scholarly journals Till genesis and glacier motion inferred from sedimentological evidence associated with the surge-type glacier, Brúarjökull, Iceland

2005 ◽  
Vol 42 ◽  
pp. 14-22 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna E. Nelson ◽  
Ian C. Willis ◽  
Colm Ó. Cofaigh
Keyword(s):  
Shear Stresses ◽  
Brittle Deformation ◽  
Outlet Glacier ◽  
Ice Cap ◽  
Show Evidence ◽  
Sediment Deformation ◽  
Basal Shear ◽  
Clay Lenses ◽  
Glacier Motion

AbstractA study employing macro- and micro-sedimentological techniques was conducted at three sites with recently deglaciated sediments in the proglacial area of Brúarjökull, a surge-type outlet glacier of the Vatnajökull ice cap, Iceland. Tills at these sites were likely deposited and deformed during the 1963/64 surge. At the height of the last surge, these sediments were beneath 90-120 m of ice, and associated basal shear stresses would have been 24-32 kPa. Tills associated with the surge at these sites formed by a combination of subglacial sediment deformation and lodgement and are thus regarded as ‘hybrid tills’. The tills show evidence of both ductile and brittle deformation. Discontinuous clay lenses within the tills, indicating local ice-bed decoupling and sliding, imply that subglacial water pressures were spatially and temporally variable during the surge. The thickness of the subglacial deforming-till layer was 50-90 cm.

scholarly journals Sediment deformation and basal dynamics beneath a glacier surge front: Bakaninbreen, Svalbard

1997 ◽  
Vol 24 ◽  
pp. 21-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philip R. Porter ◽  
Tavi Murray ◽  
Julian A. Dowdeswell
Keyword(s):  
Yield Strength ◽  
Active Phase ◽  
Shear Stresses ◽  
Event Analysis ◽  
Potential Explanation ◽  
Motion Event ◽  
Applied Forces ◽  
Sediment Deformation ◽  
Basal Shear ◽  
Phase Motion

Bakaninbreen is a 17 km long surge-type glacier in southern Spitsbergen, Svalbard, which began surging between the springs of 1985 and 1986, forming a surge front where fast-moving surge ice meets non-surging ice. This surge front has propagated 6 km down-glacier over the period to 1995. Instruments known as “ploughmeters” were installed into the deformable sedimentary bed close to the surge front to assess mechanical conditions year-round. Forces experienced by ploughmeters located down-glacier of the surge front are generally lower than those recorded by a ploughmeter up-glacier of the surge front. Ploughmeters installed at the bed down-glacier of the surge front show initially low applied forces, followed by increasing applied forces. We interpret this increase in applied forcing as a late-active-phase motion event. Analysis of ploughmeter data allows calculation of the yield strength of basal sediments. Yield-strength estimates at Bakaninbreen are in the range 16.6–87.5 kPa. Comparison with estimates of basal shear stress suggests that sediments up-glacier of the surge front will be actively deforming, whereas there will be only limited deformation down-glacier of the surge front. Immediately down-glacier of the surge front, calculations indicate negligible basal shear stresses. Together with the deformation of sediment from up-glacier, this implies a build-up of sediment at the surge front, offering a potential explanation for the sediment-filled thrust faults outcropping on the surge front.

scholarly journals Seismic-reflection evidence for a deep subglacial trough beneath Jakobshavns Isbræ, West Greenland

1996 ◽  
Vol 42 (141) ◽  
pp. 219-232 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ted S. Clarke ◽  
Keiih Echelmeyer
Keyword(s):  
Seismic Reflection ◽  
Dominant Role ◽  
Ice Thickness ◽  
Shear Stresses ◽  
Outlet Glacier ◽  
West Greenland ◽  
Ice Stream ◽  
Surface Slopes ◽  
Radio Echo Sounding ◽  
Basal Shear

