An Experiment on Image Transmission to an Icebreaker (Abstract)

Finland has such a climate that all its harbours in the Baltic Sea are frozen every winter. Ice may sometimes be more than 1 m thick, as it was in the Bay of Bothnia, the northernmost basin of the Baltic Sea, during the winter of 1985.The Finnish Institute of Marine Research has used the imagery of the Tiros-N series of satellites successfully in sea-ice mapping for some years. In the Institute daily ice charts have been prepared and sent by facsimile to icebreakers in the Baltic Sea. In 1985, an experiment was conducted to transmit the same imagery to an icebreaker operating in the Bay of Bothnia. Existing telecommunication networks were used. The image data transmitted by NOAA-6 and NOAA-9 satellites were received at Tromsø Telemetry Station in Norway and then transmitted to Espoo in Finland. The data processing consisted of geometric correction, edge enhancement, and drawing the coastline with location symbols. The most interesting area was extracted and transmitted by NMT mobile telephone to the icebreaker.The almost real-time image transmission turned out to be useful from the point of view of icebreaker operation. The images could be used to identify cracks and narrow leads in the ice. Such very detailed information cannot be included in routine ice charts. The icebreaker can use this information for giving instructions to other ships to find easier routes. This reduces the need for icebreaker assistance. The images can also help the icebreaker to avoid wide heavily ridged areas.This experiment was at low cost and can be technically developed further. It showed that this kind of assistance for icebreakers is economically profitable for winter navigation.

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An Experiment on Image Transmission to an Icebreaker (Abstract)

Annals of Glaciology ◽

10.1017/s0260305500000896 ◽

1987 ◽

Vol 9 ◽

pp. 249

Author(s):

O. Korhonen

Keyword(s):

Baltic Sea ◽

Low Cost ◽

Image Data ◽

Image Transmission ◽

Point Of View ◽

Mobile Telephone ◽

Telecommunication Networks ◽

The Baltic Sea ◽

Marine Research ◽

The Baltic

Finland has such a climate that all its harbours in the Baltic Sea are frozen every winter. Ice may sometimes be more than 1 m thick, as it was in the Bay of Bothnia, the northernmost basin of the Baltic Sea, during the winter of 1985. The Finnish Institute of Marine Research has used the imagery of the Tiros-N series of satellites successfully in sea-ice mapping for some years. In the Institute daily ice charts have been prepared and sent by facsimile to icebreakers in the Baltic Sea. In 1985, an experiment was conducted to transmit the same imagery to an icebreaker operating in the Bay of Bothnia. Existing telecommunication networks were used. The image data transmitted by NOAA-6 and NOAA-9 satellites were received at Tromsø Telemetry Station in Norway and then transmitted to Espoo in Finland. The data processing consisted of geometric correction, edge enhancement, and drawing the coastline with location symbols. The most interesting area was extracted and transmitted by NMT mobile telephone to the icebreaker. The almost real-time image transmission turned out to be useful from the point of view of icebreaker operation. The images could be used to identify cracks and narrow leads in the ice. Such very detailed information cannot be included in routine ice charts. The icebreaker can use this information for giving instructions to other ships to find easier routes. This reduces the need for icebreaker assistance. The images can also help the icebreaker to avoid wide heavily ridged areas. This experiment was at low cost and can be technically developed further. It showed that this kind of assistance for icebreakers is economically profitable for winter navigation.

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The selected hydrotechnical conditions of the Dnieper – Bug Channel and the Pripyat River in the development of the International Waterway E40

Biuletyn Instytutu Morskiego ◽

10.5604/01.3001.0010.7460 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 32 (1) ◽

pp. 0-0

Author(s):

Marcin Kalinowski

Keyword(s):

Baltic Sea ◽

Black Sea ◽

State Policy ◽

Point Of View ◽

The Black Sea ◽

The Baltic Sea ◽

Inland Waterways ◽

Inland Waterway ◽

The Baltic

International waterway E40 (MDW E40) is included in the network of inland waterways of transnational importance. It is a link between two areas: the Baltic Sea and the Black Sea. E40 route runs through three countries: Poland, Belarus and Ukraine. The article presents the results of the study on the analysis of two very important sections of the MDW E40 on the Belarusian section, it is:. the Dnieper – Bug Channel and the Pripy River. Both elements from the point of view of navigability are the most important links throughout the Belarusian section of the waterway. This article will be useful for the development of plans for revitalization of the international waterway E40 not only on the Belarus part, but also in Poland and Ukraine. Due to the accession and signature by Poland of the AGN Convention in January 2017, the article can be a material to supporting state policy in the context of the development of the inland waterway system in Poland and Europe.

