The logarithmic variance of streamwise velocity and conundrum in wall turbulence

The logarithmic dependence of streamwise turbulence intensity has been observed repeatedly in recent experimental and direct numerical simulation data. However, its spectral counterpart, a well-developed $k^{-1}$ spectrum ( $k$ is the spatial wavenumber in a wall-parallel direction), has not been convincingly observed from the same data. In the present study, we revisit the spectrum-based attached eddy model of Perry and co-workers, who proposed the emergence of a $k^{-1}$ spectrum in the inviscid limit, for small but finite $z/\delta$ and for finite Reynolds numbers ( $z$ is the wall-normal coordinate, and $\delta$ is the outer length scale). In the upper logarithmic layer (or inertial sublayer), a reexamination reveals that the intensity of the spectrum must vary with the wall-normal location at order of $z/\delta$ , consistent with the early observation argued with ‘incomplete similarity’. The streamwise turbulence intensity is subsequently calculated, demonstrating that the existence of a well-developed $k^{-1}$ spectrum is not a necessary condition for the approximate logarithmic wall-normal dependence of turbulence intensity – a more general condition is the existence of a premultiplied power-spectral intensity of $O(1)$ for $O(1/\delta ) < k < O(1/z)$ . Furthermore, it is shown that the Townsend–Perry constant must be weakly dependent on the Reynolds number. Finally, the analysis is semi-empirically extended to the lower logarithmic layer (or mesolayer), and a near-wall correction for the turbulence intensity is subsequently proposed. All the predictions of the proposed model and the related analyses/assumptions are validated with high-fidelity experimental data (Samie et al., J. Fluid Mech., vol. 851, 2018, pp. 391–415).

INTEGRATED MARKETING COMMUNICATION STRATEGY FOR SME (SMALL AND MEDIUM ENTERPRISES) OF TRADITIONAL HERBAL AND BEVERAGES

Background: This program begins with observation on SME of traditional herbal and beverages in Kampung Genteng Candirejo Surabaya. Early observation shows difficulties faced by SME to market their products. Objective: This program is expected to provide information and education about marketing communication strategies for SME of traditional herbal and beverages in Kampung Herbal Candirejo Surabaya. Method: Early observation is to find problems, conducting seminar and workshop, and also evaluating community empowerment. Results: Audiences understand about the impotances of marketing communication and innovation. They also improve their skills in using integrated marketing communication to sell their products to customers. Conclusion: This community service program has achieved its goals.

NCOG-33. GROWTH DYNAMICS OF INCIDENTAL MENINGIOMAS - A 10-YEAR PROSPECTIVE STUDY

There is no consensus for the management of incidental meningiomas. To evaluate the natural history, we assessed tumour growth dynamics during 10 years of active monitoring of 62 patients (45 female and mean age 63.9) harbouring 68 tumours. Radiological and clinical data was obtained was obtained biannually for two years, then annually the following eight. Thirty-six patients (38 tumours) were referred to treatment and/or died of unrelated causes (n=5) within 5 years. The remaining were monitored for up to 10 years. Mean overall survival was at 128 months (95% CI: 118.8-136.7). Median progression free survival was 34 months (95% CI: 14.7-53.3). Median time for growth requiring intervention was 46 months (95% CI: 23.5-68.5). All tumours with self-limiting growth at 5 years (57.9 %) were still stable or reducing in size at 10 years. Mean growth rate decreased from 0.27 cm3/year (95% CI: 0.10-0.43) during the early observation period (0-5 years) to 0.09 cm3/year (95% CI: -0.02-0.21) in the late observation period. No tumours were referred to treatment during the late observation period. Two patients, both with verified WHO2 grade meningiomas succumbed to the disease, seven and eight years after diagnosis. No other patients developed symptoms and none other of the 18 total mortalities were meningioma related. Most clinical and radiological events occur within 5 years after diagnosis. Our findings suggests that if tumour growth slows down during the first 5 years of monitoring, this trend will continue. Clinical follow-up should be sufficient when a self-limiting growth pattern has been established.

May Argyrophilic Nucleolar Organizer Regions Be Used as a Biomarker for the Detection of the Degree of Ischemic Damage Instead of Tunel in Testicular Torsion?

