scholarly journals A Formal, Resource Consumption-Preserving Translation from Actors with Cooperative Scheduling to Haskell*

2020 ◽  
Vol 177 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 203-234
Author(s):  
Elvira Albert ◽  
Nikolaos Bezirgiannis ◽  
Frank de Boer ◽  
Enrique Martin-Martin
Keyword(s):  
Cost Model ◽  
Formal Semantics ◽  
Operational Semantics ◽  
Resource Consumption ◽  
Target Language ◽  
Correctness Proof ◽  
High Level ◽  
Resource Aware ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Cooperative Scheduling

We present a formal translation of a resource-aware extension of the Abstract Behavioral Specification (ABS) language to the functional language Haskell. ABS is an actor-based language tailored to the modeling of distributed systems. It combines asynchronous method calls with a suspend and resume mode of execution of the method invocations. To cater for the resulting cooperative scheduling of the method invocations of an actor, the translation exploits for the compilation of ABS methods Haskell functions with continuations. The main result of this article is a correctness proof of the translation by means of a simulation relation between a formal semantics of the source language and a high-level operational semantics of the target language, i.e., a subset of Haskell. We further prove that the resource consumption of an ABS program extended with a cost model is preserved over this translation, as we establish an equivalence of the cost of executing the ABS program and its corresponding Haskell-translation. Concretely, the resources consumed by the original ABS program and those consumed by the Haskell program are the same, considering a cost model. Consequently, the resource bounds automatically inferred for ABS programs extended with a cost model, using resource analysis tools, are sound resource bounds also for the translated Haskell programs. Our experimental evaluation confirms the resource preservation over a set of benchmarks featuring different asymptotic costs.

Pricing Commuter, Intercity, and Freight Trains in a Terminal Railway Context: An Approach

2003 ◽  
Vol 1825 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Bryan K. Bertie
Keyword(s):  
Cost Model ◽  
Resource Consumption ◽  
Successful Implementation ◽  
Work Effort ◽  
Capital Costs ◽  
Recovery System ◽  
Link Cost ◽  
Sharing Responsibility ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Cross Subsidization

The cost-of-service (or fully allocated cost) pricing model has been criticized in the economics literature. The criticisms generally focus on the issues of cross-subsidization problems from using average costs and economically inefficient pricing. A fully allocated cost model, applied to a terminal railroad setting, is presented that can substantively overcome these criticisms by using a resource consumption approach for key cost drivers. A successful implementation of a new cost recovery system in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, is used that applies these resource consumption concepts. A necessary precondition to this approach is the charting of the classes of traffic (commuter, intercity, and freight) into operated-track segmented paths, each of which consists of a set of one or more track links. Each traffic class path is characterized as either consisting of sole-use links, joint-use links, or a combination thereof. Operating and capital costs directly attributable to the track links are calculated. A reverse engineering work-effort-per-activity approach is used for assigning the total routine maintenance of way and maintenance of signals budget dollars to the terminal track links. The resource consumption approach provides a logical framework and analytical platform for analyzing link infrastructure complexity; system, path, and link capacity; path and link cost performance; and path and link renewal and replacement capital planning and capital sharing responsibility.

A Computational Model for Estimating the Cost of Spent Fuel and High-Level Radioactive Waste Transport

2003 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. R. Johnson ◽  
R. E. Best
Keyword(s):  
Radioactive Waste ◽  
Spent Nuclear Fuel ◽  
Cost Model ◽  
Transportation Cost ◽  
Cost Calculation ◽  
Spent Fuel ◽  
Transport Costs ◽  
High Level Radioactive Waste ◽  
High Level ◽  
The Cost

