Proton Chemical Shift Imaging Study of the Combined Antiretroviral Therapy Impact on Neurometabolic Parameters in Chronic HIV Infection

This chapter focuses on four common opportunistic infections of the nervous system associated with HIV infection, namely cryptococcal infection, cytomegalovirus infection, progressive multifocal leukoencephalitis, and toxoplasmosis. Essential features of neurobiology, clinical presentation, differential diagnosis, diagnostic workup, clinical management, and outcome are discussed for each condition. Although combined antiretroviral therapy for HIV has generally reduced the incidence of these complications of HIV infection, they remain important considerations, especially in areas in which antiretrovirals are unavailable or have limited availability.

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Structured Intermittent Interruption of Chronic HIV Infection Treatment with Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy: Effects on Leptin and TNF-α

AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses ◽

10.1089/aid.2006.22.307 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 22 (4) ◽

pp. 307-314 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

M. Montes De Oca Arjona ◽

R. Pérez-Cano ◽

R. Garcia-Juárez ◽

A. Martín-Aspas ◽

C. Fernández Gutiérrez Del Álamo ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antiretroviral Therapy ◽

Hiv Infection ◽

Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy ◽

Highly Active ◽

Infection Treatment ◽

Tnf Α ◽

Chronic Hiv Infection

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B cells in early and chronic HIV infection: evidence for preservation of immune function associated with early initiation of antiretroviral therapy

Blood ◽

10.1182/blood-2010-05-285528 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 116 (25) ◽

pp. 5571-5579 ◽

Cited By ~ 165

Author(s):

Susan Moir ◽

Clarisa M. Buckner ◽

Jason Ho ◽

Wei Wang ◽

Jenny Chen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

B Cells ◽

Antiretroviral Therapy ◽

Hiv Infection ◽

B Cell ◽

Immune Cell ◽

Memory B Cells ◽

Early Initiation ◽

Cell Counts ◽

The Impact ◽

Chronic Hiv Infection

Abstract Characterization of lymphocytes including B cells during early versus chronic HIV infection is important for understanding the impact of chronic viremia on immune cell function. In this setting, we investigated B cells before and after reduction of HIV plasma viremia by antiretroviral therapy (ART). At baseline, peripheral blood B-cell counts were significantly lower in both early and chronic HIV-infected individuals compared with uninfected controls. Similar to CD4+ but not CD8+ T cells, B-cell numbers in both groups increased significantly after ART. At baseline, B cells of early HIV-infected individuals were composed of a higher percentage of plasmablasts and resting memory B cells compared with chronic HIV-infected individuals whose B cells were composed of a higher percentage of immature/transitional and exhausted B cells compared with their early infection counterparts. At 1 year after ART, the percentage of resting memory B cells remained higher in early compared with chronic HIV-infected individuals. This difference translated into a better functional profile in that memory B-cell responses to HIV and non-HIV antigens were superior in early- compared with chronic-treated HIV infected individuals. These findings provide new insights on B cells in HIV infection and how early initiation of ART may prevent irreversible immune system damage.

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