scholarly journals Shadow Education in Germany: Compensatory or Status Attainment Strategy? Findings from the German LifE Study

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (2-2019) ◽  
pp. 143-159 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steve R. Entrich ◽  
Wolfgang Lauterbach
Keyword(s):  
Performance Improvement ◽  
Social Reproduction ◽  
Regression Models ◽  
Status Attainment ◽  
Strong Increase ◽  
Shadow Education ◽  
Competitive Advantages ◽  
Life Study ◽  
German Life ◽  
Using Data

In Germany we observe a strong increase in the enrolment in shadow education (‘Nachhilfe’) over the last two decades. To explain this development we draw on social reproduction theories identifying two strategies: (1) families seek competitive advantages for their children to maintain or achieve an advantageous education level (status attainment strategy); and (2) families seek performance improvement for their low performing children in order to meet the high demands in the pursuit of the highest school diploma (compensatory strategy). To test our theoretical ideas, we estimate regression models using data from the 2012 German LifE study. We find that shadow education is primarily used by disadvantaged educational strata to deal with higher demands in school. We conclude that the increased investment in Nachhilfe is an unintended but not yet negative outcome of educational expansion and recent educational reforms in Germany.

Urban Homeownership and Mental Health: Mediating Effect of Perceived Sense of Control

2012 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 409-430 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kim R. Manturuk
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Regression Models ◽  
Mediating Effect ◽  
Sense Of Control ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Subjective Trust ◽  
Control Part

What are the mechanisms responsible for homeowners’ better mental health? Social disorganization theory suggests that the relationship between homeownership and mental health is mediated by perceived sense of control, trust in neighbors, and residential stability. This hypothesis is tested using data collected from respondents in 30 low–wealth urban areas. Using propensity score matching and regression models, I find that low–income homeowners report a greater sense of control and trust in their neighbors than comparable renters. Homeownership likewise has an impact on mental health, but the effect is entirely mediated by perceived sense of control. Part of that mediating effect is related to avoiding serious delinquency in mortgage payments. However, subjective trust and residential mobility did not mediate the relationship between homeownership and mental health. The study findings are discussed in light of the need for a cohesive theory of homeownership, particularly given changing economic realities.

Managing Inflation

2016 ◽  
Vol 63 (1) ◽  
pp. 77-87 ◽  
Author(s):  
William H. Fisher ◽  
Stephanie W. Hartwell ◽  
Xiaogang Deng
Keyword(s):  
Count Data ◽  
Regression Models ◽  
Negative Binomial ◽  
Negative Binomial Regression ◽  
Excess Zeros ◽  
Binomial Regression ◽  
Negative Binomial Models ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Over Dispersion ◽  
Binomial Models

Poisson and negative binomial regression procedures have proliferated, and now are available in virtually all statistical packages. Along with the regression procedures themselves are procedures for addressing issues related to the over-dispersion and excessive zeros commonly observed in count data. These approaches, zero-inflated Poisson and zero-inflated negative binomial models, use logit or probit models for the “excess” zeros and count regression models for the counted data. Although these models are often appropriate on statistical grounds, their interpretation may prove substantively difficult. This article explores this dilemma, using data from a study of individuals released from facilities maintained by the Massachusetts Department of Correction.

scholarly journals Dietary phytoestrogen intakes of adult women are not strongly related to fecundability in 2 preconception cohort studies

2020 ◽  
Vol 150 (5) ◽  
pp. 1240-1251 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amelia K Wesselink ◽  
Elizabeth E Hatch ◽  
Ellen M Mikkelsen ◽  
Ellen Trolle ◽  
Sydney K Willis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cohort Studies ◽  
Luteal Phase ◽  
Regression Models ◽  
Adult Women ◽  
Hormonal Activity ◽  
Web Based ◽  
Pregnancy Status ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Study Participants

ABSTRACT Background Phytoestrogens are plant-derived hormonally active compounds found in soy, cruciferous vegetables, nuts, and seeds. Although phytoestrogens have been associated with altered endogenous hormonal activity, luteal phase deficiency, and reduced endometrial decidualization, the literature reporting examinations of phytoestrogen intake and fertility presents mixed findings. Objectives We sought to evaluate prospectively the association between dietary phytoestrogen intake (isoflavones, lignans, and coumestans) and fecundability, the per-cycle probability of conception, in 2 cohorts of women planning pregnancy. Methods Pregnancy Study Online (PRESTO) and Snart Foraeldre (SF) are parallel web-based preconception cohort studies of women from North America and Denmark, respectively, who are trying to conceive. Participants complete an online baseline questionnaire on sociodemographic, lifestyle, and medical factors. We ascertained intake of individual phytoestrogens from validated FFQs. We measured fecundability using data on menstruation and pregnancy status from bimonthly follow-up questionnaires. We analyzed data from 4880 PRESTO and 2898 SF female study participants who had been attempting conception for ≤6 cycles at study entry. We used proportional probabilities regression models to estimate fecundability ratios (FRs) and 95% CIs. Results Phytoestrogen intake varied across cohorts, yet was associated with higher socioeconomic status and healthier behaviors in both cohorts. After adjustment for potential confounders, phytoestrogen intake was not substantially associated with fecundability in either cohort. We observed some evidence of improved fecundability with increasing isoflavone intake among women age ≥30 years in PRESTO (FR: 1.12; 95% CI: 0.94, 1.34, for comparison of ≥90th with <25th percentile intake) and SF (corresponding FR: 1.19; 95% CI: 0.92, 1.55). Lignan intake was associated with slightly increased fecundability in SF (FR for comparison of 75th to 90th with <25th percentile: 1.10; 95% CI: 0.96, 1.26), but decreased fecundability in PRESTO (FR for comparison of ≥90th with <25th percentile: 0.83; 95% CI: 0.72, 0.97). Conclusions We did not observe strong associations between phytoestrogen intake and prospectively-measured fecundability among North American or Danish pregnancy planners.