JAI has developed a simple computer program for use in determining a preliminary estimate of costs for transporting spent nuclear fuel or high-level radioactive waste by legal weight truck or by rail. The JAI Corporation Spent Fuel and High-Level Radioactive Waste Transportation Cost Model © is a Microsoft Excel 2000-based collection of spreadsheets. Both the truck and rail sub-models consist of three spreadsheets, or modules — as follows: • The “Input” spreadsheet accepts the user’s inputs (the user’s configuration of the transportation scenario to be modeled); • The “Cost Calculations” spreadsheet lists cost components and associated calculations; • The “Results” spreadsheet summarized the calculated transportation costs. The program does not calculate costs between two specific points, but rather over a specific distance. The individual inputs required can be entered by the user — or the user can accept the default values built into the program. The input to the program is divided into the following elements: 1. Scenario configuration; 2. Financial assumptions; 3. Capital-related costs; 4. Operating costs; 5. Freight-related costs; 6. Security-related costs. The rail portion of the program also permits the calculation of the cost of heavy haul and barge transport. The cost calculation spreadsheet contains all the algorithms used for calculating each element of cost and summing them — and the results spreadsheet shows the separate cost of capital, operations, freight, security and miscellaneous costs, plus the total cost for the shipment(s). The program offers an easy way for obtaining preliminary estimates of the cost of transporting spent fuel or high-level radioactive waste, and a way to quickly estimate the sensitivity of transport costs to changes in conditions or shipping scenarios.

Evidence on the Cost Hierarchy: The Association between Resource Consumption and Production Activities

2012 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 119-141 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shannon W. Anderson ◽  
Karen L. Sedatole
Keyword(s):  
Production Scheduling ◽  
Cost Model ◽  
Product Variety ◽  
Resource Consumption ◽  
Data Availability ◽  
Model Specification ◽  
Variable Cost ◽  
Daily Production ◽  
Data Limitations ◽  
The Cost

ABSTRACT Modern cost accounting posits that manufacturing overhead costs vary with production unit volume, batches of production, and with the variety of products produced. However, many studies fail to find an association between manufacturing overhead costs and activities associated with production batches and product variety; rather, the traditional fixed and (unit) variable cost structure is validated. One explanation is that flexible manufacturing methods and optimized production scheduling restore the relevance of the traditional cost model. Another explanation is that the relation holds, but is not detectable because of limitations of the data used in these studies. We explore the separate and joint impacts of these data limitations using data from a modern float glass manufacturing plant and a new time-driven activity-based costing model suggested by Kaplan and Anderson (2004, 2007). We find that: (1) batch and product-variety-related activities are significantly associated with resource consumption, (2) crude measures of activity promote incorrect conclusions about the strength of the relation between activities and resource consumption, and (3) monthly aggregation of data obscures important aspects of the relation between daily production activities and resource consumption. In sum, even in a highly automated setting that is biased against finding evidence of the cost hierarchy because production scheduling is optimized to minimize batch and product-variety-related resource consumption, the cost hierarchy is an apt description of the association between resource consumption and production activity. However, improved measurement and cost model specification are necessary to reveal this association. Data Availability: Data are the property of the firm and may not be redistributed by the authors.

scholarly journals Automatic Space Bound Analysis for Functional Programs with Garbage Collection

10.29007/xkwx ◽  
2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yue Niu ◽  
Jan Hoffmann
Keyword(s):  
Pattern Matching ◽  
Garbage Collection ◽  
Cost Model ◽  
Resource Analysis ◽  
Garbage Collector ◽  
Cost Semantics ◽  
Resource Aware ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Space Requirements ◽  
Linear Cost

This article introduces a novel system for deriving upper bounds on the heap-space requirements of functional programs with garbage collection. The space cost model is based on a perfect garbage collector that immediately deallocates memory cells when they become unreachable. Heap-space bounds are derived using type-based automatic amortized resource analysis (AARA), a template-based technique that efficiently reduces bound inference to linear programming. The first technical contribution of the work is a new operational cost semantics that models a perfect garbage collector. The second technical contribution is an extension of AARA to take into account automatic deallocation. A key observation is that deallocation of a perfect collector can be modeled with destructive pattern matching if data structures are used in a linear way. However, the analysis uses destructive pattern matching to accurately model deallocation even if data is shared. The soundness of the extended AARA with respect to the new cost semantics is proven in two parts via an intermediate linear cost semantics. The analysis and the cost semantics have been implemented as an extension to Resource Aware ML (RaML). An experimental evaluation shows that the system is able to derive tight symbolic heap-space bounds for common algorithms. Often the bounds are asymptotic improvements over bounds that RaML derives without taking into account garbage collection.

