb ◽  
The One ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Modern Standard

AbstractTypological shift in lexicalizing motion events has hitherto been observed cross-linguistically. While over time, Chinese has shown a shift from a dominantly verb-framed language in Old Chinese to a strongly satellite-framed language in Modern Standard Mandarin, this study presents the Chinese dialect Wenzhou, which has taken a step further than Standard Mandarin and other Chinese dialects in becoming a thoroughly satellite-framed language. On the one hand, Wenzhou strongly disfavors the verb-framed pattern. Wenzhou not only has no prototypical path verbs, but also its path satellites are highly deverbalized. On the other hand, Wenzhou strongly prefers the satellite-framed pattern, to the extent that it very frequently adopts a neutral motion verb to head motion expressions so that path can be expressed via satellites and the satellite-framed pattern can be syntactically maintained. The findings of this study are of interest to intra-linguistic, diachronic and cross-linguistic studies of the variation in encoding motion events.

Walking of Long Pipelines With Multiple Buckles: Can a Trend Be Trusted?

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Carneiro ◽  
Andrew Rathbone
Keyword(s):  
First Principles ◽  
Gradual Increase ◽  
Axial Displacement ◽  
The Other ◽  
Full Understanding ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Operational Temperature ◽  
Number Of Cycles ◽  
Underlying Processes ◽  
Over Time

Walking of long pipelines with multiple buckles is usually self-limiting. The buckles break the ‘long’ pipeline into multiple ‘short’ ones that are prone to walk. However, as temperature decays over the length of the pipeline, the ‘short’ sections further downstream might become cyclically constrained and eventually anchor the full pipeline length. Walking of the hot end would then slow down and cease. This tapering down can take a large number of cycles, and not seem obvious when after a fair number of cycles, a small value of accumulated axial displacement per cycle is still observed in FEA. Often, designers would stop the analyses at some stage and assume the small rate will continue indefinitely. This can be overconservative, as a limit will often exist — which is demonstrated using first principles in the paper. On the other hand, extrapolating without full understanding of the underlying processes can be dangerous. For some particular conditions, the trend can suddenly change after continuing unaltered for many cycles. This paper illustrates such change in behavior with the example of a fictitious pipeline seeing a gentle, gradual increase in operational temperature over time. The exercise shows that, after the trend has apparently settled, at a given point the rate of walking can increase again. The conditions that trigger it are shown to be predictable.

scholarly journals The effect of the farm size on milk traits of cows

2011 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 951-958 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Kucevic ◽  
S. Trivunovic ◽  
M. Radinovic ◽  
M. Plavsic ◽  
Z. Skalicki ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Milk Yield ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Dairy Farm ◽  
Farm Size ◽  
Small Farms ◽  
Milk Traits ◽  
Holstein Friesian ◽  
Milk Performance ◽  
Fat Yield ◽  
Large Farms

Objective of this study was to analyze the effect of the dairy farm on milk traits of cows in Vojvodina. The research was carried out on small farms with 10 to 20 cows, medium farms with 20 to 50 cows, and large farms with over 50 dairy cows. The study included registered animals of Simmental (SM) and Holstein-Friesian breed (HF; including Red Holstein) in the first lactation for traits of milk yield and yield and content of milk fat. Total of 1323 first lactations were analyzed. The average milk yield (both breeds) in the first lactation of 305 days was 6295 kg of milk with 234,3 kg of milk fat and average milk fat content of 3,74%. Milk performance of cows varied significantly (CV=22,9% and SD=1447,8), as well as milk fat yield (CV=21,6% and SD=50,8). Large farms produced in average 6534 kg of milk, medium farms 6347kg and small farms 4717kg. Size of the farm exhibited significantly high effect on all observed traits, and the tendency was that farms with higher number of animals realize also higher average of production. Farm management and various breeding-zootechnical conditions present on farms had significant effect on milk performance of cows.

scholarly journals THE APPLICATION OF AMINO – AND HYDROXYETHYL IMIDAZOLINES OF PETROLEUM ACIDS AS MULTIFUNCTIONAL ADDITIVES FOR DIESEL FUEL

2016 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 3828-3833
Author(s):  
Anar Amil Namazov ◽  
Vagif Maharram Abbasov ◽  
Tarana Aslan Mammadova ◽  
Khayyam Rahim Valiyev ◽  
Khayala Hamlet Kasamanli
Keyword(s):  
Diesel Fuel ◽  
Boiling Point ◽  
The Other ◽  
Antistatic Property ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Multifunctional Additives ◽  
Antistatic Effect ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Better Than ◽  
Petroleum Acid

In this research, the influence of amino- and hydroxyethyl imidazolines of petroleum acids on the antistatic property and lubricity of diesel fuel has been studied. The researches illustrated that when the boiling point of petroleum acid fractions increases, the influence of imidazolines on the antistatic property and lubricity of diesel fuel decreases. Besides, it has been known that, the influence of aminoethyl imidazolines of petroleum acids on the antistatic property and lubricity of diesel fuel is better than the influence of hydroxyethyl imidazolines, On the other hand, it has been revealed that, when imidazolines of petroleum acids are added to the diesel fuel, the antistatic effect increases over time.

Newsroom Representation and Discrimination Against Female Journalists in Ghana

2021 ◽  
pp. 297-318
Author(s):  
Rainbow Sackey ◽  
Abraham Atobrah Asiamah ◽  
Lisa Agyinor Forson Aboagye
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Approach ◽  
Gender Stereotyping ◽  
The Other ◽  
Gender Theory ◽  
Female Representation ◽  
Job Roles ◽  
Salary Structure ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Female Journalists ◽  
Over Time

In journalism, there are still growing concerns about the ratio of men to women, even though women's presence in the newsroom have increased progressively. The issues of gender stereotyping and discrimination against women have emerged over time and still remain an issue of great concern. In view of this, using the gender theory, this chapter aims to interrogate the issues of female representation in the practice of journalism in Ghana, in terms of numbers, portrayals, and discriminations. To achieve the aim, the study employs a qualitative approach through in-drpth interviews. The study reveal that men still dominate the journalism profession in Ghana. Also women in the newsroom are portrayed on one hand as capable and hardworking and on the other hand as emotional and immoral. Furthermore, women in journalism in Ghana are discriminated against in terms of salary structure and job roles. It was also revealed that female journalists in Ghana are employing strategies like apathy and rebelliousness to deal with the negative portrayals and discrimination against them.

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