scholarly journals Heritability of Personality

2017 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-24 ◽  
Author(s):  
Denis Bratko ◽  
Ana Butković ◽  
Tena Vukasović Hlupić
Keyword(s):  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Familial Aggregation ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Molecular Genetic ◽  
Monozygotic Twins ◽  
Environment Interaction ◽  
Genetic Studies ◽  
Behavioral Genetic ◽  
Dizygotic Twins ◽  
Intraclass Correlations

The aim of this study is to simplify the issue of the concept of heritability, to give an introduction to the behavioral genetic theory and methods, as well as to give an overview of the current knowledge about heritability of personality and the quantitative and molecular genetic approach to estimate heritability. Following that, results on heritability of personality are summarized. In addition, we reanalyzed all available behavioral genetic studies published before 2010, which were included in Vukasović and Bratko (2015) meta-analysis, to estimate the correlations between different family members: 1) monozygotic twins reared together; 2) monozygotic twins reared apart; 3) dizygotic twins reared together; 4) dizygotic twins reared apart; 5) mother and offspring; 6) father and offspring. Estimates of the family resemblance for personality were .54 from intraclass correlations for twin pairs reared together, .45 for intraclass correlations for monozygotic twin pairs reared apart, and .26 and .28 for familial aggregation. This finding is in line with the conclusion of the previous meta-analysis, which showed that the study design is a significant moderator of personality heritability, with twin studies showing higher estimates compared to family and adoption studies. Following that, findings from molecular genetic studies on personality and from gene-environment interaction studies are summarized. Finally, recommendations for future studies are given.

The Genetics of Gambling and Behavioral Addictions

CNS Spectrums ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 931-939 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniela S.S. Lobo ◽  
James L. Kennedy
Keyword(s):  
Pathological Gambling ◽  
Familial Aggregation ◽  
Molecular Genetic ◽  
Genetic Research ◽  
Genetic Influences ◽  
Behavioral Addictions ◽  
Psychiatric Genetics ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Genetic Studies

ABSTRACTBehavioral addictions are considered as the repetitive occurrence of impulsive behaviors without consideration of their potential negative consequences. These addictions represent an increasing cost to society and are an important new field of research in psychiatric genetics. There has been a growing body of evidence on the familial aggregation and genetic influences on the development of behavioral addictions and mainly on pathological gambling. The aim of this article is to critically review findings of family and molecular genetic studies on behavioral addictions, focusing on pathological gambling and commenting on other disorders where appropriate. This review provides a comprehensive approach to genetic studies on behavioral addiction and points out the necessity of expanding the genetic research in this field. Future directions for genetic studies in this field are also discussed.

Psychiatric Genetics

2018 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Health Care Professionals ◽  
Psychiatric Illness ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Molecular Genetic ◽  
Clinical Applications ◽  
Psychiatric Genetics ◽  
Genetic Studies ◽  
Psychiatric Residents ◽  
Basic Concepts

Psychiatric Genetics: A Primer for Clinical and Basic Scientists provides a straightforward introduction to the essentials of psychiatric genetics, complementing available comprehensive textbooks that may seem overwhelming for those new to the field. Written and edited by leaders of the International Society of Psychiatric Genetics (ISPG), the main goal of this book is to educate clinicians and scientists about psychiatric genetics, as psychiatrists and other mental health care professionals are increasingly confronted with questions about genetics, psychiatric illness, and the clinical applications of new genetic findings. The book covers all major aspects of psychiatric genetics, including basic epidemiology, recruitment for human studies, phenotyping strategies, formal genetic and molecular genetic studies, statistical genetics, bioinformatics and genomics, pharmacogenetics, the most relevant animal models, and biobanking. Each chapter begins with a list of “take home” points that summarizes content, followed by a brief overview of current knowledge and suggestions for further reading. This Primer is ideal for medical students, psychiatric residents, psychiatrists, and basic neuroscience researchers who are interested in learning the basic concepts of psychiatric genetics and the advances in the field.

scholarly journals Understanding the roles of genome and envirome: methods in genetic epidemiology

