scholarly journals Emergence and optimization of upright posture among hominiform hominoids and the evolutionary pathophysiology of back pain

2007 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aaron G. Filler
Keyword(s):  
Lumbar Spine ◽  
Iliac Crest ◽  
Lumbar Vertebra ◽  
Transverse Process ◽  
Styloid Process ◽  
The Body ◽  
Old World Monkeys ◽  
Posterior Superior Iliac Spine ◽  
Flexor Muscle ◽  
Compressive Stresses

✓The lordotic region of the lumbar spine is a significant focus of pain and dysfunction in the human body, and its susceptibility to disorders may reflect its substantial reconfiguration during the course of human evolution. The basic anatomy of the lumbar vertebra in Old World Monkeys and Early Miocene apes, or proconsulids, retains typical mammalian architecture. The lumbar vertebra in humans is different in the repositioning of the lumbar transverse process dorsal to the vertebral body rather than originating on the body itself and in the loss of the styloid process that is adjacent to the facets in other primates. These two features appeared in Morotopithecus bishopi 21.6 million years ago, suggesting that this ape is the founder of an upright hominiform lineage. The iliocostalis lumborum muscles migrated onto the iliac crest approximately 18 million years ago, becoming a powerful lateral flexor muscle of the trunk. The posterior superior iliac spine shifted far dorsal to the longissimus insertion in the genus Homo between 1 and 2 million years ago, making this muscle a powerful extensor of the lumbar spine. Functionally, the establishment of strong muscular flexors and extensors adds dynamic compressive stresses to the lumbar disks and also makes these muscles susceptible to strain.

scholarly journals Primary acute purulent osteomyelitis of the spine. B. Hubrich (Zentralbl. F. Chir. 1929, No. 33)

1929 ◽  
Vol 25 (10) ◽  
pp. 1115-1115
Author(s):  
I. Tsimkhes
Keyword(s):  
Lumbar Vertebra ◽  
Transverse Process ◽  
The Body ◽  
Partial Damage

B. Hubrich (Zentralbl. F. Chir. 1929, No. 33) observed 2 cases of primary acute purulent osteomyelitis: in one case of the left transverse process and part of the body of the IV lumbar vertebra; in another case, partial damage to the body of the V lumbar vertebra was observed.

Transverse sacralization of lumbar vertebrae: prevalence according to Castellvi classification

2016 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 116
Author(s):  
Juhi V. Patel ◽  
Chetan M. Mehta ◽  
Nandakishore G. Patil ◽  
Shreya R. Sehgal
Keyword(s):  
Lumbar Vertebrae ◽  
Lumbar Vertebra ◽  
Transverse Process ◽  
The Body ◽  
Type I ◽  
Transitional Vertebra ◽  
Spinal Movement ◽  
Vertebral Disc ◽  
Fifth Lumbar Vertebra ◽  
Lumbosacral Transitional Vertebra

<p class="abstract"><strong>Background:</strong> Sacralization of L5 is a congenital anomaly, in which the lumbar vertebra, mainly its transverse process, gets fused or semi-fused with the sacrum or the ilium or to both. This fusion can occur in one or both sides of the body. Sacralization leads to fusion of the L5 (fifth lumbar vertebra) and S1 (first sacral vertebra) and the inter-vertebral disc between them may be narrow. Sacralization of lumbar vertebra may be asymptomatic but is not always clinically insignificant. While sacralization may not affect at all, it can cause problems in some cases. Sacralization may be at times associated with problems in biomechanics and affect the ways of movement and posture control. Sacralization may also be an important consideration in disc surgeries. This study has been carried out to find out prevalence of sacralisation of transverse process of fifth lumbar vertebrae<span lang="EN-IN">.</span></p><p class="abstract"><strong>Methods:</strong> The present study of transverse sacralisation of fifth lumbar vertebra was carried out on 35 randomly selected patients. The sample consisted of patients undergoing CT scan for abdominal complains. Bone window of all patients were evaluated to look for lumbosacral transitional vertebra.<strong></strong></p><p class="abstract"><strong>Results:</strong> The prevalence of transverse sacralization of lumbar vertebra turned out to be 25.7% out of which Castellvi type IIb was found to be most common, accounting for 33.3% cases. 5.7% comprised the group of normal variant (Castellvi’s type I) and 68.6% were normal<span lang="EN-IN">. </span></p><p class="abstract"><strong>Conclusions:</strong> <span>It is important to determine lumbosacral transitional vertebra as it can affect spinal movement and put excess stress on the lumbar vertebrae and in between disc. Moreover it</span> can have a bearing on counting of vertebral levels specially during planning of spinal surgey<span lang="EN-IN">.</span></p><p> </p>

What is the onset mechanism of internal hernia after vertebral body fracture? A case of internal hernia secondary to traumatic vertebral fracture