AbstractSeismic-reflection methods were used to determine the ice thickness and basal topography of Jakobshavns Isbræ, a large, fast-moving ice stream/outlet glacier in West Greenland. A method of data analysis was developed which involves the pointwise migration of data from a linear seismic array and a single explosive source; the method yields the depth, horizontal position and slope of the basal reflector. A deep U-shaped subglacial trough was found beneath the entire length of the well-defined ice stream. The trough is incised up to 1500 m into bedrock, and its base lies 1200–1500 m below sea level for at least 70 km inland. Center-line ice thickness along most of the channel is about 2500 m, or about 2.5 times that of the surrounding ice sheet. This prominent bedrock trough was not apparent in existing radio-echo-sounding data. Reflection coefficients indicate that much of the basal interface is probably underlain by compacted, non-deforming sediment. The large ice thickness, coupled with relatively steep surface slopes, leads to high basal shear stresses (200–300 k Pa) along the ice stream. The large shear stresses and lack of a deformable bed imply that internal deformation plays a dominant role in the dynamics of Jakobshavns Isbræ.

scholarly journals Seismic-reflection evidence for a deep subglacial trough beneath Jakobshavns Isbræ, West Greenland

1996 ◽  
Vol 42 (141) ◽  
pp. 219-232 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ted S. Clarke ◽  
Keiih Echelmeyer
Keyword(s):  
Seismic Reflection ◽  
Dominant Role ◽  
Ice Thickness ◽  
Shear Stresses ◽  
Outlet Glacier ◽  
West Greenland ◽  
Ice Stream ◽  
Surface Slopes ◽  
Radio Echo Sounding ◽  
Basal Shear

AbstractSeismic-reflection methods were used to determine the ice thickness and basal topography of Jakobshavns Isbræ, a large, fast-moving ice stream/outlet glacier in West Greenland. A method of data analysis was developed which involves the pointwise migration of data from a linear seismic array and a single explosive source; the method yields the depth, horizontal position and slope of the basal reflector. A deep U-shaped subglacial trough was found beneath the entire length of the well-defined ice stream. The trough is incised up to 1500 m into bedrock, and its base lies 1200–1500 m below sea level for at least 70 km inland. Center-line ice thickness along most of the channel is about 2500 m, or about 2.5 times that of the surrounding ice sheet. This prominent bedrock trough was not apparent in existing radio-echo-sounding data. Reflection coefficients indicate that much of the basal interface is probably underlain by compacted, non-deforming sediment. The large ice thickness, coupled with relatively steep surface slopes, leads to high basal shear stresses (200–300 k Pa) along the ice stream. The large shear stresses and lack of a deformable bed imply that internal deformation plays a dominant role in the dynamics of Jakobshavns Isbræ.

scholarly journals Sediment deformation and basal dynamics beneath a glacier surge front: Bakaninbreen, Svalbard

1997 ◽  
Vol 24 ◽  
pp. 21-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philip R. Porter ◽  
Tavi Murray ◽  
Julian A. Dowdeswell
Keyword(s):  
Yield Strength ◽  
Active Phase ◽  
Shear Stresses ◽  
Event Analysis ◽  
Potential Explanation ◽  
Motion Event ◽  
Applied Forces ◽  
Sediment Deformation ◽  
Basal Shear ◽  
Phase Motion

Bakaninbreen is a 17 km long surge-type glacier in southern Spitsbergen, Svalbard, which began surging between the springs of 1985 and 1986, forming a surge front where fast-moving surge ice meets non-surging ice. This surge front has propagated 6 km down-glacier over the period to 1995. Instruments known as “ploughmeters” were installed into the deformable sedimentary bed close to the surge front to assess mechanical conditions year-round. Forces experienced by ploughmeters located down-glacier of the surge front are generally lower than those recorded by a ploughmeter up-glacier of the surge front. Ploughmeters installed at the bed down-glacier of the surge front show initially low applied forces, followed by increasing applied forces. We interpret this increase in applied forcing as a late-active-phase motion event. Analysis of ploughmeter data allows calculation of the yield strength of basal sediments. Yield-strength estimates at Bakaninbreen are in the range 16.6–87.5 kPa. Comparison with estimates of basal shear stress suggests that sediments up-glacier of the surge front will be actively deforming, whereas there will be only limited deformation down-glacier of the surge front. Immediately down-glacier of the surge front, calculations indicate negligible basal shear stresses. Together with the deformation of sediment from up-glacier, this implies a build-up of sediment at the surge front, offering a potential explanation for the sediment-filled thrust faults outcropping on the surge front.