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Lutheranism and The Reformed Faith on the Continent

Church History ◽

10.1017/s0009640700010234 ◽

1934 ◽

Vol 3 (3) ◽

pp. 173-186 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Adolf Keller

Keyword(s):

Baltic Sea ◽

Small Groups ◽

Point Of View ◽

The Baltic Sea ◽

Statistical Point ◽

Presbyterian Church ◽

The Baltic ◽

The Relationship ◽

International Character ◽

The Church

It is a well known fact that the Lutheran Reformation has found entrance mostly into the nations of the Germanic race. The larger part of Germany and the northern countries around the Baltic Sea are Lutheran. Lutheranism has also gathered small groups in France, Holland, Hungary, and Czechoslovakia, but it is safe to say that there exists a certain affinity between the Lutheran faith and the Germanic race. The Reformed faith, in the form of Calvinism or of the Zwinglian Reformation, has a more international character. From its birthplaces in Zürich and Geneva it penetrated into France, Holland, Scotland, Hungary, Lithuania, and conquered even the House of Hohenzollern. The relationship between the two confessions, considered from a statistical point of view, has undergone but little change in the last few centuries. The most important alterations perhaps have taken place as a result of the union in the Church of Prussia and of the formation of the Czechoslovak Church of the Czech Brethren. The Reformed faith has been nearly extinguished in Russia where the larger parishes disappeared or were dissolved into Lutheran parishes. In Greece a young Presbyterian church is in the process of formation, and was considerably increased by the emigration of Greek refugees from Anatolia where the Southern Presbyterians had planted a hopeful missionary church.

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Cyanobacteria net community production in the Baltic Sea as inferred from proﬁling <i>p</i>CO<sub>2</sub> measurements

10.5194/bg-2021-40 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Jens Daniel Müller ◽

Bernd Schneider ◽

Ulf Gräwe ◽

Peer Fietzek ◽

Marcus Bo Wallin ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Baltic Sea ◽

Dissolved Inorganic Carbon ◽

Low Cost ◽

Sea Surface ◽

Sensor Technology ◽

Small Scale ◽

The Baltic Sea ◽

Net Community Production ◽

The Baltic ◽

Community Production

Abstract. Organic matter production by cyanobacteria blooms is a major environmental concern for the Baltic Sea as it promotes thespread of anoxic zones. Partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO2) measurements carried out on Ships of Opportunity (SOOP) since 2003 have proven to be a powerful tool to resolve the carbon dynamics of the blooms in space and time. However, SOOP measurements lack the possibility to directly constrain the depth–integrated net community production (NCP) due to their restriction to the sea surface. This study tackles the resulting knowledge gap through (1) providing a best–guess NCP estimatefor an individual cyanobacteria bloom based on repeated profiling measurements of pCO2 and (2) establishing an algorithm to accurately reconstruct depth–integrated NCP from surface pCO2 observations in combination with modelled temperature profiles. Goal (1) was achieved by deploying state–of–the–art sensor technology from a small–scale sailing vessel. The low–cost and flexible platform enabled observations covering an entire bloom event that occurred in July and August 2018 in the Eastern Gotland Sea. For the biogeochemical interpretation, recorded pCO2 profiles were converted to CT*, which is the dissolved inorganic carbon concentration normalised to alkalinity. We found that the investigated Nodularia–dominated bloom event had many biogeochemical characteristics in common with blooms in previous years. In particular, it lasted for about three weeks, caused a CT* drawdown of 80 μmol kg−1, and was accompanied by a sea surface temperature increase of 10 °C. The novel finding of this study is the vertical extension of the CT* drawdown up to 12 m water depth. Integration of the CT* drawdown across this depth and correction for vertical fluxes permit a best–guess NCP estimate of ~1.2 mol–C m−2. Addressing goal (2), we combined modelled hydrographical profiles with surface pCO2 observations recorded by SOOP Finnmaid within the study area. Introducing the temperature penetration depth (TPD) as a new parameter to integrate SOOP observations across depth, we achieve a reconstructed NCP estimate that agrees to the best–guess within 10 %. Applying the TPD approach to almost two decades of surface pCO2 observations available for the Baltic Sea bears the potential to provide new insights into the control and long–term trends of cyanobacteria NCP. This understanding is key for an effective design and monitoring of conservation measures aiming at a Good Environmental Status of the Baltic Sea.

