Compartmental analysis of compliance and outflow resistance of the cerebrospinal fluid system

1975 ◽  
Vol 43 (5) ◽  
pp. 523-534 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthony Marmarou ◽  
Kenneth Shulman ◽  
James LaMorgese
Keyword(s):  
Cerebrospinal Fluid ◽  
Compartmental Analysis ◽  
Pressure Data ◽  
Outflow Resistance ◽  
Fluid System ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Spinal Axis ◽  
Pressure Dynamics ◽  
Total Compliance ◽  
Csf Absorption

✓ The distribution of compliance and outflow resistance between cerebral and spinal compartments was measured in anesthetized, ventilated cats by analysis of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) pressure response to changes in CSF volume. Cerebral and spinal compartments were isolated by inflating a balloon positioned epidurally at the level of C-6. The change of CSF volume per unit change in pressure (compliance) and change of CSF volume per unit of time (absorption) were evaluated by inserting pressure data from the experimental responses into a series of equations developed from a mathematical model. It was found that 68% of total compliance is contributed by the cerebral compartment while the remaining 32% is contained within the spinal axis. The cerebral compartment accounted for 84% of total CSF absorption. The mechanism for spinal absorption appears to be similar in that no differences were obvious on the basis of pressure dynamics.

Effect of intrathecal fibrinolysis on cerebrospinal fluid absorption after experimental subarachnoid hemorrhage

1991 ◽  
Vol 74 (5) ◽  
pp. 789-793 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Brinker ◽  
Volker Seifert ◽  
Dietmar Stolke
Keyword(s):  
Cerebrospinal Fluid ◽  
Subarachnoid Hemorrhage ◽  
Autologous Blood ◽  
Recombinant Tissue Plasminogen Activator ◽  
Outflow Resistance ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Experimental Subarachnoid Hemorrhage ◽  
Logarithmic Relationship ◽  
Subarachnoid Blood ◽  
Csf Absorption

✓ The effect of intrathecal fibrinolysis on cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) absorption was investigated after experimental subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). In 11 cats, SAH was induced by intracisternal application of 1 to 4 ml of fresh autologous blood. Thirty minutes after the experimental SAH, the CSF outflow resistance was found to be elevated from a median of 77 mm Hg/ml/min (range 41.3 to 109 mm Hg/ml/min) to a median of 580 mm Hg/ml/min (range 104 to 7000 mm Hg/ml/min). A logarithmic relationship could be demonstrated between the volume of subarachnoid blood and the elevation of the CSF outflow resistance. The intrathecal application of 2 mg of recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rt-PA), which is a fibrinolytic substance suitable for lysis of subarachnoid blood clots in man, resulted in an almost total restoration of CSF absorption after experimental SAH. The CSF outflow resistance after SAH was lowered by application of rt-PA from a median of 1028.05 mm Hg/ml/min (range 394 to 7000 mm Hg/ml/min) to 79 mm Hg/ml/min (range 56.7 to 223 mm Hg/ml/min). It is concluded that the impairment of CSF absorption after SAH may play an important role in the pathogenesis of post-hemorrhagic vasospasm.

Further data on the acute effect of intravenous steroids on canine CSF secretion and absorption

1979 ◽  
Vol 50 (4) ◽  
pp. 477-482 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Richard Vela ◽  
Michael E. Carey ◽  
Bruce M. Thompson
Keyword(s):  
Acute Effect ◽  
Resistance Mechanisms ◽  
Outflow Resistance ◽  
Intravenous Methylprednisolone ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Difference Of Opinion ◽  
Ventriculocisternal Perfusion ◽  
Intravenous Steroids ◽  
Csf Production ◽  
Csf Absorption

✓ Considerable difference of opinion has arisen as to whether intravenously administered steroids affect cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) production in the acute laboratory animal undergoing ventriculocisternal perfusion. Our experiments with ventriculocisternal perfusion in dogs indicate that, when given intravenously, neither dexamethasone, methylprednisolone, hydrocortisone, nor aldosterone result in a significant, acute effect upon CSF production. Similarly, CSF absorption and outflow resistance mechanisms are not acutely affected by intravenous methylprednisolone, hydrocortisone, and aldosterone. Dexamethasone also probably does not produce an immediate effect upon CSF absorption.

