scholarly journals Adjectives in layers

Rhema ◽  
2018 ◽  
pp. 125-165 ◽  
Author(s):  
А. Pereltsvaig ◽  
O. Kagan
Keyword(s):  
Internal Structure ◽  
Noun Phrase ◽  
Noun Phrases ◽  
Functional Structure ◽  
Case Marking ◽  
Complex Patterns ◽  
Attributive Adjectives

This paper investigates the syntax and semantics of modifying/attributive adjectives in Russian, a language lacking articles but having complex patterns of case marking and agreement within a noun phrase. It has been claimed in the literature that due to its lack of articles, Russian has a completely different internal structure for noun phrases than in languages with articles. In this paper we argue against that claim and propose that there are six layers of functional structure within a noun phrase which modifying adjectives can occupy.

Inevitable reanalysis

2004 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 165-201 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frans Plank
Keyword(s):  
Internal Structure ◽  
Noun Phrase ◽  
Numerical Approximation ◽  
Noun Phrases ◽  
Direct Object ◽  
Case Assignment ◽  
Verb Agreement ◽  
Grammatical Relations

When local adpositions, whatever their own sources, are metaphorically extended to the domain of numerical approximation (as in ‘around five bottles’), as they not uncommonly are, and when such expressions are then admitted to grammatical relations otherwise reserved for noun phrases, such as subject and direct object, as is only natural, a conflict is bound to arise: the internal structure of such expressions is that of an adpositional phrase, headed by the ex-local adposition, but their external distribution is that of a noun phrase. German and several other languages demonstrate that repair is inevitable in this dilemma, unless wholly different ways of expressing numerical approximation were to be resorted to. By necessity, such approximative numerical expressions will gradually be reanalysed from being adpositional phrases to being noun phrases for many, most, or indeed all external and internal purposes, such as subcategorization, verb agreement, case assignment, and determination. Instead of new grammar emerging as in grammaticalization, the old grammar of phrase types is reasserting itself in such reanalyses.

Noun Phrases

2019 ◽  
pp. 334-357
Author(s):  
Evelien Keizer
Keyword(s):  
Internal Structure ◽  
Noun Phrase ◽  
Noun Phrases ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Theoretical Point ◽  
Cognitive Perspective ◽  
General Characterization ◽  
Theoretical Approaches ◽  
English Noun

This chapter provides a brief overview of some widely debated issues in discussions of the English noun phrase, and illustrates how these issues have been dealt with in different theoretical approaches. After a general characterization of the noun phrase from a pre-theoretical point of view, the chapter proceeds to discuss the internal structure of the noun phrase from a generative, functional, and cognitive perspective. Subsequently, the differences between these approaches are illustrated by addressing two basic notions in the analysis of English noun phrases: headedness (in regular noun phrases, as well as in headless and pseudo-partitive noun phrases) and the distinction between relational and non-relational nouns (and, consequently, between complements and modifiers). In both cases the various types of criteria for analysis are discussed, as well as some problems in applying these criteria.

Noun Modifier Inflection in German: A Morphological System in Flux

1990 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-52
Author(s):  
Edward G. Fichtner
Keyword(s):  
Noun Phrase ◽  
Noun Phrases ◽  
Word Classes ◽  
Morphological System ◽  
Attributive Adjectives

ABSTRACTTraditionally, noun modifiers in German fall into two classes, the so-called der- and ein-words, and descriptive or attributive adjectives. In the noun phrase, members of these word classes are inflected by the addition of one or another of two sets of endings, i.e., the primary, strong, or pronominal endings, or the secondary, weak, or nominal endings, in highly predictable combinations. In the data collected by Ljungerud (1955), however, sequences of endings in noun phrases containing nine modifiers occur with noticeable departures from the norm, i.e., folgend, sämtlich, ander-, einig-, viel-, manch-, welch-, irgendwelch-, and solch-. It is concluded that the anomalous sequences of endings in phrases containing these modifers are motivated by the growing association of certain sequences of endings with the feature +/-Generality as a component of the meaning of the noun phrase as a whole.