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The baltic environmental information dissemination system: using environmental informatics as a tool for sustainable development in the Baltic Sea region

Scientia Agricola ◽

10.1590/s0103-90162002000300029 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 59 (3) ◽

pp. 605-611

Author(s):

Walter Leal Filho

Keyword(s):

Sustainable Development ◽

Baltic Sea ◽

Information Dissemination ◽

Environmental Information ◽

The Baltic Sea ◽

Marine Research ◽

Environmental Informatics ◽

Baltic Sea Region ◽

State Of Affairs ◽

The Baltic

The on-going economic development of EU-countries as well of the countries in the C&E European region has been leading to a significant use of a great deal of natural resources as well as to noticeable environmental problems. The lack of a wide-spread environmental awareness from the side of those acting in various sectors (industry, public administration, users) sometimes inhibit the implementation of legislation already available as well as the introduction of new technologies deriving, from example, from marine research. An example of this state of affairs is seen in respect of the implementation of the recommendations deriving from Baltic 21 and VASAB 2010, which illustrate the advantages from a cross-sectorial, open mechanism for the dissemination of environmental information in the region. There are various organisations today which act as suppliers of environmental information in the Baltic Sea Region. However, few, if any, are providers concerned with the various ways in which information on matters related to sustainable development is being used by various groups and audiences. This state of affairs makes it necessary to enhance the current mechanisms and approaches in place, so as to enable the wide-range of environmental information available today from areas such as marine research, to be more widely used. It is equally important that the didactic or educational potential of such information be exploited, so as to not only inform, but also to educate various groups and the general public on matters concerned with the environment in European closed seas and give information to planners and politicians to prepare decisions. In order to address such needs, the project "Baltic Environmental Information Dissemination System (BEIDS)" was set in motion. BEIDS has been taking advantage of the most modern information technologies and has been acting as a focal point for the circulation of intelligent information on aspects of the marine environment, but also emphasising related areas such as transport and sustainable development issues, among a sample of six BSR countries: Denmark, Finland, Germany, Sweden (EU) and Lithuania and Poland (non-EU), contributing to networking and know-how exchange, complementing efforts towards transregional cooperation in sustainable spatial planning on the basis of Baltic 21. The results reached to date include: increased awareness of matters related to sustainable development in the six participant countries; enhanced communication exchange and networking among the sample nations; improved information flow and increased participation in events, activities and programmes across the Baltic Sea Region. BEIDS is a prime example of the feasibility of using environmental informatics as a tool for sustainable development.

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100 years of atmospheric and marine observations at the Finnish Utö Island in the Baltic Sea

Ocean Science ◽

10.5194/os-14-617-2018 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 14 (4) ◽