scholarly journals Cerebrospinal fluid dynamics with its surgical implications

2020 ◽  
pp. 459-462
Author(s):  
Harold E. Vasquez ◽  
Yeider A. Durango-Espinosa ◽  
Ezequiel Garcia-Ballestas ◽  
B.V. Murlimanju ◽  
Andrei Fernandes Joaquim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fluid Dynamics ◽  
Cerebrospinal Fluid ◽  
Review Article ◽  
Cerebrospinal Fluid Dynamics ◽  
Outflow Resistance ◽  
Csf Pressure ◽  
Pathological Conditions ◽  
Pressure Dynamics ◽  
Csf Physiology ◽  
Plasma Ultrafiltrate

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is largely (70-80%) produced by the choroids plexus of the ventricles and is considered as the plasma ultrafiltrate. While CSF formation, circulation, and composition appear to be physiological and physical, its absorption appears to be mainly physical. The formation, composition, circulation, absorption, and changes in pathological conditions of CSF are discussed briefly in this review article. The CSF pressure dynamics studies provide information about the tightness, elastance, or outflow resistance of the CSF in the CNS. We believe that the present study shall help to provide essential details of CSF physiology which are important to many disciplines including radiology, neurology, and neurosurgery.

Benign intracranial hypertension with spinal and radicular pain

1982 ◽  
Vol 57 (6) ◽  
pp. 833-836 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marco Bortoluzzi ◽  
Leonardo Di Lauro ◽  
Giovanni Marini
Keyword(s):  
Cerebrospinal Fluid ◽  
Serum Albumin ◽  
Intracranial Hypertension ◽  
Spinal Pain ◽  
Radicular Pain ◽  
Benign Intracranial Hypertension ◽  
Csf Flow ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Csf Absorption ◽  
Fine Print

✓ A case of benign intracranial hypertension with polyradiculopathy and spinal pain is reported. Radioactive iodinated serum albumin (RISA) cisternography demonstrated the absence of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) flow into the intracranial cisterns, and gave evidence of CSF absorption through the spinal arachnoid villi.

CSF dynamics in patients with subarachnoid and/or intraventricular hemorrhage

1984 ◽  
Vol 60 (5) ◽  
pp. 940-946 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Kosteljanetz
Keyword(s):  
Intraventricular Hemorrhage ◽  
Bolus Injection ◽  
Outflow Resistance ◽  
Csf Dynamics ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Constant Rate ◽  
Acute Subarachnoid Hemorrhage ◽  
Csf Diversion ◽  
Csf Absorption ◽  
Fine Print

✓ The purpose of this study was to examine the extent to which reduction of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) absorption contributes to raised intracranial pressure (ICP) in patients with acute subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Seventeen patients suffering from SAH and/or intraventricular hemorrhage were studied; all were admitted in Grades II to V according to Hunt and Hess. Eleven patients had a proven aneurysm. The ICP, monitored via an intraventricular catheter, was above 15 mm Hg (2 kPa) during part of the monitoring period in all patients. B-waves at 1/min were noted in all patients. Resistance to outflow of CSF was determined by the following techniques: 1) bolus injection; 2) constant-rate steady-state infusion; or 3) controlled withdrawal (“inverse infusion”). Resistance to outflow of CSF was increased in all patients, ranging from 11.5 to 85 mm Hg/ml/min. The ICP was linearly correlated with outflow resistance. Four (50%) of the eight survivors required a shunt. Neither the presence of hydrocephalus on admission, nor the level of ICP, nor the magnitude of resistance to outflow of CSF was clearly related to the requirement of a permanent CSF diversion.

Experimental effects of steroids and steroid withdrawal on cerebrospinal fluid absorption

1975 ◽  
Vol 42 (6) ◽  
pp. 690-695 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ian Johnston ◽  
David L. Gilday ◽  
E. Bruce Hendrick
Keyword(s):  
Cerebrospinal Fluid ◽  
Intracranial Hypertension ◽  
Chronic Administration ◽  
Benign Intracranial Hypertension ◽  
Steroid Withdrawal ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Cisterna Magna ◽  
Sagittal Sinus ◽  
Ringer’S Lactate ◽  
Csf Absorption

✓ The authors studied the effects on cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) absorption of chronic administration and acute withdrawal of steroids in dogs. CSF absorption was measured by determining the amount of isotope (indium 111DTPA) recovered over a 4-hour period after injection into the cisterna magna. Resistance to CSF absorption was estimated by determining rates of flow of Ringer's lactate infusion into the cisterna magna over a range of pressure gradients between CSF and sagittal sinus. Steroid withdrawal was associated with a marked reduction in CSF absorption and an increase in resistance to CSF flow. Dogs on steroids also showed reduced CSF absorption although the reduction was not statistically significant when compared with controls. The results are discussed in terms of possible mechanisms of action of steroids on CSF absorption, the etiology of the benign intracranial hypertension syndrome and the use of steroids in the control of intracranial hypertension.