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (9) ◽  
pp. e241005
Author(s):  
Akiyo Matsumoto ◽  
Takahiko Akao ◽  
Hiroshi Matsumoto ◽  
Naoki Kobayashi ◽  
Makoto Kamiya
Keyword(s):  
Internal Hernia ◽  
Histopathological Examination ◽  
Lumbar Vertebra ◽  
The Body ◽  
Neurological Deficits ◽  
Disc Space ◽  
Ileal Loop ◽  
Body Fracture ◽  
Enhanced Ct

A 67-year-old man who had been pinned between a basket crane and a tree complained of severe pain in his lower back and a decreased appetite. Laparotomy after decompressing the gastrointestinal tract revealed incarceration of an ileal loop within a fractured third lumbar vertebra. The damaged bowel was resected, and an end-to-end anastomosis was performed. Once the patient’s condition had stabilised, posterior lumbar fixation was performed. There were no abdominal complications or lower limb neurological deficits during the follow-up period. Enhanced CT and MRI had been helpful in making the diagnoses. Histopathological examination revealed the aetiology of the traumatic incarceration: the intestine had been pinched as the disc space closed, and the body attempted to return to its original state by exerting countertraction.

The locust jump. I. The motor programme

1977 ◽  
Vol 66 (1) ◽  
pp. 203-219
Author(s):  
W. J. Heitler ◽  
M. Burrows
Keyword(s):  
High Frequency ◽  
Tactile Stimulation ◽  
The Body ◽  
Flexor Muscle ◽  
Tactile Stimuli ◽  
Extensor Muscles ◽  
Trigger Activity ◽  
Three Stages ◽  
Motor Programme ◽  
Made In

A motor programme is described for defensive kicking in the locust which is also probably the programme for jumping. The method of analysis has been to make intracellular recordings from the somata of identified motornuerones which control the metathoracic tibiae while defensive kicks are made in response to tactile stimuli. Three stages are recognized in the programme. (1) Initial flexion of the tibiae results from the low spike threshold of tibial flexor motorneurones to tactile stimulation of the body. (2) Co-contraction of flexor and extensor muscles followa in which flexor and extensor excitor motoneurones spike at high frequency for 300-600 ms. the tibia flexed while the extensor muscle develops tension isometrically to the level required for a kick or jump. (3) Trigger activity terminates the co-contraction by inhibiting the flexor excitor motorneurones and simultaneously exciting the flexor inhibitors. This causes relaxation of the flexor muscle and allows the tibiae to extend. If the trigger activity does not occur, the jump or kick is aborted, and the tibiae remain flexed.

scholarly journals BMD status of Postmenopausal Women in relation with BMI: A study with 93 cases

2016 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 138-141
Author(s):  
Samira Sharmin ◽  
Mabubul Haque ◽  
Syedur Rahman Miah ◽  
Md Mahbub Ur Rahman ◽  
Jasmine Ara Haque ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lumbar Spine ◽  
Femoral Neck ◽  
Postmenopausal Women ◽  
Lumbar Vertebrae ◽  
The Body ◽  
Mineral Density ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
T Score ◽  
Minimal Trauma ◽  
The Mean

Objectives: Low bone mass is a common disorder in elderly population which predisposes to fracture with minimal trauma. This study was performed to find out the association between the Body Mass Index (BMI) and Bone Mineral Density (BMD) in postmenopausal women.Materials and Methods: This cross sectional study was carried out at Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences Comilla and Mitford, Dhaka over a period of 12 months from January 2013 to December 2013. A total 93 postmenopausal women were enrolled for this study. All postmenopausal women underwent a BMD scan of femoral neck and lumbar vertebrae using a Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DEXA). Participants were categorized into three groups according to their age and BMI. BMD were expressed base on T-score according to WHO criteria. The relation among BMI, age and BMD were assessed.Results: The results of this study showed that the mean age of the study group was 57.13±7.49 years with range of 46 to 75 years. The most postmenopausal women were in age group 55-65years. The mean BMI of the study subjects were 24.18±5.08 kg/m2 with a range of 15.62 to 36.20 kg/m2. Among 93 subjects osteopenia was greater at lumbar spine (45.2%) with T-score mean±SD-1.83±0.33 and osteoporosis at femoral neck (51.6%) with T-score mean ±SD-3.36±-0.67. Pearson’s correlation coefficient test showed inverse relationship between age and BMD both lumbar spine (r = -0.301, p = 0.003) and femoral neck (r = -0.303, p=0.003) whereas the positive relation between BMI and BMD both at lumbar spine (r=0.338, p=0.001) and femoral neck (r =0.343, p=0.001). These showed that with advancing age, BMD decreases and the risk of osteoporosis increases and with increasing BMI, BMD increases and risk of osteoporosis decreases.Conclusion: The findings of this study portrait that aging and low BMI are risk factors associated with bone loss. So preventive measure should be taken for high risk post menopausal women.Bangladesh J. Nuclear Med. 17(2): 138-141, July 2014