Background and Objectives: It is of great importance to obtain information about the severity of ischemic damage and duration of testicular torsion for an effective treatment strategy. Nucleolar-organizing regions (NORs) are sites of the ribosomal genes composed of ribosomal DNA and proteins. Post-silver staining NORs are termed “AgNOR”. Since AgNORs clearly reveals the self-renewal potential of cells damaged in ischemic events, we performed the current study. Materials and Methods: The study was carried out in four groups as control, sham, early, and late T/D. In the surgical groups, testes were corrected after a 4-h ischemia period. Testicular tissue samples were taken on the third day after detorsion in group 1, 2, 3, and on the tenth day after detorsion in group 4. TUNEL and silver stainings were applied to all samples. Results: The differences were significant among the groups for both mean AgNOR number and total AgNOR area/total nuclear area (TAA/TNA). Moreover, the differences between control and early torsion-detorsion (T/D), between control and late T/D, between sham and early T/D, between sham and late T/D, and between early T/D and late were statistically significant for AgNOR amount. Furthermore, statistically significant differences among the groups for an average number of apoptotic cells per tubule and the percentage of apoptotic tubule values were detected. Discussion: The apoptotic index gives the ratio of cells that are damaged and will die in a programmed way and cells that remain intact, rather than show the viability of the returning testicle. However, by measuring cells that regenerate with AgNOR, we can show not only those that survive but also cells that can repair themselves. Conclusion: AgNOR proteins are usable for the early observation of ischemic injury levels. The amount of AgNOR protein can enlighten us about the extent of testicular damage after T/D treatment. It may also help the physician in the development of effective treatment strategies for cases.

Ion Channel Impairment and Myofilament Ca2+ Sensitization: Two Parallel Mechanisms Underlying Arrhythmogenesis in Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy

Life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias are the main clinical burden in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM), and frequently occur in young patients with mild structural disease. While massive hypertrophy, fibrosis and microvascular ischemia are the main mechanisms underlying sustained reentry-based ventricular arrhythmias in advanced HCM, cardiomyocyte-based functional arrhythmogenic mechanisms are likely prevalent at earlier stages of the disease. In this review, we will describe studies conducted in human surgical samples from HCM patients, transgenic animal models and human cultured cell lines derived from induced pluripotent stem cells. Current pieces of evidence concur to attribute the increased risk of ventricular arrhythmias in early HCM to different cellular mechanisms. The increase of late sodium current and L-type calcium current is an early observation in HCM, which follows post-translation channel modifications and increases the occurrence of early and delayed afterdepolarizations. Increased myofilament Ca2+ sensitivity, commonly observed in HCM, may promote afterdepolarizations and reentry arrhythmias with direct mechanisms. Decrease of K+-currents due to transcriptional regulation occurs in the advanced disease and contributes to reducing the repolarization-reserve and increasing the early afterdepolarizations (EADs). The presented evidence supports the idea that patients with early-stage HCM should be considered and managed as subjects with an acquired channelopathy rather than with a structural cardiac disease.

May a Strain Chlamydia Isolated From SARS Patient’s Autopsy Issues Inhibit the Proliferation of SARS-CoV? An Early Observation in Vitro

We found that a strain chlamydia isolated from SARS patient’s autopsy issues could decrease the proliferation of SARS-CoV in vitro; The inhibitory factors distribute both in the extracellular and intracellular cultures.

Elastography ultrasound for screening and early detection of esophageal varices

Despite that esophageal varices can be effectively detected by using upper gastrointestinal tract endoscopy, the procedure is invasive and requires the integration of adequate experience and training, and it is not suitable for many patients. Accordingly, ultrasound elastography has been developed and validated by many studies in the recent literature as effective and non-invasive modalities for the early observation and diagnosis of esophageal varices and the relevant hepatic diseases. In this study, we aim to conduct a literature review to furtherly elaborate on the role and validity of elastography ultrasound to screen and early detect esophageal varices. We have discussed the diagnostic efficacy of three different types of ultrasound elastography including two-dimensional shear wave elastography, point shear wave elastography, and transient elastography in detecting and early diagnosis of esophageal varies. Transient elastography (TE) has been reported to be efficacious and the simplest technique. However, it was reported with some limitations. These limitations could be compensated by the two-dimensional shear wave elastography and the point shear wave, Nevertheless, these two modalities need high levels of experience and are not widely available. Besides, there are a few investigations that have validated the efficacy of the latter in detecting esophageal varices. Accordingly, we encourage further investigation for a future relevance.