2001 ◽  
Vol 178 (S40) ◽  
pp. s12-s17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jenae M. Neiderhiser
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Epidemiology ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Molecular Genetic ◽  
Basic Knowledge ◽  
Careful Examination ◽  
Specific Gene ◽  
Environment Interaction ◽  
Genetic Studies ◽  
Genetic Techniques ◽  
Complex Relationships

BackgroundIn order to understand studies of psychiatric epidemiology focusing on the ‘genome’ and ‘envirome’, basic knowledge of the logic and methods is necessary.AimsTo provide a review of typical methods used in genetic epidemiology.MethodReviews of the research designs usually employed in quantitative and molecular genetic studies. Genotype-environment correlation and interaction are also discussed.ResultsQuantitative genetic studies indicate that genetic influences are important for both psychiatric disorders and behavioural traits. Specific gene loci can be tested for associations with both psychiatric risk and behavioural traits by means of molecular genetic techniques. There has been little examination of genotype-environment correlation and interaction, although the few reports that have appeared suggest that these complex relationships are important.ConclusionsAdvances in quantitative and molecular genetics now permit more careful examination of genotype-environment interaction and correlation. Studies combining molecular genetic strategies with measurement of the environment are still at an early stage, however, and their results must be awaited.

scholarly journals Molecular genetic studies in Saudi population; identified variants from GWAS and meta-analysis in stroke

2018 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 83-89 ◽  
Author(s):  
Khalid Khalaf Alharbi ◽  
Imran Ali Khan ◽  
Mohammad Abdullah Alotaibi ◽  
Abdullah Saud Aloyaid ◽  
Haifa Abdulaziz Al-Basheer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Molecular Genetic ◽  
Saudi Population ◽  
Genetic Studies

scholarly journals New insights into the role of the GABAA–benzodiazepine receptor in psychiatric disorder

2001 ◽  
Vol 179 (5) ◽  
pp. 390-396 ◽  
Author(s):  
David J. Nutt ◽  
Andrea L. Malizia
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Biology ◽  
Molecular Basis ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Molecular Genetic ◽  
Benzodiazepine Receptor ◽  
Receptor Complex ◽  
Genetic Studies ◽  
Substantial Growth ◽  
Disease States

BackgroundIn the 40 years since the first benzodiazepine was brought into clinical use there has been a substantial growth in understanding the molecular basis of action of these drugs and the role of their receptors in disease states.AimsTo present current knowledge about the role of the GABAA–benzodiazepine receptor in anxiety disorders, new insights into the molecular biology of the receptor complex and neuroimaging studies suggesting involvement of these receptors in disease states.MethodAn overview of published literature, including some recent data.ResultsThe molecular biology of this receptor is detailed. Molecular genetic studies suggesting involvement of the GABAA–benzodiazepine receptor in animal behaviour and learning are outlined; possible parallels with human psychopathology are discussed.ConclusionsCurrent insights into the role of the GABAA–benzodiazepine receptor in the action of benzodiazepines and as a factor in disease states, in both animals and humans, may lead to new, more sophisticated interventions at this receptor complex and potentially significant therapeutic gains.

scholarly journals Twin study of symptom dimensions in psychoses

2001 ◽  
Vol 179 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-45 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alastair G. Cardno ◽  
Pak C. Sham ◽  
Robin M. Murray ◽  
Peter McGuffin
Keyword(s):  
Factor Analysis ◽  
Twin Study ◽  
Genetic Basis ◽  
Psychotic Disorders ◽  
Familial Aggregation ◽  
Molecular Genetic ◽  
Genetic Effect ◽  
Genetic Studies ◽  
Symptom Dimensions ◽  
Genetic Loading

