scholarly journals Oral Administration of Probiotic Enterococcus Durans Ameliorates Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis in Mice

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Seyed Abdollah Samani ◽  
◽  
Mohamad Raman Moloudi ◽  
Rashid Ramezan Zadeh ◽  
Mohammad Abdi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis ◽  
Inflammatory Diseases ◽  
Inflammatory Cells ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Immunomodulatory Activity ◽  
Spinal Cord Tissue ◽  
Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis ◽  
Enterococcus Durans ◽  
Experimental Autoimmune

Introduction: Probiotics, including lactobacilli, are known to induce immunomodulatory activity with promising effects in inflammatory diseases. In this study, the potential of Enterococcus durans and three various strains of lactobacilli (lacto-mix), Including L.rhamnosus, L.casei, and L.plantarum for prevention of Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis (EAE) features were evaluated. Methods: C57BL/6 female mice were inoculated with (MOG35-55) / (CFA) to induce EAE. Different groups (five groups: n = 6 in each group) of animals received saline or probiotics by oral gavage with 200 µl of lactobacilli (1.5 *108 CFU/ml) for 2 week before the immunization and during the test for one month. Results: Histopathological studies showed an increase in infiltration of inflammatory cells and destruction of the myelin membrane in the EAE group but a decrease in the probiotic-treated animals. Pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-17 and IFN-g) concentration in the supernatant of the brain and spinal cord tissues showed a significant increase in the EAE compared with the normal saline group (p <0.01), while in the spinal cord tissue there was a decrease in IL-17 in those animals treated with the Lacto-mix and Edu + Lacto- mix (p <0.01) and a significant decrease in IFN-g in those animals that received Edu (p <0.05). Western blot analysis of MMP-9 and MBP proteins showed a decrease and increase in treatment and EAE groups, compared to the normal control group respectively. Conclusion: our data suggest that probiotic Enterococcus durans and lacto-mix had a preventive effect against EAE but further studies are needed to clarify the exact mechanisms and their application in preclinical and clinical trials.

scholarly journals Oral Administration of Probiotic Enterococcus Durans Ameliorates Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis in Mice

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Seyed Abdollah Samani ◽  
◽  
Mohamad Raman Moloudi ◽  
Rashid Ramezan Zadeh ◽  
Mohammad Abdi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis ◽  
Inflammatory Diseases ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Immunomodulatory Activity ◽  
Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis ◽  
Enterococcus Durans ◽  
Pathologic Features ◽  
Experimental Autoimmune

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a myelin-degenerating autoimmune disease in the central nervous system (CNS). Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), due to its clinical and pathologic features similar to multiple sclerosis, is widely used in many studies of this disease as an effective and similar model. Probiotics, comprising lactobacilli, are known to induce immunomodulatory activity with hopeful effects in inflammatory diseases. In this study, the potential of Enterococcus durans and three various strains of lactobacilli (lacto-mix), Including L.rhamnosus, L.casei, and L.plantarum was tested for prevention of EAE features. C57BL/6 female mice were inoculated with (MOG35-55) / (CFA) to induce EAE. Different groups (five groups: n = 6 in each group) of animals received saline or probiotics. Histopathological studies showed an increase in infiltration of inflammatory cells and destruction of the myelin membrane in the EAE group but reduced in the probiotic-treated animals. The concentration of Pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-17 and IFN-ɣ) in the supernatant of the brain and spinal cord homogenized tissues was significantly increased in EAE compared with the normal saline group. While in the spinal cord, the levels of IL-17 decreased in animals treated with Lacto-mix and Edu + Lacto- mix and a level of IFN-ɣ in animals receiving Edu decreased significantly. In addition, Western blot analysis of MMP-9 and MBP proteins decreased and increased in treatment and EAE groups compared to the normal control group respectively. Collectively, our data indicate that probiotic Enterococcus durans and lacto-mix have a preventive effect on EAE, but more studies are needed to diagnose precise mechanisms and their application in preclinical and clinical trials.

scholarly journals The induced dose of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis was not determinant and proportional to histopathological findings

