scholarly journals Lexicalizing directional and nondirectional motion in Emai

1986 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 177-198 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ronald P. Schaefer
Keyword(s):  
Motion Path ◽  
Continuous Series ◽  
Semantic Composition ◽  
The World ◽  
Directional Motion ◽  
Serial Verbs ◽  
Distributional Constraints

Motion expressions in Emai, an Edoid language of Nigeria, are examined within the lexical typology of Talmy [1985]. Both directional and nondirectional motion structures involving the MANNER verb la 'to run' are analyzed, though only the former, syntactically expressed by verbs in continuous series, poses a particular problem for interpretation. Three hypotheses concerning the semantic composition of these serial verbs are considered and evaluated in terms of their distributional constraints. It is concluded that nondirectional motion can be lexicalized by either of two patterns [MOTION+MANNER] PATH or MOTION PATH ... MANNER, while directional motion allows only the single lexicalization pattern MANNER [MOTION+PATH]. Typologically, these reflect two of the incorporation patterns Talmy has identified as characteristic in languages of the world.

Tribological characterization of all-polymer prosthesis based on multi-directional motion

2021 ◽  
pp. 089270572110286
Author(s):  
Xinyue Zhang ◽  
Dekun Zhang ◽  
Kai Chen ◽  
Handong Xu ◽  
Cunao Feng
Keyword(s):  
Friction Coefficient ◽  
Abrasive Wear ◽  
Wear Mechanism ◽  
Friction And Wear ◽  
Quantitative Relationship ◽  
Motion Path ◽  
Aspect Ratios ◽  
Directional Motion ◽  
Motion Paths ◽  
Prosthesis Material

The complex movement of artificial joints is closely related to the wear mechanism of the prosthesis material, especially for the polymer prosthesis, which is sensitive to motion paths. In this paper, the “soft-soft” all-polymer of XLPE/PEEK are selected to study the influence of motion paths on the friction and wear performance. Based on the periodic characteristics of friction coefficient and wear morphology, this paper reveals the friction and wear mechanism of XLPE/peek under multi-directional motion path, and obtains the quantitative relationship between friction coefficient and the aspect ratios of “∞”-shape motion path, which is of great significance to reveal and analyze the wear mechanism of “soft” all-polymer under multi-directional motion path. The results show that the friction coefficient is affected by the motion paths and have periodicity. Morever, under the multi-directional motion paths, the wear of PEEK are mainly abrasive wear and adhesive wear due to the cross shear effect, while the wear of XLPE is mainly abrasive wear with plastic accumulation. In addition, the friction coefficient is greatly affected the aspect ratios Rs-l of “∞”-shape and loads. Meanwhile, the wear morphologies are greatly affected by the aspect ratios Rs-l of “∞”-shape, but less affected by loads.

scholarly journals Modeling of Crisis Processes in the Financial Market

Economies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 144
Author(s):  
Vera Ivanyuk
Keyword(s):  
Early Detection ◽  
Financial Market ◽  
Global Economy ◽  
Econometric Model ◽  
Continuous Series ◽  
The World ◽  
Global Liquidity

Global liquidity shortage as well as the availability on the market of overpriced assets and derivatives led to the situation where the global economy depends primarily on liquidity, becoming prone to chain-consistent world crises. Only for the last 15 years, the world has witnessed a continuous series of crises. Therefore, the study of the processes and phenomena of crisis is one of the most important scientific and practical tasks. The aim of this work consisted in the development of methods and models for the early detection of crises in the economy. The significance of the work is to develop an econometric model and tools for detection of crisis.

scholarly journals Internalization: A metaphor we can live without

2001 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 618-625 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Kubovy ◽  
William Epstein
Keyword(s):  
Natural Selection ◽  
Apparent Motion ◽  
Evolutionary History ◽  
Motion Path ◽  
The World ◽  
Kinematic Geometry ◽  
Innate Knowledge ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Mind ◽  
Internal Knowledge

Shepard has supposed that the mind is stocked with innate knowledge of the world and that this knowledge figures prominently in the way we see the world. According to him, this internal knowledge is the legacy of a process of internalization; a process of natural selection over the evolutionary history of the species. Shepard has developed his proposal most fully in his analysis of the relation between kinematic geometry and the shape of the motion path in apparent motion displays. We argue that Shepard has made a case for applying the principles of kinematic geometry to the perception of motion, but that he has not made the case for injecting these principles into the mind of the percipient. We offer a more modest interpretation of his important findings: that kinematic geometry may be a model of apparent motion. Inasmuch as our recommended interpretation does not lodge geometry in the mind of the percipient, the motivation of positing internalization, a process that moves kinematic geometry into the mind, is obviated. In our conclusion, we suggest that cognitive psychologists, in their embrace of internal mental universals and internalization may have been seduced by the siren call of metaphor.