BackgroundSymptomatology in psychoses can be summarised as quantitative symptom dimensions, but their genetic basis is unknown.AimsTo investigate whether genes make an important contribution to symptom dimensions.MethodA total of 224 probandwise twin pairs (106 monozygotic, 118 same-gender dizygotic) where probands had psychosis were ascertained from the Maudsley Twin Register in London. Factor analysis was performed on lifetime symptoms rated on the Operational Checklist for Psychotic Disorders (OPCRIT). Correlations of dimension scores within monozygotic and dizygotic pairs concordant for Research Diagnostic Criteria psychoses were performed. Relationships between dimension scores and genetic loading for psychoses were assessed using logistic regression.ResultsPatterns of familial aggregation consistent with a genetic effect were found for the disorganised dimension and for some measures of the negative, manic and general psychotic dimensions. Disorganised dimension scores were related significantly to genetic loading for psychoses.ConclusionsThe disorganised dimension, and possibly other symptom dimensions, may be useful phenotypes for molecular genetic studies of psychoses.

Genetic background of the multifactorial liver and bile duct diseases

2007 ◽  
Vol 148 (4) ◽  
pp. 147-153
Author(s):  
Krisztina Hagymási ◽  
Zsolt Tulassay
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Background ◽  
Liver Diseases ◽  
Genetic Factors ◽  
Familial Aggregation ◽  
Monozygotic Twins ◽  
Accurate Diagnosis ◽  
Disease Course ◽  
Limited Data ◽  
Bile Duct Diseases ◽  
Dizygotic Twins

The majority of liver diseases, are complex. They are the results of interactions between several genes and environmental factors. Familial aggregation and higher concordance rate of monozygotic twins compared to those of dizygotic twins provide evidence for the importance of genetic factors in the pathogenesis. There are only limited data in connection with the genetic background of multifactorial liver diseases. In the future, the genetic background may permit prevention, early, accurate diagnosis, prediction of disease course, complications, prognosis, as well as treatment response.

scholarly journals Canadian Collaborative Project on Genetic Susceptibility to MS, Phase 2: Rationale and Method

1998 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 216-221 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.D. Sadovnick ◽  
N.J. Risch ◽  
G.C. Ebers ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Susceptibility ◽  
Familial Aggregation ◽  
Phase 1 ◽  
Molecular Genetic ◽  
Genetic Research ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Phase 2 ◽  
Genetic Studies ◽  
Collaborative Project ◽  
Index Cases

ABSTRACT:Background:Results from the Canadian Collaborative Project on Genetic Susceptibility to Multiple Sclerosis (MS)-Phase 1 (CCPGSMS-Phase 1) together with other family data published since 1982 have led to the following conclusions about the etiology of MS: (i) genetic and non-genetic (environmental) factors are involved in the etiology of MS on a population basis; (ii) the familial aggregation of MS is genetic; (iii) maternal factors do not influence the risk for siblings to develop MS; and (iv) MS appears to be oligogenic. The present paper describes the rationale and methodology for the CCPGSMS-Phase 2.Methods:The CCPGSMS-Phase 2 is a nation-wide collaborative effort involving all the 15 Canadian MS clinics. A series of structured questionnaires is administered to MS index cases, spouse controls and mothers of index cases and spouse controls (if available) by trained interviewers. Blood samples are taken for molecular genetic studies. This national effort is coordinated by the MS Clinics in Vancouver and London.Results:The CCPGSMS-Phase 2 is in progress so specific results are not available. The study is designed to (i) increase the database for genetic epidemiological/molecular genetic research and (ii) gather population-based data to further our understanding of the non-genetic factors in the etiology of MS.Conclusions:It is anticipated that the results from this study will impact on the eventual prevention, cure and treatment of MS.

scholarly journals Handedness in Twins: Meta-Analyses

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lena Sophie Pfeifer ◽  
Judith Schmitz ◽  
Marietta Papadatou-Pastou ◽  
Jutta Peterburs ◽  
Silvia Paracchini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Odds Ratio ◽  
Association Studies ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Monozygotic Twins ◽  
Genome Wide Association Studies ◽  
Dizygotic Twin ◽  
Odds Ratios ◽  
Genetic Determination ◽  
Dizygotic Twins ◽  
Meta Analyses

