scholarly journals The twentieth century science paradoxes

2021 ◽  
pp. 90-95
Author(s):  
Victoria Kondratenko
Keyword(s):  
Applied Sciences ◽  
Formal Method ◽  
Formal Theory ◽  
Full Scale ◽  
Dialectical Logic ◽  
Vital Functions ◽  
Classical Mathematics ◽  
Cognitive Problems ◽  
Century Science ◽  
The Universe

The isolation of hypothetical theories from the realities of living matter has caused mysticism to penetrate scientific theories. With mystical thinking, the idea of using an analytical method to solve cognitive problems does not occur. Dialectical logic, in contrast to mysticism, states the opposite: any problematic tasks of cognizing the vital processes and phenomena of the universe are solvable exclusively in an analytic way, with the only method. The author created a universal and formal theory of solving intellectual (i.e., having no previously known algorithms for solving) problems associated with the knowledge of the vital functions of natural and man-made processes in any phenomena of the universe - the Kondratenko method of axiomatic modeling, the effectiveness of which is achieved by correctly setting the problem and solving it purely formal method. The correctness of the statement of the problem means, first of all, the recognition of the failure of all hypothetical (not confirmed by the results of full-scale experimentation with the subject of knowledge) theories. This requirement, in particular, to the mathematical tools used to solve problems of cognition, it revealed paradoxes in the foundations of mathematics, which are discussed in the article. At present, in the natural and applied sciences in most publications, i.e. more than 90% associated with the construction of formal theories in these sciences, the proof of theorems is carried out: firstly, in a meaningful way, which contradicts the urgent requirement of philosophers of science to use exclusively formal evidence, which is a criterion for assessing the correctness and reliability of evidence; secondly, in substantive evidence in 95% of cases, an exclusively standard list of tautologies is used, which by definition is incorrect for the purpose of proving theorems on phenomena and processes of the universe based on exclusively true axioms obtained as a result of full-scale experimentation with these phenomena and processes. The article deals with the paradox in the classical approach to proving theorems, which consists in the inappropriateness of generally accepted stereotypical tautologies of classical mathematics for proving theorems.

3. Stars

2016 ◽  
pp. 22-49
Author(s):  
James Binney
Keyword(s):  
Star Formation ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Binary Stars ◽  
Star Clusters ◽  
Solar Neutrinos ◽  
Interstellar Gas ◽  
Stellar Seismology ◽  
Stellar Masses ◽  
Century Science ◽  
The Universe

Most of what we know about the Universe has been gleaned from the study of stars, and a major achievement of 20th-century science was to understand how stars work and their lifecycles from birth to death. ‘Stars’ describes this lifecycle beginning with star formation when a cloud of interstellar gas suffers a runaway of its central density. It then considers nuclear fusion, key stellar masses, and life after the main sequence when the star burns its core helium. The surfaces of stars are described along with stellar coronae and exploding stars—both core-collapse and deflagration supernovae. Finally, globular star clusters, solar neutrinos, stellar seismology, and binary stars are discussed.

The History of Physics: A Very Short Introduction

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. L. Heilbron
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Revolution ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Ancient Greece ◽  
History Of Physics ◽  
Short Introduction ◽  
History Of ◽  
Different Cultures ◽  
Century Science ◽  
The Universe ◽  
Medieval Scholar

How does today’s physics—highly professionalized; inextricably linked to government and industry—link back to its origins as a liberal art in ancient Greece? The History of Physics: A Very Short Introduction tells the 2,500-year story, exploring the changing place and purpose of physics in different cultures; highlighting the implications for humankind’s self-understanding. It introduces Islamic astronomers and mathematicians calculating the Earth’s size; medieval scholar-theologians investigating light; Galileo, Copernicus, Kepler, and Newton, measuring, and trying to explain, the universe. It visits: the House of Wisdom in 9th-century Baghdad; Europe’s first universities; the courts of the Renaissance; the Scientific Revolution and 18th-century academies; and the increasingly specialized world of 20th‒21st-century science.

Examination of meaning in life, forgiveness flexibility, cognitive flexibility, and psychological symptoms in individuals doing sports and not doing sports in terms of various variables

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 146-159
Author(s):  
Nuriye Şeyma Kara ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Applied Sciences ◽  
Cognitive Flexibility ◽  
Meaning In Life ◽  
Psychological Symptoms ◽  
Pearson Correlation ◽  
Meaning Of Life ◽  
The State ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Faculties Of Education ◽  
The Universe

The aim of this study is to examine the meaning of life, forgiveness flexibility, cognitive flexibility and psychological symptoms in individuals who do sports and those who do not. The research was carried out using the "relational scanning model". The universe of the study was formed by the students studying at Sakarya Applied Sciences University Faculty of Sport Sciences and Sakarya University. The sample consists of 686 students, 306 females and 380 males, selected by simple random method from this population. The data collected in the study were analyzed using descriptive statistics, independent groups t-test, one-way analysis of variance and Pearson correlation analysis. As a result of the research, it was found that the total score of psychological symptoms differed significantly in the faculties of education according to the state of doing sports and the sports year. On the other hand, no significant difference was found in the sub-dimensions of flexibility for forgiveness and meaning of life. Finally, it was concluded that cognitive flexibility scores differ significantly in the faculties of education according to the state of doing sports and the sports year.