2021 ◽  
Vol 31 (Supplement_2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Maiara Carolina Perussolo ◽  
Bassam Felipe Mogharbel ◽  
Lucia de Noronha ◽  
Katherine Athayde Teixeira de Carvalho
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis ◽  
Demyelinating Disease ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Signs And Symptoms ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis ◽  
Histopathological Findings ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Experimental Autoimmune

Abstract Background Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease of the central nervous system, characterized as an inflammatory demyelinating disease. It presents a diversity of neurologic signs and symptoms as well the incapacities. Since the need for advances in MS treatment, many studies are for new therapeutic technologies, mainly through using preclinical models as experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). This study aimed to observe and analyze the development in Lewis rats-induced model of EAE. Methods It was used 23 females of Rattus norvegicus, from 6 to 8 weeks, weighing around 170 g. Of 23 rats, 19 underwent EAE induction distributed in six groups to establish the evolution of clinical signs. B. pertussis toxin (PTX) doses were 200, 250, 300, 350–400 ng, and four animals as the control group. The animals had weight and scores analyzed daily, starting seven and ending 24 days after induction. Then, all animals were euthanized, and the brain and spinal cord were collected for histopathological analyses. Results The results showed that the dose of 250 ng of PTX induced de higher score and weight reduction. All groups who received the PTX demonstrated histopathological findings. Those characterized as leukocyte infiltration, activation of microglia and astrocytes, and demyelinated plaques in the brain. In the spinal cord, the loosening of the myelinated fibers was observed by increasing the axonal space in all tested doses of PTX. Conclusions EAE was not dose-dependent. Histopathological findings do not proportionally related to clinical signs, as in human patients with MS.

Pharmacotherapy with 17β-estradiol and progesterone prevents development of mouse experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis

2010 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura Garay ◽  
Maria Claudia Gonzalez Deniselle ◽  
Lobke Gierman ◽  
Analia Lima ◽  
Paulina Roig ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Proteolipid Protein ◽  
Inflammatory Cells ◽  
Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Mouse Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis ◽  
And Control ◽  
Experimental Autoimmune

Abstract: Pregnant women with multiple sclerosis (MS) show disease remission in the third trimester concomitant with high circulating levels of sex steroids. Rodent experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is an accepted model for MS. Previous studies have shown that monotherapy with estrogens or progesterone exert beneficial effects on EAE. The aim of the present study was to determine if estrogen and progesterone cotherapy of C57BL/6 female mice provided substantial protection from EAE.: A group of mice received single pellets of progesterone (100 mg) and 17 β-estradiol (2.5 mg) subcutaneously 1 week before EAE induction, whereas another group were untreated before EAE induction. On day 16 we compared the two EAE groups and control mice in terms of clinical scores, spinal cord demyelination, expression of myelin basic protein and proteolipid protein, macrophage cell infiltration, neuronal expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor mRNA and protein, and the number of glial fribrillary acidic protein (GFAP)-immunopositive astrocytes.: Clinical signs of EAE were substantially attenuated by estrogen and progesterone treatment. Steroid cotherapy prevented spinal cord demyelination, infiltration of inflammatory cells and GFAP: Cotherapy with estrogen and progesterone inhibits the development of major neurochemical abnormalities and clinical signs of EAE. We suggest that a combination of neuroprotective, promyelinating and immuno-suppressive mechanisms are involved in these beneficial effects.

scholarly journals Genetic deletion of Autotaxin from CD11b+ cells decreases the severity of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ioanna Ninou ◽  
Ioanna Sevastou ◽  
Christiana Magkrioti ◽  
Eleanna Kaffe ◽  
George Stamatakis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis ◽  
Inflammatory Diseases ◽  
Activated Macrophages ◽  
Extracellular Production ◽  
Pathogenic Role ◽  
Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis ◽  
Genetic Deletion ◽  
Different Sources ◽  
Experimental Autoimmune