pp. 617-632 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Lauri Laakso ◽

Santtu Mikkonen ◽

Achim Drebs ◽

Anu Karjalainen ◽

Pentti Pirinen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Sea Ice ◽

Baltic Sea ◽

Saline Water ◽

Seawater Temperature ◽

Ice Cover ◽

Atmospheric Temperature ◽

Research Station ◽

The Baltic Sea ◽

Marine Research ◽

The Baltic

Abstract. The Utö Atmospheric and Marine Research Station introduced in this paper is located on Utö Island (59∘46.84′ N, 21∘22.13′ E) at the outer edge of the Archipelago Sea, by the Baltic Sea towards the Baltic Proper. Meteorological observations at the island started in 1881 and vertical profiling of seawater temperature and salinity in 1900. Since 1980, the number of observations at Utö has rapidly increased, with a large number of new meteorological, air quality, aerosol, optical and greenhouse gas parameters, and recently, a variety of marine observations. In this study, we analyze long-term changes of atmospheric temperature, cloudiness, sea salinity, temperature and ice cover. Our main dataset consists of 248 367 atmospheric temperature observations, 1632 quality-assured vertical seawater temperature and salinity profiles and 8565 ice maps, partly digitized for this project. We also use North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO), major Baltic inflow (MBI) and Baltic Sea river runoff data from the literature as reference variables to our data. Our analysis is based on a statistical method utilizing a dynamic linear model. The results show an increase in the atmospheric temperature at Utö, but the increase is significantly smaller than on land areas and has taken place only since the early 1980s, with a rate of 0.4 ∘C decade−1 during the last 35 years. We also see an increase in seawater temperatures, especially on the surface, with an increase of 0.3 ∘C decade−1 for the last 100 years. In deeper water layers, the increase is smaller and influenced by vertical mixing, which is modulated by inflow of saline water from the North Sea and freshwater inflow from rivers and by wind-driven processes influenced by the local bathymetry. The date when air temperature in the spring exceeds +5 ∘C became 5 days earlier from the period 1951–1980 to the period 1981–2010 and the date when sea surface water temperature exceeds +4 ∘C changed to 9 days earlier. Sea ice cover duration at Utö shows a decrease of approximately 50 % during the last 35 years. Based on the combined results, it is possible that the climate at Utö has changed into a new phase, in which the sea ice no longer reduces the local temperature increase caused by the global warming.

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The ecological economics of the Baltic Sea

European Review ◽

10.1017/s1062798700000739 ◽

1993 ◽

Vol 1 (4) ◽

pp. 329-335 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Tomasz Żylicz

Keyword(s):

Baltic Sea ◽

Biological Diversity ◽

Low Cost ◽

Sewage Treatment ◽

Policy Instruments ◽

The Baltic Sea ◽

Wetland Ecosystems ◽

Environmental Recovery ◽

The Baltic ◽

The Cost

The paper discusses policies aimed at reducing the eutrophication of the Baltic Sea. Discharges of two nutrients—phosphorus and nitrogen—can be mitigated by measures ranging from sewage treatment to creating or enhancing natural ‘nutrient sinks’ such as coastal wetlands. The latter have been identified as low-cost alternatives to removing nitrogen through traditional, end-of-pipe technologies. Implementation of such projects yields additional benefits through enhancing biological diversity by recovering valuable habitats typical of wetland ecosystems. The paper offers several recommendations regarding policy instruments likely to enhance the cost-effectiveness of the Baltic-wide environmental recovery programme now under way.

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Sea ice in the Baltic Sea – revisiting BASIS ice, a historical data set covering the period 1960/1961–1978/1979

Earth System Science Data ◽

10.5194/essd-6-367-2014 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 6 (2) ◽

pp. 367-374 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

U. Löptien ◽

H. Dietze

Keyword(s):

Sea Ice ◽

Baltic Sea ◽

Environmental Science ◽

Set Covering ◽

The Baltic Sea ◽

Data Set ◽

Marine Research ◽

Joint Project ◽

Finnish Meteorological Institute ◽

The Baltic

Abstract. The Baltic Sea is a seasonally ice-covered, marginal sea in central northern Europe. It is an essential waterway connecting highly industrialised countries. Because ship traffic is intermittently hindered by sea ice, the local weather services have been monitoring sea ice conditions for decades. In the present study we revisit a historical monitoring data set, covering the winters 1960/1961 to 1978/1979. This data set, dubbed Data Bank for Baltic Sea Ice and Sea Surface Temperatures (BASIS) ice, is based on hand-drawn maps that were collected and then digitised in 1981 in a joint project of the Finnish Institute of Marine Research (today the Finnish Meteorological Institute (FMI)) and the Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute (SMHI). BASIS ice was designed for storage on punch cards and all ice information is encoded by five digits. This makes the data hard to access. Here we present a post-processed product based on the original five-digit code. Specifically, we convert to standard ice quantities (including information on ice types), which we distribute in the current and free Network Common Data Format (NetCDF). Our post-processed data set will help to assess numerical ice models and provide easy-to-access unique historical reference material for sea ice in the Baltic Sea. In addition we provide statistics showcasing the data quality. The website http://www.baltic-ocean.org hosts the post-processed data and the conversion code. The data are also archived at the Data Publisher for Earth & Environmental Science, PANGAEA (doi:10.1594/PANGAEA.832353).