A nonlinear analysis of the cerebrospinal fluid system and intracranial pressure dynamics

1978 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 332-344 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthony Marmarou ◽  
Kenneth Shulman ◽  
Roberto M. Rosende
Keyword(s):  
Cerebrospinal Fluid ◽  
Intracranial Pressure ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Dynamic Equilibrium ◽  
Dural Sinus ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Intracranial Compliance ◽  
Pressure Dynamics ◽  
Adult Cat ◽  
Pressure Resistance

✓ A mathematical model of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) system was developed to help clarify the kinetics of the intracranial pressure (ICP). A general equation predicting the time course of pressure was derived in terms of four parameters: the intracranial compliance, dural sinus pressure, resistance to absorption, and CSF formation. These parameters were measured in the adult cat, and the equation was tested by comparing experimental and calculated values of the time course of pressure in response to volume changes. The theoretical and experimental results were in close agreement, and the role of each parameter in governing the dynamic equilibrium of the ICP was determined. From this analysis, dynamic tests were developed for rapid measurement of CSF formation, absorption resistance, and the bulk intracranial compliance. These techniques are applicable to clinical settings, providing data that are useful in characterizing the physiological mechanisms responsible for raised ICP and assessing changes induced by therapy.

Vascular components of cerebrospinal fluid compensation

1999 ◽  
Vol 90 (4) ◽  
pp. 752-759 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marek Czosnyka ◽  
Hugh K. Richards ◽  
Zofia Czosnyka ◽  
Stefan Piechnik ◽  
John D. Pickard
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Cerebrospinal Fluid ◽  
Arterial Blood Pressure ◽  
Outflow Resistance ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
New Zealand White Rabbits ◽  
Vascular Component ◽  
Resistance To Csf Outflow ◽  
Fine Print

Object. The aim of the study was to assess how cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) pressure—volume compensation depends on cerebrovascular tone.Methods. In 26 New Zealand White rabbits, intracranial pressure (ICP), arterial blood pressure, and basilar artery blood flow velocity were measured continuously. Saline was infused into the cranial subarachnoid space to assess CSF compensatory parameters: the resistance to CSF outflow, the elastance coefficient, and the amplitude of the ICP pulsatile waveform. Infusions were repeated on two different levels of CO2 concentration in the arterial blood (PaCO2), at normotension and hypotension, and after the death of the animal.An increase in PaCO2 from a mean of 27 to 48 mm Hg was accompanied by an 18% increase in the resistance to CSF outflow (p < 0.005) and a 64% increase (p < 0.05) in the elastance coefficient. A decrease in arterial blood pressure from a mean of 100 to 51 mm Hg caused a 25% decrease in CSF outflow resistance (p < 0.01) but did not affect the elastance coefficient. Postmortem, a 23% decrease in the CSF outflow resistance was associated with a 102% decrease in the elastance coefficient.Conclusions. Cerebrovascular parameters have a limited but significant impact on CSF infusion studies. The vascular component of ICP may be identified as a significant factor contributing to this phenomenon. During infusion studies, physiological parameters influencing vascular conditions should be maintained as stable as possible.

Clearance of macromolecular and particulate substances from the cerebrospinal fluid system of the rat

1979 ◽  
Vol 50 (3) ◽  
pp. 343-348 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Douglas Mann ◽  
Albert B. Butler ◽  
Richard N. Johnson ◽  
Norman H. Bass
Keyword(s):  
Cerebrospinal Fluid ◽  
Mammalian Species ◽  
Systemic Circulation ◽  
Fluid System ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Dural Sinuses ◽  
Polystyrene Beads ◽  
Arachnoid Villi ◽  
Spinal Subarachnoid Space ◽  
Resistance To Csf Outflow

✓ Arachnoid villi in the intracranial dural sinuses constitute the principal sites for absorption of proteins and particulates from the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) system. Although arachnoid villi in the rat are morphologically less complex than those found in other mammals, their resistance to CSF outflow, as assessed by a graded series of constant flow manometric infusions, is similar to that found in other species. Moreover, inulin and polystyrene beads, when infused into the spinal subarachnoid space of rats, are rapidly cleared from the CSF system into intracranial dural sinuses. Inulin appeared in sinus blood 3 minutes after onset of infusion and reached concentrations 26 times greater than those found in the systemic circulation; particulate matter in the form of 0.5-µm polystyrene beads showed similar efflux characteristics. Hence, the CSF system of the rat is functionally similar to that found in other mammalian species, with arachnoid villi constituting a major efflux route for clearance of macromolecular and particulate substances.

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