Weak psoas and spine extensors potentially predispose to hip fracture

2020 ◽  
pp. 112070002090433
Author(s):  
Keong-Hwan Kim ◽  
Jun Hee Lee ◽  
Eic Ju Lim
Keyword(s):  
Hip Fracture ◽  
Lumbar Vertebra ◽  
Psoas Muscle ◽  
Hounsfield Unit ◽  
The Body ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Fracture Group ◽  
Extensor Muscles ◽  
Significant Difference

Introduction: We performed a computed tomography analysis of muscle composition characteristics in hip fracture patients and non-hip fracture controls. Methods: In total, 43 patients (9 men, 34 women) were included in the hip fracture group, matched 1 to 1 with non-hip fracture controls. Muscle cross-sectional areas were measured in axial CT scan at the body level of the 4th lumbar vertebra (L4), intervertebral disc level between the 5th lumbar vertebra and the 1st sacral vertebra (L5-S1) and just below level of the lesser trochanter (LT). Attenuation was also evaluated through the mean Hounsfield unit (HU) in these areas. Results: The cross-sectional area per weight (CSA/Wt, mm2/kg) of psoas muscle and extensor muscles of the spine showed a significant difference between the 2 groups at both L4 (9.7 vs. 12.4, p  < 0.001 and 26.3 vs. 29.2, p  = 0.025) and L5-S1 (9.6 vs. 11.5, p  = 0.001 and 8.8 vs. 10.3, p  = 0.041) levels. In addition, the HU of these muscles differed significantly between the 2 groups at both L4 (33.3 vs. 47.6, p  < 0.001 and 13.7 vs. 30.2, p  < 0.001) and L5-S1 (39.7 vs. 52.6, p  < 0.001 and 3.8 vs. 15.1, p  = 0.012) levels. There was no difference in abdominal wall, gluteal, or thigh compartment musculature between the groups. Conclusions: Poorer quantity and quality of psoas muscle and extensor muscles of the spine rather than whole body muscles may contribute to falls and were characteristic features of the hip fracture patients in this series. These findings should be considered when recommending a preventive exercise and rehabilitation protocol.

Relationships between bone structure in the iliac crest and bone structure and strength in the lumbar spine

1993 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 90-96 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. W. Dempster ◽  
M. W. Ferguson-Pell ◽  
R. W. E. Mellish ◽  
G. V. B. Cochran ◽  
F. Xie ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lumbar Spine ◽  
Iliac Crest ◽  
Bone Structure

A new species of Largocephalosaurus (Diapsida: Saurosphargidae), with implications for the morphological diversity and phylogeny of the group

2013 ◽  
Vol 151 (1) ◽  
pp. 100-120 ◽  
Author(s):  
CHUN LI ◽  
DA-YONG JIANG ◽  
LONG CHENG ◽  
XIAO-CHUN WU ◽  
OLIVIER RIEPPEL
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Type Species ◽  
Morphological Diversity ◽  
Transverse Process ◽  
Sister Group ◽  
The Body ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Diagnostic Features ◽  
Additional Information ◽  
A New Species

AbstractLargocephalosaurus polycarpon Cheng et al. 2012a was erected after the study of the skull and some parts of a skeleton and considered to be an eosauropterygian. Here we describe a new species of the genus, Largocephalosaurus qianensis, based on three specimens. The new species provides many anatomical details which were described only briefly or not at all in the type species, and clearly indicates that Largocephalosaurus is a saurosphargid. It differs from the type species mainly in having three premaxillary teeth, a very short retroarticular process, a large pineal foramen, two sacral vertebrae, and elongated small granular osteoderms mixed with some large ones along the lateral most side of the body. With additional information from the new species, we revise the diagnosis and the phylogenetic relationships of Largocephalosaurus and clarify a set of diagnostic features for the Saurosphargidae Li et al. 2011. Largocephalosaurus is characterized primarily by an oval supratemporal fenestra, an elongate dorsal ‘rib-basket’, a narrow and elongate transverse process of the dorsal vertebrae, and the lack of a complete dorsal carapace of osteoderms. The Saurosphargidae is distinct mainly in having a retracted external naris, a jugal–squamosal contact, a large supratemporal extensively contacting the quadrate shaft, a leaf-like tooth crown with convex labial surface and concave lingual surface, a closed dorsal ‘rib-basket’, many dorsal osteoderms, a large boomerang-like or atypical T-shaped interclavicle. Current evidence suggests that the Saurosphargidae is the sister-group of the Sauropterygia and that Largocephalosaurus is the sister-group of the Saurosphargis–Sinosaurosphargis clade within the family.

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