scholarly journals Analysis of the Cost of Emergency Managers’ Meeting Load: A Hampton Road Case-study

2015 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew J. Collins ◽  
David W. Flanagan ◽  
Barry Ezell
Keyword(s):  
Cost Model ◽  
Senior Leadership ◽  
Hampton Road ◽  
Hampton Roads ◽  
Travel Costs ◽  
Emergency Managers ◽  
State Capital ◽  
High Level ◽  
The Cost

AbstractPreparation for a disaster is not something that can be done by a single organization thus there is a need for coordination between them. Meetings and joint exercises are one means of coordination used by the emergency management community. Meetings and exercises take time, including transportation of personnel and arrangements, and time is money. With limited budgets, emergency managers need to make hard decisions about how their time is allocated. This paper describes a cost model for meeting analysis and discusses a case study that looks at the holistic time spent on meetings and exercises, by personnel, for the Hampton Roads Region of Virginia. A novel way is used to display this expenditure, e.g., it is shown in terms of monetary cost instead of temporal cost. This analysis highlighted some unexpected results, i.e., the small number of personnel involved in multiple working group meetings and high level of travel costs between the HR and the state capital, Richmond. This cost model approach may provide emergency managers with better mechanisms to show their meetings costs to senior leadership.

Changing Role of Agriculture in Income and Employment, and Trends of Agricultural Worker Productivity in Indian States

2020 ◽  
pp. 183-189
Keyword(s):  
Green Revolution ◽  
Positive Trend ◽  
Worker Productivity ◽  
Indian States ◽  
Agricultural Worker ◽  
The Sixties ◽  
High Level ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Changing Role

The productivity of land has been often discussed and deliberated by the academia and policymakers to understand agriculture, however, very few studies have focused on the agriculture worker productivity to analyze this sector. This study concentrates on the productivity of agricultural workers from across the states taking two-time points into consideration. The agriculture worker productivity needs to be dealt with seriously and on a time series basis so that the marginal productivity of worker can be ascertained but also the dependency of worker on agriculture gets revealed. There is still disguised unemployment in all the states and high level of labour migration, yet most of the states showed the dependency has gone down. Although a state like Madhya Pradesh is doing very well in terms of income earned but that is at the cost of increased worker power in agriculture as a result of which, the productivity of worker has gone down. States like Mizoram, Meghalaya, Nagaland and Tripura, though small in size showed remarkable growth in productivity and all these states showed a positive trend in terms of worker shifting away from agriculture. The traditional states which gained the most from Green Revolution of the sixties are performing decently well, but they need to have the next major policy push so that they move to the next orbit of growth.

scholarly journals Determining the critical period for weed control in high-yielding cotton using common sunflower as a mimic weed

2019 ◽  
Vol 33 (6) ◽  
pp. 800-807 ◽  
Author(s):  
Graham W. Charles ◽  
Brian M. Sindel ◽  
Annette L. Cowie ◽  
Oliver G. G. Knox
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
Critical Period ◽  
Yield Loss ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Growing Degree Days ◽  
Degree Days ◽  
Weed Density ◽  
High Level ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Planting Season