scholarly journals Parenting Stress and the Use of Formal and Informal Child Care: Associations for Fathers and Mothers

2018 ◽  
Vol 39 (12) ◽  
pp. 3203-3224 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lyn Craig ◽  
Brendan Churchill
Keyword(s):  
Parenting Stress ◽  
Household Income ◽  
Regression Models ◽  
Family Care ◽  
Formal Care ◽  
Panel Survey ◽  
Family Carers ◽  
Stress Scale ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Employed Parents

We investigated relationships between nonparental care and psychological strains of parenthood. Using data from employed parents of children below 5 years of age ( n = 6,886 fathers and mothers) from Waves 4 to 11 of the household panel survey Household, Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia (HILDA), we constructed a parenting stress scale from the average of four items (α = .76) administered in the Self-Completion Questionnaire. We ran panel random-effects regression models testing associations between amount and type of nonparental care and parenting stress, for both mothers and fathers. We distinguished between formal care, informal and family care (mainly grandparents), and mixed care. Results showed that fathers and mothers’ parenting stress is positively associated with hours of nonparental care, but that for both genders parenting stress is significantly lower if the care is provided by informal/family carers.

Propensity scores: From naïve enthusiasm to intuitive understanding

2011 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 273-293 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth Williamson ◽  
Ruth Morley ◽  
Alan Lucas ◽  
James Carpenter
Keyword(s):  
Propensity Score ◽  
Regression Models ◽  
Propensity Scores ◽  
Causal Effect ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Propensity Score Methods ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Alternative Approach ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Unmeasured Confounders

Estimation of the effect of a binary exposure on an outcome in the presence of confounding is often carried out via outcome regression modelling. An alternative approach is to use propensity score methodology. The propensity score is the conditional probability of receiving the exposure given the observed covariates and can be used, under the assumption of no unmeasured confounders, to estimate the causal effect of the exposure. In this article, we provide a non-technical and intuitive discussion of propensity score methodology, motivating the use of the propensity score approach by analogy with randomised studies, and describe the four main ways in which this methodology can be implemented. We carefully describe the population parameters being estimated — an issue that is frequently overlooked in the medical literature. We illustrate these four methods using data from a study investigating the association between maternal choice to provide breast milk and the infant's subsequent neurodevelopment. We outline useful extensions of propensity score methodology and discuss directions for future research. Propensity score methods remain controversial and there is no consensus as to when, if ever, they should be used in place of traditional outcome regression models. We therefore end with a discussion of the relative advantages and disadvantages of each.

scholarly journals Warming of Near-Surface Summer Water Temperatures in Lakes of the Conterminous United States

Water ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (12) ◽  
pp. 3381
Author(s):  
Roger W. Bachmann ◽  
Daniel E. Canfield ◽  
Sapna Sharma ◽  
Vincent Lecours
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Surface Water ◽  
Regression Models ◽  
Near Surface ◽  
Rates Of Change ◽  
Air Temperatures ◽  
Summer Warming ◽  
Multiple Regression Models ◽  
Maximum Temperatures ◽  
Using Data

Because warming water temperatures have widespread consequences for freshwater communities, we were interested in estimating the patterns and rates of change of near-surface summer water temperatures in United States lakes. We developed multiple regression models to relate daily surface water temperatures in lakes of the conterminous United States to 8-day average air temperatures, latitude, elevation, and sampling month and year using data from 5723 lake samples in the months of June-September during the period 1981–2018. Our model explained 79% of the variation with a root-mean-square error of 1.69 °C. We predicted monthly average near-surface water temperatures for 1033 lakes for each year from 1981 through 2018. Lakes across the conterminous United States have been warming for the period 1981–2018 at an average heating rate of 0.32 °C per decade for the summer months (June–September). The average summer warming from 1981–2018 would be the equivalent of a lake decreasing 259 m in elevation or moving 233 km south. On the basis of national air temperatures starting in 1895, it was inferred that lake water temperatures are variable from year to year and have been steadily increasing since 1964, but that maximum temperatures in the 1930s were just as warm as those in 2008–2018.

scholarly journals The Role of Marriage and Military Service on Reoffending: Race, “The Respectability Package,” and the Desistance Process

2020 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
pp. 106-125
Author(s):  
Wendi L. Johnson ◽  
Peggy C. Giordano
Keyword(s):  
Military Service ◽  
Regression Models ◽  
Adult Health ◽  
Logistic Regression Models ◽  
Criminal Involvement ◽  
National Longitudinal Study ◽  
Military Involvement ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Volunteer Force

We build on prior research examining military involvement and criminal involvement by investigating the importance of acquiring the more complete “respectability package” that includes marriage as well as military experience and variations among White and Black respondents. Using data from Waves I and IV of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health (Add Health; n = 5,801), analyses use logistic regression models to assess associations of military service, marriage, and race with odds of reoffending among White and Black young adults who reported offending at Wave I. Military involvement was associated with lower odds of offending for Black respondents only, while marriage was associated with decreased odds of reoffending across both groups. Among Black respondents, analyses also highlighted the importance of acquiring both components of the respectability package (military service and marriage) in the context of today’s all-volunteer force in reducing criminal involvement.

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