Substratal Influence in Saramaccan Serial Verb Constructions

1992 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-53 ◽  
Author(s):  
John McWhorter
Keyword(s):  
Universal Grammar ◽  
West African ◽  
Serial Verb Constructions ◽  
African Languages ◽  
European Languages ◽  
Verb Constructions ◽  
The World ◽  
Serial Verbs ◽  
Serial Verb ◽  
Substrate Influence

Bickerton's bioprogram hypothesis uses serial verbs as a primary demonstration that Saramaccan represents the closest approximation to Universal Grammar extant, judging from the fact that speakers of mutually unintelligible West African languages formulated it with little contact with European languages. Closer examination of Saramaccan and its substrate languages suggests, however, that the creole is a prime demonstration of substrate influence. The uniformity of serials across the substrate languages can be shown to have provided the opportunity for compromise between the small differences in the constructions in forming the language, according to perceptual saliency relative to the languages involved. A survey of serializing language families shows that serials in Saramaccan are most similar to those in its substrate, while a survey of créoles around the world shows that serials appear in créoles with similar substrates and almost never in those with nonserializing substrates. Furthermore, the explanation of serials as compensation for missing categories in Saramaccan is belied by an evaluation of this argument as applied to prepositions, which shows that the Saramaccan system mirrors that of its substrate with limited accommodations to its superstrate.

scholarly journals Ịzọn verbal extensions

2015 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
pp. 60-73
Author(s):  
Roger Blench ◽  
Kay Williamson
Keyword(s):  
Argument Structure ◽  
The World ◽  
Serial Verbs

Systems of verbal extension, consisting of affixes that alter argument structure, are widely reported in the world, and are scattered throughout Africa, where they compete with strategies such as serial verbs and auxiliaries, plus verbal collocations. The Ijoid languages can have suffixed verbal extensions, but these are constructed out of very limited segmental material. There is an example of what seems to be a composite extension, but Ijoid does not generally allow seriated extensions. The paper describes the extensions that have been identified in Ịzọn and presents an analysis of their possible semantics. Although there are broad typological similarities to other branches of Niger-Congo, there are no transparent segmental cognates, suggesting that the Ịjọ system may be innovative.

Serial verbs

Serial Verbs ◽  
2018 ◽  
pp. 1-19
Author(s):  
Alexandra Y. Aikhenvald
Keyword(s):  
New Guinea ◽  
Linguistic Analysis ◽  
Special Focus ◽  
Empirical Basis ◽  
The World ◽  
Serial Verbs ◽  
History Of ◽  
Serial Verb ◽  
Verb Serialization

This chapter sets out the initial parameters for the concept of serial verbs with some initial examples and a list of definitional properties. The classification of serial verbs into symmetrical and asymmetrical is introduced. The components of a serial verb may have to be strictly contiguous. Alternatively, other constituents may intervene between them. Serial verbs may form one grammatical word, or they may consist of several words. Various grammatical categories can be marked on each components (concordant marking) or be expressed just once per construction (single marking). Verb serialization can be productive, or it can be limited. The history of studies of serial verbs is discussed in some detail in the Appendix. Special focus is on the empirical basis of our cross-linguistic analysis based on the investigation of c.700 grammars of languages from every part of the world, and the author’s own fieldwork in Amazonia and New Guinea.

scholarly journals Holistic spatial semantics and post-Talmian motion event typology: A case study of Thai and Telugu

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Viswanatha Naidu ◽  
Jordan Zlatev ◽  
Vasanta Duggirala ◽  
Joost Van De Weijer ◽  
Simon Devylder ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Motion Path ◽  
Motion Event ◽  
Semantic Concepts ◽  
Serial Verbs ◽  
Elicitation Procedure ◽  
Analytical Tools ◽  
Motion Event Descriptions ◽  
Spatial Semantics

AbstractLeonard Talmy’s influential binary motion event typology has encountered four main challenges: (a) additional language types; (b) extensive “type-internal” variation; (c) the role of other relevant form classes than verbs and “satellites;” and (d) alternative definitions of key semantic concepts like Motion, Path and Manner. After reviewing these issues, we show that the theory ofHolistic Spatial Semanticsprovides analytical tools for their resolution. In support, we present an analysis of motion event descriptions by speakers of two languages that are troublesome for the original typology: Thai (Tai-Kadai) and Telugu (Dravidian), based on the Frog-story elicitation procedure. Despite some apparently similar typological features, the motion event descriptions in the two languages were found to be significantly different. The Telugu participants used very few verbs in contrast to extensive case marking to express Path and nominals to express Region and Landmark, while the Thai speakers relied largely on serial verbs for expressing Path and on prepositions for expressing Region. Combined with previous research in the field, our findings imply (at least) four different clusters of languages in motion event typology with Telugu and Thai as representative of two such clusters, languages like French and Spanish representing a third cluster, and Swedish and English a fourth. This also implies that many other languages like Italian, Bulgarian, and Basque will appear as “mixed languages,” positioned between two or three of these clusters.