AbstractField studies were conducted over six seasons to determine the critical period for weed control (CPWC) in high-yielding cotton, using common sunflower as a mimic weed. Common sunflower was planted with or after cotton emergence at densities of 1, 2, 5, 10, 20, and 50 plants m−2. Common sunflower was added and removed at approximately 0, 150, 300, 450, 600, 750, and 900 growing degree days (GDD) after planting. Season-long interference resulted in no harvestable cotton at densities of five or more common sunflower plants m−2. High levels of intraspecific and interspecific competition occurred at the highest weed densities, with increases in weed biomass and reductions in crop yield not proportional to the changes in weed density. Using a 5% yield-loss threshold, the CPWC extended from 43 to 615 GDD, and 20 to 1,512 GDD for one and 50 common sunflower plants m−2, respectively. These results highlight the high level of weed control required in high-yielding cotton to ensure crop losses do not exceed the cost of control.

scholarly journals Economic burden of childhood diarrhea in Burundi

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Fulgence Niyibitegeka ◽  
Arthorn Riewpaiboon ◽  
Sitaporn Youngkong ◽  
Montarat Thavorncharoensap
Keyword(s):  
Economic Burden ◽  
Cost Model ◽  
Primary Treatment ◽  
Management Program ◽  
Community Based ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Hospitalization Costs ◽  
Illness Study ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Substantial Economic Burden

Abstract Background In 2016, diarrhea killed around 7 children aged under 5 years per 1000 live births in Burundi. The objective of this study was to estimate the economic burden associated with diarrhea in Burundi and to examine factors affecting the cost to provide economic evidence useful for the policymaking about clinical management of diarrhea. Methods The study was designed as a prospective cost-of-illness study using an incidence-based approach from the societal perspective. The study included patients aged under 5 years with acute non-bloody diarrhea who visited Buyenzi health center and Prince Regent Charles hospital from November to December 2019. Data were collected through interviews with patients’ caregivers and review of patients’ medical and financial records. Multiple linear regression was performed to identify factors affecting cost, and a cost model was used to generate predictions of various clinical and care management costs. All costs were converted into international dollars for the year 2019. Results One hundred thirty-eight patients with an average age of 14.45 months were included in this study. Twenty-one percent of the total patients included were admitted. The average total cost per episode of diarrhea was Int$109.01. Outpatient visit and hospitalization costs per episode of diarrhea were Int$59.87 and Int$292, respectively. The costs were significantly affected by the health facility type, patient type, health insurance scheme, complications with dehydration, and duration of the episode before consultation. Our model indicates that the prevention of one case of dehydration results in savings of Int$16.81, accounting for approximately 11 times of the primary treatment cost of one case of diarrhea in the community-based management program for diarrhea in Burundi. Conclusion Diarrhea is associated with a substantial economic burden to society. Evidence from this study provides useful information to support health interventions aimed at prevention of diarrhea and dehydration related to diarrhea in Burundi. Appropriate and timely care provided to patients with diarrhea in their communities and primary health centers can significantly reduce the economic burden of diarrhea. Implementing a health policy to provide inexpensive treatment to prevent dehydration can save significant amount of health expenditure.

scholarly journals Computing the Exact Number of Similarity Classes in the Longest Edge Bisection of Tetrahedra

Mathematics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (12) ◽  
pp. 1447
Author(s):  
Jose P. Suárez ◽  
Agustín Trujillo ◽  
Tania Moreno
Keyword(s):  
Data Structure ◽  
Stability Condition ◽  
Open Problem ◽  
Integer Arithmetic ◽  
Exact Number ◽  
Similarity Class ◽  
The Stability ◽  
High Level ◽  
The Cost

Showing whether the longest-edge (LE) bisection of tetrahedra meshes degenerates the stability condition or not is still an open problem. Some reasons, in part, are due to the cost for achieving the computation of similarity classes of millions of tetrahedra. We prove the existence of tetrahedra where the LE bisection introduces, at most, 37 similarity classes. This family of new tetrahedra was roughly pointed out by Adler in 1983. However, as far as we know, there has been no evidence confirming its existence. We also introduce a new data structure and algorithm for computing the number of similarity tetrahedral classes based on integer arithmetic, storing only the square of edges. The algorithm lets us perform compact and efficient high-level similarity class computations with a cost that is only dependent on the number of similarity classes.

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