Background: In the general population, 10.6 % of people favor their left hand over the right for motor tasks. Previous research suggests higher prevalence of atypical (left-, mixed-, or non-right-) handedness in (i) twins compared to singletons, and in (ii) monozygotic compared to dizygotic twins. Moreover, (iii) studies have shown a higher rate of handedness concordance in monozygotic compared to dizygotic twins, in line with genetic factors playing a role for handedness.Methods: We identified 59 studies from previous literature and performed three sets of random effects meta-analyses on (i) twin-to-singleton Odds Ratios (21 studies, n = 189,422 individuals), (ii) monozygotic-to-dizygotic twin Odds Ratios (48 studies, n = 63,295 individuals), and (iii) concordance Odds Ratios (44 studies, n = 36,217 twin pairs). We also tested for potential effects of moderating variables such as sex, age, the method used to assess handedness and the twins’ zygosity.Results: We found (i) evidence for higher prevalence of left- (Odds Ratio = 1.40) and non-right- (Odds Ratio = 1.36), but not mixed-handedness (Odds Ratio = 1.08) among twins compared to singletons. We further showed a reduction of difference over time, which suggests that higher levels of left-handedness observed in twins are linked to a higher frequency of birth complications which might have dropped nowadays in their overall prevalence because of better healthcare. While there was (ii) no difference between monozygotic and dizygotic twins regarding prevalence of left- (Odds Ratio = 0.98), mixed- (Odds Ratio = 0.96), or non-right-handedness (Odds Ratio = 1.01), we found that (iii) handedness concordance was elevated among monozygotic compared to dizygotic twin pairs (Odds Ratio = 1.11). Moderator analyses showed our results to be robust against potentially confounding variables.Conclusion: We provide the largest and most comprehensive meta-analysis on handedness in twins. Results suggest that the previously reported effect that twins are more likely to be left-handed than singletons is robust. Furthermore, we also provide robust evidence that monozygotic twins are more likely to be concordant for handedness than dizygotic twins. In line with recent genome-wide association studies, this finding supports a partially genetic determination of handedness.

Methodology for Twin Studies of Aging

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael J. Lyons ◽  
Chandra A. Reynolds ◽  
William S. Kremen ◽  
Carol E. Franz
Keyword(s):  
Structural Equation ◽  
Molecular Genetic ◽  
Monozygotic Twins ◽  
Twin Studies ◽  
Environmental Exposures ◽  
Genetic Influences ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Environment Interaction ◽  
Gene Environment ◽  
Correlation Prior

The rapidly increasing number of people age 65 and older around the world has important implications for public health and social policy, making it imperative to understand the factors that influence the aging process. Twin studies can provide information that addresses critical questions about aging. Twin studies capitalize on a naturally occurring experiment in which there are some pairs of individuals who are born together and share 100% of their segregating genes (monozygotic twins) and some pairs that share approximately 50% (dizygotic twins). Twins can shed light on the relative influence of genes and environmental factors on various characteristics at various times during the life course and whether the same or different genetic influences are operating at different times. Twin studies can investigate whether characteristics that co-occur reflect overlapping genetic or environmental determinants. Discordant twin pairs provide an opportunity for a unique and powerful case-control study. There are numerous methodological issues to consider in twin studies of aging, such as the representativeness of twins and the assumption that the environment does not promote greater similarity within monozygotic pairs than dizygotic pairs. Studies of aging using twins may include many different types of measures, such as cognitive, psychosocial, biomarkers, and neuroimaging. Sophisticated statistical techniques have been developed to analyze data from twin studies. Structural equation modeling has proven to be especially useful. Several issues, such as assessing change and dealing with missing data, are particularly salient in studies of aging and there are a number of approaches that have been implemented in twin studies. Twins lend themselves very well to investigating whether genes influence one’s sensitivity to environmental exposures (gene-environment interaction) and whether genes influence the likelihood that an individual will experience certain environmental exposures (gene-environment correlation). Prior to the advent of modern molecular genetics, twin studies were the most important source of information about genetic influences. Dramatic advances in molecular genetic technology hold the promise of providing great insight into genetic influences, but these approaches complement rather than supplant twin studies. Moreover, there is a growing trend toward integrating molecular genetic methods into twin studies.

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