Species Counterpoint: Pendekatan Dalam Pembelajaran Kontrapung

As a part of music theory, Counterpoint dealing with a combination of melody in contrary motion. It is focused on combining melody between cantus firmus and counterpoint. In learning counterpoint, there are two approaches which usually used, free Counterpoint and strict counterpoint (it is well known as species counterpoint). The free counterpoint method allows writing counterpoint melody without paying attention to Counterpoint rules. While in strict counterpoint does not give freedom to write counterpoint melody, hence in must follow Counterpoint rules. Based on an early observation of this study, it found that the free counterpoint method did not give a strong understanding of basic counterpoint to the students. It is showed that students are confused when they made a Counterpoint melody. They stated that they were confused about how to start the melodies and also how to develop their melody because they don’t have a strong basis of counterpoint rules. This research aims to analyze the role of species counterpoint in giving a rudiment to the students. Species counterpoint used here as a pedagogical tool, which makes students learned through several steps called species. This is qualitative research. The data acquired from observation and interviews during learning Counterpoint at Music Education Study Program, Faculty of Performing Arts, Institut Seni Indonesia Yogyakarta. The results showed that species counterpoint builds a strong fundamental theory in writing counterpoint melody. Moreover, it also helps students to increase their skills in writing a counterpoint melody.Keywords: Counterpoint, Cantus Firmus, Species Counterpoint, Melody. Abstrak: Kontrapung merupakan cabang dari Teori Musik untuk menyusun kombinasi melodi secara berlawanan antara cantus firmus dan counterpoint. Dalam pembelajaran Kontrapung terdapat dua pendekatan yaitu free counterpoint dan strict counterpoint (species counterpoint). Free counterpoint memberikan kebebasan dalam membuat melodi Kontrapung, sementara strict counterpoint harus mempertimbangkan berbagai macam kaidah dalam membuat melodi Kontrapung. Berdasarkan observasi awal, penggunaan free counterpoint dalam pembelajaran Kontrapung tidak memberikan dasar yang kuat untuk dapat membuat melodi Kontrapung. Untuk mengatasi hal tersebut, maka sebaiknya pembelajaran Kontrapung dilakukan dengan menggunakan pendekatan species counterpoint. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan penggunaan species counterpoint pada pembelajaran Kontrapung dalam membuat melodi Kontrapung. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian kualitatif deskriptif. Data penelitian didapat dari hasil observasi dan wawancara yang dilakukan selama pembelajaran Kontrapung di Program Studi S-1 Pendidikan Musik, Fakultas Seni Pertunjukan, Institut Seni Indonesia Yogyakarta. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pembelajaran Kontrapung dengan menggunakan pendekatan species counterpoint dapat meningkatkan pemahaman terhadap kaidah-kaidah Kontrapung dalam membuat melodi Kontrapung, selain itu pembelajaran Kontrapung dengan species counterpoint juga meningkatkan keterampilan dalam membuat melodi Kontrapung.Kata Kunci: Kontrapung, Cantus Firmus, Species Counterpoint, Melodi.

Why do greater forest tenure rights not enthuse local communities? An early observation on the new community forestry scheme in state forests in Indonesia

The Indonesian Ministry of Environment and Forestry recently issued a 35-year permit-based social forestry, called Izin Pemanfaatan Hutan Perhutanan Sosial (IPHPS), which was implemented in forestlands managed by the State Forest Corporation (SFC). IPHPS is a unique scheme because social forestry permits were previously granted on forestland unencumbered with rights. It provides more secure tenure rights (long-term permits), greater decision-making authority, and improved profit-sharing arrangements compared with the SFC’s co-management model. However, IPHPS has not attracted widespread interest from local communities. This paper aims to identify and to analyse factors that explain local communities’ low interest in the policy. Results show that local communities have not been attracted by the scheme because it requires them to undertake substantial investments in reforestation and make several payments to the government beyond their means. This paper highlights the specific challenges related to access mechanisms and benefits to local communities from the granted rights. Lastly, local communities were prone to manipulative persuasion by the SFC to continue the co-management model.

ELAC2, an Enzyme for tRNA Maturation, Plays a Role in the Cleavage of a Mature tRNA to Produce a tRNA-Derived RNA Fragment During Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the most common cause of lower respiratory tract infection in young children. However, effective treatment against RSV is unavailable. tRNA-derived RNA fragments (tRFs) are a recently discovered family of non-coding RNAs. We made an early observation that RSV infection causes significant induction of tRFs, which are mainly derived from the 5’-end of mature tRNAs (tRF5). However, their functions and biogenesis mechanism are not fully understood. Herein, we identified an enzyme responsible for the induction of a functional tRF5 derived from tRNA-Gln-CTG (tRF5-GlnCTG). We found that tRF5-GlnCTG promotes RSV replication and its induction, assessed by Northern blot and a new qRT-PCR-based method, is regulated by ribonuclease ELAC2. ELAC2-mediated tRF5 induction has never been reported. We also found that ELAC2 is associated with RSV N and NS1 proteins. Given the fact that tRF5-GlnCTG plays a role in RSV replication, the identification of ELAC2 being responsible for tRF5-GlnCTG induction could provide new insights into therapeutic strategy development against RSV infection.