scholarly journals Abrupt glacier motion and reorganization of basal shear stress following the establishment of a connected drainage system

2001 ◽  
Vol 47 (158) ◽  
pp. 472-480 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffrey L. Kavanaugh ◽  
Garry K. C. Clarke
Keyword(s):  
Pressure Sensors ◽  
Drainage System ◽  
Yukon Territory ◽  
Stable Configuration ◽  
Drainage Patterns ◽  
Pressure Pulses ◽  
Gradual Failure ◽  
Basal Shear ◽  
Pressure Changes ◽  
Glacier Motion

AbstractThree episodes of strong basal motion occurred at Trapridge Glacier, Yukon Territory, Canada, on 11 June 1995 following the establishment of a connected subglacial drainage system. Responses to these “spring events” are noted in the records for 42 instruments and were recorded throughout the ∼60 000 m2 study area. Strong basal motion during the events is indicated by ploughmeter, load-bolt and vertical-strain records, and abrupt pressure changes in several transducer records denote damage caused by extreme pressure pulses. These pressure pulses, generated by the abrupt basal motion, also resulted in the failure of seven pressure sensors. Records for pressure, turbidity and conductivity sensors indicate that basal drainage patterns did not change significantly during the events. Geophone records suggest that the episodes of basal motion were precipitated by the gradual failure of a “sticky spot” following hydraulic connection of part of the study area. This failure resulted in the transfer of basal stress to the unconnected region of the bed during the course of the events. No evidence for strong basal motion is seen in the instrument records for several weeks following the events, suggesting that the mechanical adjustments resulted in a stable configuration of basal stresses. This event illustrates how unstable situations can be quickly accommodated by mechanical adjustments at the glacier bed.

scholarly journals Impact of dust deposition on the albedo of Vatnajökull ice cap, Iceland

2017 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 741-754 ◽  
Author(s):  
Monika Wittmann ◽  
Christine Dorothea Groot Zwaaftink ◽  
Louise Steffensen Schmidt ◽  
Sverrir Guðmundsson ◽  
Finnur Pálsson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mass Balance ◽  
Radiative Forcing ◽  
Climate Model ◽  
Dispersion Model ◽  
Dust Deposition ◽  
Glacier Surface ◽  
Outlet Glacier ◽  
Ice Cap ◽  
Weather Stations ◽  
Dust Events

Abstract. Deposition of small amounts of airborne dust on glaciers causes positive radiative forcing and enhanced melting due to the reduction of surface albedo. To study the effects of dust deposition on the mass balance of Brúarjökull, an outlet glacier of the largest ice cap in Iceland, Vatnajökull, a study of dust deposition events in the year 2012 was carried out. The dust-mobilisation module FLEXDUST was used to calculate spatio-temporally resolved dust emissions from Iceland and the dispersion model FLEXPART was used to simulate atmospheric dust dispersion and deposition. We used albedo measurements at two automatic weather stations on Brúarjökull to evaluate the dust impacts. Both stations are situated in the accumulation area of the glacier, but the lower station is close to the equilibrium line. For this site ( ∼  1210 m a.s.l.), the dispersion model produced 10 major dust deposition events and a total annual deposition of 20.5 g m−2. At the station located higher on the glacier ( ∼  1525 m a.s.l.), the model produced nine dust events, with one single event causing  ∼  5 g m−2 of dust deposition and a total deposition of  ∼  10 g m−2 yr−1. The main dust source was found to be the Dyngjusandur floodplain north of Vatnajökull; northerly winds prevailed 80 % of the time at the lower station when dust events occurred. In all of the simulated dust events, a corresponding albedo drop was observed at the weather stations. The influence of the dust on the albedo was estimated using the regional climate model HIRHAM5 to simulate the albedo of a clean glacier surface without dust. By comparing the measured albedo to the modelled albedo, we determine the influence of dust events on the snow albedo and the surface energy balance. We estimate that the dust deposition caused an additional 1.1 m w.e. (water equivalent) of snowmelt (or 42 % of the 2.8 m w.e. total melt) compared to a hypothetical clean glacier surface at the lower station, and 0.6 m w.e. more melt (or 38 % of the 1.6 m w.e. melt in total) at the station located further upglacier. Our findings show that dust has a strong influence on the mass balance of glaciers in Iceland.