scholarly journals Case Markers in Mongolian: A Means for Encoding Null Constituents in Noun Phrase and Relative Clause

2017 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 17
Author(s):  
Tseden Otgonsuren
Keyword(s):  
Internal Structure ◽  
Noun Phrase ◽  
Relative Clause ◽  
Noun Phrases ◽  
Early Observation ◽  
Head Noun ◽  
Case Marker ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Syntactic Function ◽  
Case Markers

This paper focuses on the capacity of the case markers in the Mongolian language, as a relative element, to generate any finite noun phrase or relative clause based on their syntactic function or relationship. In Mongolian, there are two different approaches to generate noun phrases: parataxis and hypotaxis. According to my early observation, if the noun phrase generated through the parataxis, is the complement of the postpositional phrase, the head word of the relevant noun phrase can be truncated. In other words, since this head noun is governed by case marker in its null form to generate the postpositional phrase, the head noun can be encoded.  The second approach generates two different types of noun phrases in their structures: free structured and non-free structured noun phrases. Of them, the free structured noun phrase allows any syntactic transformations in their internal structure based on the senses of the case markers which denote a relation. That is to say, the null constituents in this type of noun phrases can be encoded to generate an extended alternative of the noun phrase and a relative clause.    

scholarly journals The order of attributive adjectives in the history of Russian and the position of adjectives in the noun phrase

Rhema ◽  
2018 ◽  
pp. 72-108
Author(s):  
P. Grashchenkov ◽  
O. Kurianova
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Analysis ◽  
Noun Phrase ◽  
Functional Structure ◽  
Old Russian ◽  
Semantic Classes ◽  
Attributive Adjective ◽  
History Of ◽  
Attributive Adjectives

The paper discusses ordering of different semantic classes of attributive adjectives and possible implications for the syntactic hierarchy based of the (non-)observed linearization. Two corpus-driven studies are presented: the first one considers Russian, the second one deals with the complex corpus, consisting of Old Church Slavonic and Old Russian texts from XI to XVII centuries. Although quantitative analysis shows the tendency towards ordering of attributive adjective, this tendency is not strong and regular enough. The paper concludes that attributive adjectives can be hardly viewed as representing syntactically ordered functional structure and soon argue in favor of attributive adjunction.

scholarly journals Introduction: The syntax of nominals and noun phrases

2008 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 129-134
Author(s):  
Kersti Börjars ◽  
Lars-Olof Delsing
Keyword(s):  
Internal Structure ◽  
Noun Phrase ◽  
Noun Phrases ◽  
Syntactic Theory

The noun phrase was long a neglected area within research in modern syntactic theory. Studies tended to focus instead on the clause and less attention was paid to the internal structure of the noun phrase. The early studies would often take an interest in the properties of noun phrases only in so far as they interacted with clausal morpho-syntax. Nominalisations were then subject to some early studies, as in Chomsky (1970) and work inspired by it.

The Tatar DP

2015 ◽  
Vol 60 (3) ◽  
pp. 289-325 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ekaterina Lyutikova ◽  
Asya Pereltsvaig
Keyword(s):  
Internal Structure ◽  
Noun Phrases ◽  
Case Marking ◽  
Syntactic Position ◽  
Left Branch ◽  
Direct Objects

AbstractIn this paper, we reconsider whether article-less languages have the DP projection, focusing on Tatar. We argue that putative correlations between the presence/absence of articles in a language and various DP-external phenomena (e.g. Left-Branch Extraction, superiority effects, and others), discussed by Bošković and Şener (2014), inter alia, do not hold if a broader range of languages is considered more carefully. Instead, we show that certain correlations obtain between the internal structure, syntactic position, case marking, and interpretation of. noun phrases found in distinct structural environments: direct objects, possessors, and complements of the so-called attributivizers. Specifically, we demonstrate a contrast between two types of nominals: accusative direct objects, possessors in ezafe-3, and complements of certain attributivizers share properties that contrast them with unmarked direct objects, possessors in ezafe-2, and complements of other attributivizers. We argue that postulating the DP projection in the former but not the latter type of noun phrases allows us to account for these observed correlations in a unified way.