AbstractAutotaxin (ATX) is a secreted lysophospholipase D catalyzing the extracellular production of lysophosphatidic acid (LPA), a growth factor-like signaling lysophospholipid. ATX and LPA signaling have been incriminated in the pathogenesis of different chronic inflammatory diseases and various types of cancer. In this report, deregulated ATX and LPA levels were detected in the spinal cord and plasma of mice during the development of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Among the different sources of ATX expression in the inflamed spinal cord, F4/80+CD11b+ cells, mostly activated macrophages and microglia, were found to express ATX, further suggesting an autocrine role for ATX/LPA in their activation, an EAE hallmark. Accordingly, ATX genetic deletion from CD11b+ cells attenuated the severity of EAE, thus proposing a pathogenic role for the ATX/LPA axis in neuroinflammatory disorders.

scholarly journals Axonal damage in spinal cord is associated with gray matter atrophy in sensorimotor cortex in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis

2019 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 294-303 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cassandra E Meyer ◽  
Josephine L Gao ◽  
James Ying-Jie Cheng ◽  
Mandavi R Oberoi ◽  
Hadley Johnsonbaugh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis ◽  
Gray Matter ◽  
Sensorimotor Cortex ◽  
Axonal Damage ◽  
Strongly Correlated ◽  
Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis ◽  
Normal Controls ◽  
Experimental Autoimmune

Background: Gray matter (GM) atrophy in brain is one of the best predictors of long-term disability in multiple sclerosis (MS), and recent findings have revealed that localized GM atrophy is associated with clinical disabilities. GM atrophy associated with each disability mapped to a distinct brain region, revealing a disability-specific atlas (DSA) of GM loss. Objective: To uncover the mechanisms underlying the development of localized GM atrophy. Methods: We used voxel-based morphometry (VBM) to evaluate localized GM atrophy and Clear Lipid-exchanged Acrylamide-hybridized Rigid Imaging-compatible Tissue-hYdrogel (CLARITY) to evaluate specific pathologies in mice with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Results: We observed extensive GM atrophy throughout the cerebral cortex, with additional foci in the thalamus and caudoputamen, in mice with EAE compared to normal controls. Next, we generated pathology-specific atlases (PSAs), voxelwise mappings of the correlation between specific pathologies and localized GM atrophy. Interestingly, axonal damage (end-bulbs and ovoids) in the spinal cord strongly correlated with GM atrophy in the sensorimotor cortex of the brain. Conclusion: The combination of VBM with CLARITY in EAE can localize GM atrophy in brain that is associated with a specific pathology in spinal cord, revealing a PSA of GM loss.

scholarly journals Characterization of microglial transcriptomes in the brain and spinal cord of mice in early and late experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis using a RiboTag strategy

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shaona Acharjee ◽  
Paul M. K. Gordon ◽  
Benjamin H. Lee ◽  
Justin Read ◽  
Matthew L. Workentine ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Immune Functions ◽  
Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis ◽  
Transcriptional Changes ◽  
Brain And Spinal Cord ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Experimental Autoimmune

AbstractMicroglia play an important role in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis and the mouse model of MS, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). To more fully understand the role of microglia in EAE we characterized microglial transcriptomes before the onset of motor symptoms (pre-onset) and during symptomatic EAE. We compared the transcriptome in brain, where behavioral changes are initiated, and spinal cord, where damage is revealed as motor and sensory deficits. We used a RiboTag strategy to characterize ribosome-bound mRNA only in microglia without incurring possible transcriptional changes after cell isolation. Brain and spinal cord samples clustered separately at both stages of EAE, indicating regional heterogeneity. Differences in gene expression were observed in the brain and spinal cord of pre-onset and symptomatic animals with most profound effects in the spinal cord of symptomatic animals. Canonical pathway analysis revealed changes in neuroinflammatory pathways, immune functions and enhanced cell division in both pre-onset and symptomatic brain and spinal cord. We also observed a continuum of many pathways at pre-onset stage that continue into the symptomatic stage of EAE. Our results provide additional evidence of regional and temporal heterogeneity in microglial gene expression patterns that may help in understanding mechanisms underlying various symptomology in MS.

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