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Sea ice in the Baltic Sea – revisiting BASIS ice, a~historical data set covering the period 1960/1961–1978/1979

Earth System Science Data Discussions ◽

10.5194/essdd-7-419-2014 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 7 (1) ◽

pp. 419-440

Author(s):

U. Löptien ◽

H. Dietze

Keyword(s):

Sea Ice ◽

Baltic Sea ◽

Environmental Science ◽

Data Bank ◽

Set Covering ◽

The Baltic Sea ◽

Data Set ◽

Marine Research ◽

Joint Project ◽

The Baltic

Abstract. The Baltic Sea is a seasonally ice-covered, marginal sea, situated in central northern Europe. It is an essential waterway connecting highly industrialised countries. Because ship traffic is intermittently hindered by sea ice, the local weather services have been monitoring sea ice conditions for decades. In the present study we revisit a historical monitoring data set, covering the winters 1960/1961. This data set, dubbed Data Bank for Baltic Sea Ice and Sea Surface Temperatures (BASIS) ice, is based on hand-drawn maps that were collected and then digitised 1981 in a joint project of the Finnish Institute of Marine Research (today Finish Meteorological Institute (FMI)) and the Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute (SMHI). BASIS ice was designed for storage on punch cards and all ice information is encoded by five digits. This makes the data hard to access. Here we present a post-processed product based on the original five-digit code. Specifically, we convert to standard ice quantities (including information on ice types), which we distribute in the current and free Network Common Data Format (NetCDF). Our post-processed data set will help to assess numerical ice models and provide easy-to-access unique historical reference material for sea ice in the Baltic Sea. In addition we provide statistics showcasing the data quality. The website www.baltic-ocean.org hosts the post-prossed data and the conversion code. The data are also archived at the Data Publisher for Earth & Environmental Science PANGEA (doi:10.1594/PANGEA.832353).

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One hundred years of atmospheric and marine observations at Utö Island, the Baltic Sea

10.5194/os-2017-105 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

Lauri Laakso ◽

Santtu Mikkonen ◽

Achim Drebs ◽

Anu Karjalainen ◽

Pentti Pirinen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Baltic Sea ◽

Water Temperature ◽

Sea Water ◽

Seawater Temperature ◽

Ice Cover ◽

Atmospheric Temperature ◽

Research Station ◽

The Baltic Sea ◽

Marine Research ◽

The Baltic

Abstract. Utö Atmospheric and Marine Research Station is located on Utö Island (59°46’50 N, 21°22’23 E) at the outer edge of the Archipelago Sea, Baltic Sea towards the Baltic Sea Proper. Meteorological observations at the island started in 1881 and vertical profiling of sea water temperature and salinity in 1900. In this study, we analyze long-term changes of atmospheric temperature, cloudiness and sea salinity, temperature and ice cover. Our main dataset consists of 248 367 atmospheric temperature observations, 1632 quality assured vertical seawater temperature and salinity profiles and 8565 ice maps, partly digitized for this project. We also use North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) and Major Baltic Inflow (MBI) data from the literature as reference variables to our data. Our analysis is based on statistical method utilizing dynamic linear model. The results show an increase in the atmospheric temperature at Utö, but the increase is significantly smaller than on land areas and takes place only since early 1980's, with a rate of 0.4 °C/decade during the last 35 years. We also see an increase on sea water temperatures, especially on the surface, with an increase of 0.3 °C/decade for the last 100 years. In deeper water layers the increase is smaller and influenced by vertical mixing, which is modulated by inflow of saline water from the North Sea and fresh water inflow. Date when air temperature in the spring exceeds +5 °C has become 5 days earlier from the period 1951–1980 to period 1981–2010 and date when sea surface water temperature exceed +4 °C has changed 9 days earlier. Sea ice cover duration at Utö shows a decrease of approximately 50 % during the last 35 years. Based on the combined results, it is possible that the climate at Utö may have changed into a new phase, in which ice do not reduce the local effects of global temperature increase.

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