A User Motion Data Acquisition and Processing Method for the Design of Rehabilitation Robot With Few Degrees-of-Freedom

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Peng Chen ◽  
De Dong ◽  
Hao Lv ◽  
Liuxian Zhu
Keyword(s):  
Data Acquisition ◽  
Degrees Of Freedom ◽  
Vision System ◽  
Processing Method ◽  
Motion Path ◽  
Rehabilitation Robot ◽  
Sitting Posture ◽  
Motion Data ◽  
The World ◽  
Data Acquisition And Processing

Abstract Mechanism with few degrees-of-freedom is an economical solution for rehabilitation robots because it does not need a complicated structure and control system. To provide motion data to design the robot with few degrees-of-freedom, a user motion data acquisition, and processing method on the mobile platform is proposed. The data from the monocular vision system have been used on the smartphone and the KCF algorithm to track the knee and hip joints motion. To increase the stability and the precision, the maker with texture is designed to carry out the tracking. Furthermore, the transformation from the image coordinate to the world coordinate is implemented by the cross-ratio invariant in the controlled tracking condition with fixed dimension makers. By this mean, the motion path in the image coordinate is converted to that in the world coordinate. With the low limb motion path that provides the input of the Fourier descriptor, the mechanical parameters of the robot with few degrees-of-freedom are calculated, and the 3D models of the mechanism are constructed. Finally, the prototype of the rehabilitation robot is established which can assist the users to stand from sitting posture, or work as a wheelchair with obstacle avoidance function by infrared and ultrasonic sensors.

Oxford Weather and Climate since 1767

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen Burt ◽  
Tim Burt
Keyword(s):  
Growing Season ◽  
Continuous Series ◽  
Photographic Evidence ◽  
Weather Events ◽  
Weather And Climate ◽  
The World ◽  
Instrumental Record ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Entire Dataset

Oxford Weather and Climate since 1767 provides a detailed description and analysis of the weather records made at the Radcliffe Observatory in Oxford, the longest continuous series of single-site weather records in Britain and one of the longest in the world. The earliest records date from 1767, and daily records are unbroken since November 1813. The records allow the reconstruction of 200-year temperature and rainfall series and places the Oxford records in the context of long-term climate change. In this, the first full publication of the entire dataset, the long Oxford record is both celebrated and described. Detailed commentaries on weather by month and by season are provided, including numerous contemporary documentary and photographic evidence of past weather events. Drought and flood feature prominently, but so too do fog, frost, ice and snow. Some long-term changes are obvious, such as the increase in air temperature over the period of the instrumental record, but the impact on the growing season and the ability to grow grapes commercially near Oxford are less well known.

Weeding the nettles III: Named nonsense versus named morphotypes in European Urtica dioica L. (Urticaceae)

Phytotaxa ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 208 (4) ◽  
pp. 239 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bernadette Grosse-Veldmann ◽  
Maximilian Weigend
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
North America ◽  
South America ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Urtica Dioica ◽  
Continuous Series ◽  
Extensive Field ◽  
The World ◽  
Well Differentiated

Urtica dioica L. in its wider sense is reported from nearly all temperate zones of the world, from throughout Eurasia, from North America and South America, from S Africa and New Zealand. In Europe, over 70 infrasubspecific names referable to the widespread and often weedy U. dioica subsp. dioica have been used in one form or another; over 40 of them are formally described. Many of these names are invalid and/or superfluous. However, several identifiable morphotypes can be found, which are stable in cultivation and usually occur in several different regions of Europe and/or are characterized by some type of habitat preference. These morphotypes in their most characteristic expression are quite well differentiated, but are connected by a continuous series of intermediates in nature. As a working hypothesis we here propose the tentative recognition of the following five morphotypes: U. dioica subsp. dioica var. dioica, -var. hispida, -var. sarmatica, -var. holosericea, and -var. glabrata. A characterization of each morphotype and corresponding synonyms are presented here based on extensive field studies, literature and herbarium studies and cultivation of material. Lecto-and neotypes are designated where necessary for some of the more important names.

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