Niebieski ptak und cukier biały – Eine Klassifikation und Korpusanalyse der Funktion und Wortfolge polnischer Farbadjektive

2020 ◽  
Vol 65 (1) ◽  
pp. 96-133
Author(s):  
Christina Clasmeier
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Analysis ◽  
Noun Phrase ◽  
Corpus Analysis ◽  
Semantic Classes ◽  
Respective Function ◽  
Attributive Adjectives ◽  
Linguistic Reality

SummaryThis paper investigates the position of Polish color adjectives in their attributive function in the noun phrase. In general, Polish attributive adjectives may precede the noun (AN) or follow it (NA). There is rich literature on this issue, especially on the motivation for AN or NA order in particular semantic classes of adjectives or types of adjective-noun constructions. However, most of the contributions are theoretical in nature and account for only a part of linguistic reality but fail to capture the entire scope of data. One of the reasons for this might be that, so far, no systematic empirical analysis of this specific syntactical phenomenon has been conducted. This paper presents the results from a corpus analysis (NKJP) of 203 noun-with-color-adjective constructions and their AN/NA distributions. These constructions were classified based on the color adjective’s function (qualifying, classificatory, or part of an idiom). The results show that, regardless of its respective function, Polish color adjectives typically tend to appear in the AN order.

scholarly journals Typological Shift in Bilinguals’ L1: Word Order and Case Marking in Two Varieties of Child Quechua

Languages ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 42 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan E. Kalt ◽  
Jonathan A. Geary
Keyword(s):  
Children And Adolescents ◽  
Speech Production ◽  
Word Order ◽  
Noun Phrases ◽  
Case Marking ◽  
New Information ◽  
Sentence Level ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Case Morphology ◽  
Grammatical Roles

We compare speech production and find morphosyntactic change among children and adolescents speaking two closely related varieties of Quechua in Cuzco, Peru, and Chuquisaca, Bolivia. Quechua languages traditionally employ Object-Verb (OV) word order in main clauses, but robust case marking permits other orders, especially to focalize new information through constituent fronting. In Chuquisaca, but not Cuzco, we find that schoolchildren often omit the accusative suffix -ta from direct objects while retaining a prosodic trace of -ta. In other varieties, loss of accusative marking is associated with a shift towards Verb-Object (VO) word order, as in Spanish. However, we find that Chuquisaqueños use more canonical OV and possessor-possessed order in declarative sentences than do Cuzqueños, who employ a wide range of word orders at the sentence level and deviate from the possessor-possessed norm for Quechua noun phrases. Our finding of more rigid word order in Chuquisaca highlights the complex factors contributing to typological shift in word order and morphology: Omission of case morphology places a greater burden on word order to identify grammatical roles. Further, we find that Chuquisaqueño schoolchildren alone have begun to use huk, “one,” to mark indefiniteness, perhaps to replace determiner-like functions ascribed to -ta and to obsolescent markers such as evidentials.

Typological overview of Estonian syntax

2009 ◽  
Vol 62 (1-2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mati Erelt
Keyword(s):  
Word Order ◽  
Speech Acts ◽  
Noun Phrases ◽  
Case Marking ◽  
Subordinate Clauses ◽  
Syntactic Features ◽  
Concise Overview ◽  
Verb Categories

AbstractThe paper presents a concise overview of the main syntactic features of Estonian. It deals with basic clause patterns, case marking of arguments, verbs and verb categories, non-verbal predication, word order, expression of speech acts and negation, noun phrases, p-phrases, subordinate clauses, and coordination.

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