Cosmological theories before and without einstein

2019 ◽  
pp. xviii-38
Author(s):  
Helge Kragh
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Infinite Number ◽  
Traditional View ◽  
Material Content ◽  
Modern Cosmology ◽  
Century Science ◽  
The Universe

Although modern cosmology is essentially a twentieth-century science, its birth can reasonably be traced back to discussions about the universe in the previous century. With the emergence of astrophysics in the 1860s astronomy was substantially changed and the material content of the universe became an issue of science. At about the same time thermodynamics was applied to the universe at large, with the result that the beginning and end of the universe entered astronomical thought. Moreover, it became slowly realized that space can be described as curved rather than flat. In that case it would be possible to speak about a finite and yet unbounded universe and in this way to solve some of the problems associated with the traditional view of an infinite number of stars. These and other problems were only fully understood in the twentieth century, but they were discussed before Einstein revolutionized cosmology.

The Unity Principle – A New Paradigm in Theoretical Physics

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Peter r Kohut ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Space ◽  
Theoretical Physics ◽  
New Paradigm ◽  
Dialectical Logic ◽  
One Dimensional ◽  
Space And Time ◽  
Physical Universe ◽  
The Universe ◽  
Matter Energy ◽  
Deep Crisis

Contemporary theoretical physics enters a deep crisis resulting from its positivistic and post-positivistic approach, which assumes that reality is mechanical and atomistic made of point-like particles or one-dimensional strings where the essence of matter, energy, space and time, gravity and other forces are undetectable mysteries. However, within this paper I will endeavour to show that the Universe (reality) is dialectical (relational) and is thus accessible by dialectical logic. The fundamental discovery of the Unity Principle derived on the base of dialectical logic is presented illustrating the exact mechanism how the physical Universe may work at its macro and micro levels. New fundamentals of theoretical physics are built

Constructive assertions in an extension of classical mathematics

1982 ◽  
Vol 47 (2) ◽  
pp. 359-387 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vladimir Lifschitz
Keyword(s):  
Subject Matter ◽  
Formal Languages ◽  
Natural Numbers ◽  
Real Numbers ◽  
Mathematical Objects ◽  
Classical Mathematics ◽  
The Mind ◽  
The Universe

We distinguish between two kinds of mathematical assertions: objective and constructive. An objective assertion describes the universe of mathematical objects; a constructive one describes the (idealized) mathematician's ability to find mathematical objects with various properties. The familiar formalizations of classical mathematics are based on formal languages designed for expressing objective assertions only. The constructivist program stresses, on the contrary, the importance of constructive assertions; moreover, intuitionism claims that constructive activities of the mind constitute the very subject matter of mathematics, and thus questions the semantic status of objective assertions.The purpose of this paper is to show that classical mathematics can be extended to include constructive sentences, so that both objective and constructive properties can be discussed in the framework of the same theory. To achieve this goal, we introduce a new property of mathematical objects, calculability.The word “calculable” may be applied to objects of various types: natural numbers, integers, rational or real numbers, polynomials with rational or real coefficients, etc. In each case it has a different meaning, so that actually we define not one, but many new properties.

Structures in the Universe by Exact Methods

2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
Krzysztof Bolejko ◽  
Andrzej Krasinski ◽  
Charles Hellaby ◽  
Marie-Noelle Celerier
Keyword(s):  
Exact Methods ◽  
The Universe

The Riddle of the Universe at the Close of the Nineteenth Century

2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ernst Heinrich Philipp August Haeckel ◽  
Joseph McCabe
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
The Universe

Relation of Statistically Significant, Abnormal, and Typical WAIS-R VIQ-PIQ Discrepancies to Full Scale IQs

2000 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 107-114 ◽  
Author(s):  
Louis M. Hsu ◽  
Judy Hayman ◽  
Judith Koch ◽  
Debbie Mandell
Keyword(s):  
Graphical Method ◽  
The United States ◽  
Full Scale ◽  
True Score ◽  
Absolute Value ◽  
Normative Population ◽  
The Us ◽  
The Mean ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Quadratic Models

Summary: In the United States' normative population for the WAIS-R, differences (Ds) between persons' verbal and performance IQs (VIQs and PIQs) tend to increase with an increase in full scale IQs (FSIQs). This suggests that norm-referenced interpretations of Ds should take FSIQs into account. Two new graphs are presented to facilitate this type of interpretation. One of these graphs estimates the mean of absolute values of D (called typical D) at each FSIQ level of the US normative population. The other graph estimates the absolute value of D that is exceeded only 5% of the time (called abnormal D) at each FSIQ level of this population. A graph for the identification of conventional “statistically significant Ds” (also called “reliable Ds”) is also presented. A reliable D is defined in the context of classical true score theory as an absolute D that is unlikely (p < .05) to be exceeded by a person whose true VIQ and PIQ are equal. As conventionally defined reliable Ds do not depend on the FSIQ. The graphs of typical and abnormal Ds are based on quadratic models of the relation of sizes of Ds to FSIQs. These models are generalizations of models described in Hsu (1996) . The new graphical method of identifying Abnormal Ds is compared to the conventional Payne-Jones method of identifying these Ds. Implications of the three juxtaposed graphs for the interpretation of VIQ-PIQ differences are discussed.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document