scholarly journals Glaciodynamic context of subglacial bedform generation and preservation

1999 ◽  
Vol 28 ◽  
pp. 23-32 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chris D. Clark
Keyword(s):  
Ice Sheets ◽  
Ice Sheet ◽  
Shear Stresses ◽  
Morphometric Characteristics ◽  
Glacial Cycle ◽  
Sheet Flow ◽  
Ice Flow ◽  
Ice Stream ◽  
Highly Sensitive ◽  
Basal Shear

AbstractSubglacially-produced drift lineations provide spatially extensive evidence of ice flow that can be used to aid reconstructions of the evolution of former ice sheets. Such reconstructions, however, are highly sensitive to assumptions made about the glaciodynamic context of lineament generation; when during the glacial cycle and where within the ice sheet were they produced. A range of glaciodynamic contexts are explored which include: sheet-flow submarginally restricted; sheet-flow pervasive; sheet- flow patch; ice stream; and surge or re-advance. Examples of each are provided. The crux of deciphering the appropriate context is whether lineations were laid down time-trans-gressively or isochronously. It is proposed that spatial and morphometric characteristics of lineations, and their association with other landforms, can be used as objective criteria to help distinguish between these cases.A logically complete ice-sheet reconstruction must also account for the observed patches of older lineations and other relict surfaces and deposits that have survived erasure by subsequent ice flow. A range of potential preservation mechanisms are explored, including: cold- based ice; low basal-shear stresses; shallowing of the deforming layer; and basal uncoupling.

scholarly journals Calibration of glacier volume–area relations from surface extent fluctuations and application to future glacier change

2010 ◽  
Vol 56 (195) ◽  
pp. 33-40 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marco Möller ◽  
Christoph Schneider
Keyword(s):  
Surface Area ◽  
Glacier Change ◽  
Initial Surface ◽  
Limited Information ◽  
Outlet Glacier ◽  
Ice Volume ◽  
Ice Cap ◽  
Chilean Patagonia ◽  
Sres Scenarios ◽  
Ipcc Sres

AbstractThe volume- and area-change evolution of glaciers can be obtained by employing the volume–area scaling approach during mass-balance modelling. This method usually requires information on the initial surface area and ice volume to adjust the volume–area relation to the specific ice body. However, absolute volumetric data on glaciers are very rare, so the applicability of volume–area scaling is limited. In order to use volume–area scaling on glaciers for which only limited information is available, a new method is presented to calibrate the volume–area relation without prior knowledge of this relation by using glacier extent information from different times. To validate the method and illustrate its practicability, we model the range of probable future changes in ice volume and surface area of ‘Glaciar Noroeste’, an outlet glacier of Gran Campo Nevado ice cap, southern Chilean Patagonia, during the 21st century, based on IPCC SRES scenarios B1 and A2.

scholarly journals Helicopter-borne radio-echo sounding of Svartisen, Norway

1993 ◽  
Vol 17 ◽  
pp. 23-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Kennett ◽  
Tron Laumann ◽  
Cecilie Lund
Keyword(s):  
Low Frequency ◽  
Ice Thickness ◽  
Digital Receiver ◽  
Outlet Glacier ◽  
Northern Norway ◽  
Bed Topography ◽  
Ice Cap ◽  
Radio Echo Sounding ◽  
Depth Sounding ◽  
Ice Radar

A helicopter-mounted low frequency ice-radar has been developed for the depth sounding of temperate glaciers. The radar consists of standard transmitter and digital receiver equipment. The long antennae are supported on a special aluminium and fibreglass construction which hangs 20 m below the helicopter. The radar has been used on Engabreen, an outlet glacier of the Svartisen Ice Cap in northern Norway, where ice thicknesses of up to 350 m were obtained. The results have been used to construct a map of bed topography of the lower part of Engabreen. This map is largely consistent with ice thickness data obtained by drilling.

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